và được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho động từ, tính từ, trạng từ khác hoặc cho cả câu.. A An : đứng trước danh từ đếm được số ít để giới thiệu một điều gì chưa được đề cập hoặc lần đầu.. Mạo từ
Trang 1Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh lớp 6
TENSES
Present
simple
S + V(s-es) (be): am- is- are S + don’t/ doesn’t +V1
S+ am not/ isn’t/
aren’t
Do/Does + S+V1? Am/Is/Are + S+
…?
Everyday, usually, after school, never, often, sometimes, always,
Present
progressi
ve
S + am/is/are + V-ing S+am/is/are(not)+V-ing Am/ Is/Are +S+V-ing?
Now, at the present,
at the moment, at this time, Look! Listen, !Be careful! Hurry up!
Give the correct form of these verbs:
1 The sun (set) ………in the West.
2 It usually (rain) ………in the summer.
3 They (build) ……….
4 Bees (make) ………honey.
5 They (get) ………on the scale now.
6 The earth (circle) ………the Sun once every 365 days.
7 Rivers usually (flow) ……… to the sea.
8 Don’t worry I (give) ………him your message when I (see) ……… him.
9 Look! Jane (play) ……… the guitar Hurry up! The bus (come) ………
10 I (not talk) ……… to her at present.
11 How often……… she (go) ……… fishing?
- She (go) ………once a year
12 your friends (be)……… students?
-Yes, they (be)
13 the children (play)……… in the park at the moment?
-No, they aren’t They (learn) to play the piano
14 ……….you (go)……… to school on Sundays? – Yes, I do.
15 My mother (cook) ………a meal now She ( cook)……… everyday.
16 What……… your mother (do)……… at this time?
- She (make)………a dress
17 she often (go)……… to the cinema every weekend?
18 I don’t know But she always (go) to the church on Sundays.
19 The students (not be) in class at present.
20 She always (wash) the dishes after meals
21 I (do) an exercise on the present tenses at this moment and I
(think) that I (know) how to use it now
22 My mother sometimes (buy) vegetables at this market.
23 It (rain) much in summer It (rain) now.
24 Daisy (cook) some food in the kitchen at present She always
(cook) in the morning
PARTS OF SPEECH OF WORD FORMS
I Danh từ (Nouns):
Trang 21 Định nghĩa: Danh từ là những từ dùng để chỉ sự vật, sự việc hoặc con người
2 Phân loại danh từ:
- Danh từ đếm được (countable nouns): book, student, table,
- Danh từ không đếm được (uncountable nouns): water, grass, information,
- Danh từ đơn (simple nouns): war (chiến tranh), bus (xe buýt),
- Danh từ kép (Compound nouns): world peace (hòa bình thế giới), bus station (trạm xe buýt),
3 Chức năng:
a Làm chủ ngữ (Subject-): The children go to school every day
b Làm tân ngữ động từ và giới từ: (Object): The mother gave a cake to her son
c Làm bổ ngữ cho chủ ngữ (Sau keep / seem/ be/ feel/ look) (Complement): He
is my best friend
d Làm bổ ngữ cho tân ngữ (Sau call/ select/ name/ )
We call him Tom
II Đại từ (Pronouns):
1 Định nghĩa: Đại từ là những từ dùng thay cho danh từ
2 Phân loại đại từ:
a Đại từ nhân xưng (Personal pronouns): có 2 loại:
- Đại từ làm chủ ngữ: I/ We/ You/ They/ She/ He/ It
- Đại từ làm tân ngữ: me/ us/ you/ them/ her/ him/ it
b Đại từ chỉ định: This/ that/ these/ those
c Đại từ bất định: (Chỉ người) someone, somebody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, everyone
(Chỉ vật) something, nothing, anything, everything
3 Chức năng: Giống danh từ
III Tính từ (Adjectives):
1 Định nghĩa: là từ dùng để miêu tả hoặc cho biết thêm chi tiết về danh từ
2 Phân loại:
a Tính từ miêu tả: SIZE + SHAPE + AGE + COLOR + NATIONAL + MATERIAL
(kích thước + hình dạng + tuổi + màu + quốc tịch + chất liệu)
b Tính từ sở hữu: my/ our / your / their / her / his/ its
c Tính từ chỉ số lượng: much/ little/ few/ a lot of / plenty of / each/ every/ another
3 Chức năng:
a Bổ nghĩa cho danh từ: A beautiful girl
b Bổ nghĩa cho đại từ: Something new
c Đứng sau keep / seem/ be/ feel/ look vàbổ nghĩa cho chủ ngữ; He looks
happy
d Đứng sau keep /make let + O + Adj vàbổ nghĩa cho tân ngữ We make our
parents happy.
IV Trạng từ (Adverbs):
1 Định nghĩa: là những từ dùng để diển tả tính cách, đặc tính, mức độ, và được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho động từ, tính từ, trạng từ khác hoặc cho cả câu
2 Phân loại:
a Trạng từ chỉ thể cách: well, carefully, quickly, hard, fast
Trang 3b Trạng từ chỉ thời gian: early/ late / yet/ now, today, yesterday, before, after, tomorrow
c Trạng từ chỉ mức độ: too much/ too little/ very / extremely/ a lot / nearly
d Trạng từ chỉ địa điểm: here/ there/ upstairs/ at home / in the garden
e Trạng từ chỉ sự thường xuyên: always/ often/ usually/ sometimes/ hardly/ once a week
3 Chức năng:
a Bổ nghĩa cho tính từ: A very beautiful girl
b Bổ nghĩa cho động từ: walk slowly; study hard; play well
c Bổ nghĩa cho trạng từ: walk very slowly; study so hard; play quite well
WORD FORM
3 Attraction Attract Attractive Attracted Attractively Hấp dẫn
12 Depth (độ
phúc
khoẻ
biếng
qtịch
Trang 429 Reason Reason Reasonable Reasonably Lý do
30 Science/
công
IDENTIFICATION OF WORD FORMS
I Chọn danh từ: (đầu câu, sau độïng từ và giới từ)
- A, AN, THE
- THIS/ THAT/ THESE/ THOSE
- MY / OUR / Y OUR / THEIR / HER / HIS/ ITS
- EACH/ EVERY , BOTH , NO
- FEW, A FEW, LITTLE, A LITTLE, ENOUGH
- SOME/ ANY / MANY , MUCH, A LOT OF
THE MOST /BEST
+ NOUN (Danh từ )
II Chọn tính từ: Trước danh từ, sau linking verbs,
- ADJ+ NOUN
- KEEP / SEEM/ BE/ FEEL/ LOOK + ADJ: - Linking verbs: He’s heavy ( heaviness)A happy girl always smiles (happiness)
III Chọn trạng từ: Giữa chủ ngữ và động từ / sau động từ thường, sau tân ngữ đầu câu,
- S + ADV + V(thường):
- S + V (+ O) + ADV
- ADV, S + V
-I have recently received my friend’s letter -The doctor told me to breathe in slowly -Suddenly, he saw an accident
IV Chọn động từ: đứng ngay sau chủ ngữ:
V Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets.
He feels very ………… ……….………so he talks ………… ……… Anger
She looks………… ……….………in her new coat Attract
Nam is always ………… ……… He is on his …… ….……… this week Business
Mr Han is a ………… ……….……… driver He drives ………… … Care
I live on ………… ……….……… highland in Dalak Center
Hoa has a fine ………… ……….……… of stamp Collect
His ………… ……….……… helps him successful Curious
Her parents’ ………… ……….……… makes her very sad Death
Mai understands me ………… ……….……… Depth
There is no ………… ……….……… between my answer and his Differ
We have a lot of ………… ……….……… in learning English Difficult
The is an………… ……….……… football match this afternoon Excite
Trang 5We are very proud of our……… ……… Friend
If you smoke, it is ………… ……….……… to you Harm
She sent her best wishes for my future………… ……….……… Happiness
He does exercise every morning, so he is very………… ……….……… Health
Exercises ………… ……….………your health Strong
………… ……….………students don’t often succeed in the tests Laziness
……… ……….are trying to find out new stars Science
Nam is very………… ……….……… and heavy Strength
I don’t like hot weather I like………… ……….……… weather Warmth
Ha Long Bay is a ………… ……….……… Bay Wonder
ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME & REASON
A ADVERD CLAUSES OF TIME:
Là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian bắt đầu các liên từ When, while, after/ before, as (khi), until (đến khi )
S +V+ When/ while/ after/ before/ as/until + S +
V Chỉ tương lai: When he comes tomorrow, we will welcome him
Chỉ hiện tại: When it’s hot, I go swimming / As I come, he is eating.
B ADVERD CLAUSES OF REASON:
Là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ lý do hay nguyên nhân bắt đầu các liên từ: because/ since/ as (bởi vì)
S + V + because/ since/ as + S + V
Mr Ba is late because/ since/ as she oversleeps
Because Lan and Ba don’t have a tent, they never go camping
C Join two sentences into one, use because/ since/ as:
1 Lan and Ba never go camping , so they don’t have a tent
2 I stay at home It rains
3 Tan is late for school He misses the bus
4 The weather is fine We have a picnic on the mountain
5 I don’t have a bike, so I walk
6 Nhan is free, so he flies his kites
D Join two sentences into one, use when/ while/ after/ before/ as/until:
1 It is warm I go fishing (when)
2 My father is eating My mother cooks (while)
Trang 63 I take a bath first Then I eat (before)
4 Mr Quang waits for the farmer The farmer comes (until)
5 He will come tomorrow We will welcome him (When)
6 You will go the museum You will see a lot of valuable pictures (When)
ARTICLES
A Mạo từ không xác định: A,AN Examples
1 A An : đứng trước danh từ đếm được
số ít để giới thiệu một điều gì chưa
được đề cập hoặc lần đầu.
A ball is round
I see a boy in the street
2 An : đứng trước danh từ bắt đầu
bằng nguyên âm
A : đứng trước danh từ bắt đầu
bằng phụ âm
an apple, an inkpot, an engineer
a book, a pen, house, a man,
3 Những danh từ ,luôn dùng với A European, uniform, universal, university,
union, eulogy, euphemism
4 Những danh từ ,luôn dùng với AN hour, heir, herbal, honor
B Mạo từ xác định: THE Không dùng mạo từ xác định:
THE
Đứng trước danh từ đếm được hoặc
không đếm được ở số ít hay nhiều
để giới thiệu một điều gì đã được
đề cập, được bổ nghĩa cụm giới
từ with / of + N hay điều mà ai
cũng biết.
The earth is round (ai cũng
biết)
The boy in the corner is my friend
The sugar on the table is sweet ( nghĩa
riêng biệt)
The tigers in Vietnam are in danger
Trước danh từ không đếm được ở số ít/ đếm được ở số nhiều khi nói đên đặc điểm, chủng loại, giống nòi chung chung
Athletes must follow a well- balanced diet Sugar is sweet (nghĩa chung chung) Tigers like fresh meat
1 Tên Nhiều hồ: The great Lakes
Các đại dương: the Atlantic Ocean
Các dòng sông: The red River
Các vùng biển: The red Sea
Tên hồ số ít: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie Châu lục: Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia
2 Tên các dãy núi: the Andes, the rocky
mountains
Tên một núi: Mount Everest, Mount Pinatubo
3 Một vật/ người duy nhất:
the earth, the moon, the sun, the Pope,
the sky
Tên các hành tinh: Venus, Mars, Danh từ trừu tượng: freedom, happiness
Trang 74 Tên các trường học có: the School of
Florida Tên các trường đại học có: the
University of
Tên các trường cao đẳng có: the
College of
Tên trường học bắt đầu danh từ riêng:
Quang Trung Secondary School Hung Vuong University, Hong Bang College
5 Số thứ tự đứng trước danh từ: the
first World War
Số đếm đi sau danh từ: World war one, chapter two
6 Tên các nước gồm nhiều từ: the
U.S, the U.K
Tên các nước gồm một từ: France, Vietnam
7 Tên các nhạc cụ: the guitar, the piano volleyball, soccerTên các môn thể thao: baseball,
8 Tên các cuộc chiến: the Korean war breakfast, lunch, dinner, church, school, Những từ không bị giới hạn nghĩa:
college, home, work, hospital
A or An? The general rule is that we use a
before a consonant and an before a vowel:
a bowl, a car,a dog, but an ant, an elephant,
an insect, an orange, an urn
But, what is important here is not the way a word is
written, but the way it sounds We choose a or an
depending on the sound at the beginning of the word
and whether it is a vowel sound or a consonant sound
For example, take the word uniform Although it
begins with a vowel - u - when we write it, when we
say it the first sound is /y/ which is a consonant:
uniform is pronounced ‘/jun ɪfɔːm/ so we say a
uniform
One word which is often confused is hotel Some
people pronounce this word as /həʊˈtɛl/ so they
would write:
a hotel But other people pronounce this
word as /əʊˈtɛl/ and so they would write:
an hotel
The Zero Article does not exist It is a useful
term to use when describing how to use articles
Essentially when we talk about the zero article, we
mean that we don’t use any article in front of a noun
For example, when we use a noun with a preposition,
we often do not use an article (that is, we just use the
noun on its own):
I went to school but left my books at home Mother
was in church and father at sea; Grandfather came to
dinner later by train and Grandmother managed to
escape from prison to join us.
When we talk about an institution, we use the zero
article
The definite article doesn't change It is always
the whether the noun is masculine, feminine or neuter,
singular or plural We use the definite article - the -
when we talk about a singular or plural noun which refers to a particular member of a a group
The woman.The man.The door.The doors.
Prior Reference
We often use the after the noun has already been
mentioned For example:
An Englishman, an Irishman and a Sctosman walk into a pub The Englishman ordered a bitter; the Irishman ordered a Guiness and the Scotsman ordered a whisky.
The first time we mention the noun we use the indefinite article and from then on we use the definite article
Known Reference
If both speakers know what they are talking about they
can use the even though the noun may not have been
mentioned before In other words, it is implied that the noun has already been mentioned
Excuse me, do you know what the time is?
Where's the toilet?
In these examples, the speaker assumes that the listener knows what is being talked about
Miscellanous In addition, the is used in the following
special circumstances
Exceptions include: the Hague; the Matterhorn; the
Mall; the White House, the United States of America
We use the definite article - the - when we talk about a
member of a a group
In this example the group is all men; we want to reference
a particular man so we say: The man in the hat.
Compare this with the indefinite article which refers to
any man in the group: A man in a hat.
parts of day/night midnight, midday, noon, night
Trang 8days Monday, Tuesday superlatives the highest, the biggest, the oldest
festivals Easter ordinals the third man, the sixth wife
seasons & months Winter, February oceans, seas the Pacific, the Black Sea
years 1961, 1995, 2000 inventions the wheel, the internal combustion engine buildings Buckingham Palace, number 10 titles the Queen, the President, the chairperson
streets Acacia Avenue, Pall Mall, Sunset Boulevard rivers & canals the Thames, the Nile, the Suez
airports Heathrow, Gatwick public buildings the Sheraton, the Red Lion, the Natural History Museum
cities & towns London, New York, Tokyo, Sydney, Cairo newspapers The Independent, The Daily Mirror, The Times mountains Everest, K2, Mont Blanc families the Browns, the Bushes
countries America, Britain, Arabia countries of union the United States, the United Arab Emirates
continents Africa, Asia, America, Europe jobs He is an artist and his wife is a plumber.
beliefs He is a Buddhist and his wife is an atheist. people Joe, Mrs Smith ships the Bismarck, the Lusitanian
magazines Cosmopolitan, Time mountain chains the Alps, the Highlands
games football, tennis, bar billiards instruments the piano, the bag pipes
nationalities He is an American and she is a Swede.
COMPARISONS
A/ So sánh bằng: (equality)
S + V + AS ADJ/ ADV AS
+ S
B/ So sánh hơn: (Comparatives)
Tính từ ngắn: S + V + ADJ/ADV- ER +
THAN + S2
Tính từ dài: S + V + MORE + ADJ/ ADV +
THAN + S2
C/ So sánh nhất; (Superlatives)
Tính từ ngắn: S + V + THE ADJ –EST +
N.
Tính từ dài: S + V + THE MOST + ADJ +
N.
This new house is as expensive as that one
He ran faster than his friends did
Films are more interesting than plays
Ex: He is more intelligent than Peter.
Nam is the youngest student in his
class Winter is the coldest in the year
Note: - Tính từ ngắn : 1 vần và 2 vần như: happy, pleasant, quiet
- Tính từ dài: các tính từ 2 vần trở lên như : interesting, beautiful,
expensive
Trang 9- So sánh các tính từ đặc biệt: good → better/ the best; bad → worse/ the worst;
little → less/ the least;many → more/ the most; far → farther/ further/ the farthest/ further
PREPOSITIONS
With IN: the morning, august, summer, 2006, uniform, hospital, bed, the world, debt, prison, English, the center of,
the middle of, some ways, addition, Vietnam, London, ink, the past/ future, case
With ON: Monday, Saturday morning, holiday, radio, subject, foot, a farm, a chair, the beach, the phone, Christmas
Day, the occasion, the south coast of, a picnic, the way to, time, a street, a floor, the right/ left, sale, the corner
With AT: 5 o’clock, first, last, present, the moment, 16 years old, the age of (15), home, school, the bus stop, the
same time, a party, Mary’s house, the end of, the beginning of, night, least, once, times, work
With others: for a week/ fun/ reading/ a walk - from Paris to London, from nine to five- By Nguyen Du, by
shooting, by then, by the way, by far, by accident by car/ bus/ taxi/ plane - with smoke, with hands, out of date/ work/ order
ADJ+ Prep: amazed, amused, delighted at – afraid of, angry with, bad at, good at, different from, fond to, familiar
with, famous for, proud of, interested in, kind to/ of, pleased with, useful for, worried about, similar to,
accustomed to
VERBS + Prep: borrow from, compare with, crowd into, laugh at, look at/ after/ for/up, prepare for, participate,
think of ,prefer to, succeed in, take part in, take care of, tell about, take to about, tune into, keep in touch, consist of
NOUN + Prep: love for, habit of/ aspect of, sight of, means of, reason for, method of, pair of
SOME SENTENCE PATTERNS
1 S + V + Adj/ n
( be, look, keep, seem, taste, sound, become) Jack looked very worried.The food tastes delicious
2 S + V + Adv (walk, drive, talk, close, rise come) He is careful He drives slowly
3 S + V + O + adv ( watch, read, meet, make, see) He watched T.V every night
4 S + V + O + C (make, elect, declare, consider…)
( think, believe, find)
(keep, make, let, have)
(regard, recognize, appoint, consider)
We made Frank armchair
I find the lesson too boring
Sad movie makes me cry
They regard him as an excellent player
5 S + V + I.O + D.O = S + V + D.O+ to/ for + I.O
(give, teach, show, award, offer, lend +to // buy, make+
for)
Mary teaches me English.= He teaches English to me
My mother bought me a hat = She bought it for me
6 S + V + prep + O (look at, wait for, cope with, rely
on, depend on, complain/talk about, smile at…)
I have been waiting for you for an hour
He looks at himself in the mirror
7 S + V + prep + O = S + V + O (pro) + prep
(put on/off, take off, turn on /off, throw away, see off
He puts on his shoes = He puts them on
I turn on the light, and then I turn it off
8 S + V + O + noun clause
(learn, know, show, discover, decide, understand…) I can understand what you said.He showed me where the bank was
9 There (be) + noun + prep phrase There is some water in the jar
There were many students in the yard
Trang 10EXPRESSIONS OF QUALITY
1 - SOME: Trong câu khẳng định/ lời mời: - Dùng với danh từ số ít không đếm được và sốâ nhiều đếm được: Ex: I like some milk Would you like some milk?
2 - ANY: Trong câu phủ định và nghi vấn - Dùng với danh từ số ít không đếm được và sốâ nhiều đếm được:
Ex: I don’t like any milk Do you like any milk?
* Các đại từ someone, somebody, something, noone, nothing, nobody, anyone,
anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody cũng dùng theo cách trên Chú ý No = Not + any: nobody = not any body
3 MANY / A LARGE NUMBER OF/ A GREAT NUMBER OF/: (nhiều) Dùng với danh từ sốâ nhiều đếm được:
Ex: He has many books
Ex: A large number of students in our school are good
4 MUCH / A LARGE AMOUNT OF/ A GREAT DEAL OF /: (nhiều) Dùng với danh từ số ít không đếm được:
Ex: He has much time to play
Ex: A large amount of
* How much/ How many cũng dùng theo cách trên:
Ex: How many eggs does she want? - She wants a dozen eggs
Ex: How much beef do you want? - I want 200grams of beef
5 PLENTY OF/ A LOT OF / LOTS OF (nhiều) Dùng với danh từ đếm được và không đếm được:
Ex: He has plenty of books Ex: He has plenty of time to play
* Very/ too/ so/ as + many/ much + noun
Ex: There is too much bad news on T.V tonight
6 FEW / A FEW/ LITTLE / A LITTLE: (ít, một ít, một vài)
A FEW: (rất ít →ý phủ định)
+ Dùng với danh từ sốâ nhiều đếm
được
Ex: I feel lonely because I have a few
friends there
B A FEW: (một vài →ý khẳng định)
+ Dùng với danh từ sốâ nhiều đếm
được
Ex: You can see a few houses on the hill
C LITTLE: (rất ít →ý phủ định) + Dùng với danh từ sốâ ít không đếm được
Ex: I have very little time for reading
D A LITTLE: (một ít, một chút →ý khẳng định)
+ Dùng với danh từ sốâ ít không đếm được
Ex: I need a little help to move these books
7 More, less, fewer:
A FEWER: So sánh hơn của (few - a few)
- Dùng kèm với danh từ đếm được
số nhiều
S + V + fewer + ADJ / Noun + than + S
Ex: He has fewer days off than we.
B LESS: So sánh hơn của (little - a little)
- Dùng kèm với danh từ không đếm được hoặc kèm với tính từ
S + V + Less + ADJ / Noun + than + S Ex: He is less scared now
Do you have less free time than Hoa?