giao trinh anh văn chuyên ngành công nghệ thực phẩm chuyên ngành 1

anh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩmanh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩmanh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩmanh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩmanh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩmanh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩmanh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩmanh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩmanh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩmanh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩmanh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩmanh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩmanh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩmanh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩmanh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩmanh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩmanh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩmanh văn chuyên ngành thực phẩm

UNIT 1: FOOD INDUSTRY

***

READING COMPREHENSION

The food industry comprises all business operations that are involved in producing a raw food material, processing it, and distributing it to sales outlets The entire complex of the industry includes: farms and ranches; producers of raw materials, such as phosphates, for agricultural use; water-supply systems; food-processing plants; manufacturers of packaging materials and food-processing and transportation equipment; transportation systems; and retail stores and food-service operations such as restaurants, institutional feeding commissaries, and vending-machine services

HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY

The organized trading and transport of salt, spices, grain, olive oil, fermented beverages, and other foods have probably been practiced almost since the time of the first agricultural surpluses Inventories of livestock and foodstuffs are among the first written records However, until modern preservation methods were developed, the kinds of foods that could be traded were limited to those which did not spoil quickly

Most food-processing operations seem to have begun as extensions of kitchen preparation techniques, scaled up to furnish enough surplus product to be bartered or sold outside the household Enlargement of a business entailed simply building more or larger processing equipment – oil presses, baking ovens, or wine vats Gradual improvements in design were made to increase yields or improve quality This was the general pattern until the Industrial Revolution, when major qualitative changes began to be made in food processing and distribution operations Not only were factories greatly enlarged and much of the manual labor replaced by machinery, but entirely new principles of processing, such as canning and spray drying, were invented Channels of distribution became much more complex and extended, and special techniques for retaining quality were used, for example, shipping by means of refrigerated railroad cars The present-day industry slowly took shape as it responded to ever-growing agricultural surpluses, to advances in transportation, and to the enormous changes made possible by the growth in processing technologies

(Beef calves are often sent to feedlots.) DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS

Farmers, ranchers, other producers of agricultural raw materials, and feedlot operators usually sell their output to collection points, such as grain terminals or stockyards The terminal or stockyard supplies the processing companies, which select needed raw materials from the available stock and process them either into finished foodstuffs – cuts of meat, for example – or into food ingredients, such as flour

(Flow of goods in the food industry)

From the final processor, finished food products are moved by truck or rail to warehouses, usually located near a city Most modern warehouses have storage areas for frozen and refrigerated food and are equipped to control temperature and humidity within a narrow range Warehouses can assemble full truckloads of products originating from many

different suppliers for shipment to one large retailer or to a number of smaller outlets in a given region, allowing a great reduction in unit transportation costs as compared to shipping a small quantity of one item directly from the producer to the retailer If the retail outlet is large enough to accept complete truckloads directly from the manufacturer, direct shipments from the factory are sometimes made

Processors of perishable foods (dairies, ice-cream manufacturers, wholesale bread bakeries, and meat-packers) usually maintain their own fleets of trucks for carrying fresh products directly to their retailer customers Truck drivers from bakeries and dairies may also service retail outlets by rotating stock and picking up stale products and returning them to the factory Restaurants and institutional commissaries purchase staples and nonperishable foods from the warehouses of specialized distributors, but they also receive direct shipment from dairies, bakeries, and meat-packers

GLOSSARY

A retail store (n) /ˈriːteɪl stɔː /: cửa hàng bán lẻ

Advance (n) / ədˈvɑːns /: sự tiến bộ

Assemble (v) / əˈsɛmb(ə)l /: thu thập

Available (adj) / əˈveɪləb(ə)l /: có sẵn

Bakery (n) / ˈbeɪk(ə)ri /: hiệu bánh mì

Be involved in (exp) / ɪnˈvɒlvd/: có liên quan đến

Beverage (n) / ˈbɛv(ə)rɪdʒ /: thức uống giải khát

Commissary (n) / ˈkɒmɪs(ə)ri /: kho lương thực (quân đội)

Complex (n) / ˈkɒmplɛks /: khu liên hợp

(adj): phức tạp

Comprise (v) / kəmˈprʌɪz /: bao gồm

Dairy (n) / ˈdɛːri /: cửa hàng bơ sữa

Feedlot (n) / ˈ iːdlɒt /: nơi nuôi béo súc vật

Ferment (v) / f əˈmɛnt /: lên men

Fermentation (n) / Fermentation /: sự lên men

Fleet (n) / fli ːt /: đoàn tàu, đoàn xe

Foodstuff (n) / ˈfuːdstʌf /: thực phẩm

Inventory (n)/ ˈɪnv(ə)nt(ə)ri /: sự kiểm kê

Livestock (n) / ˈlʌɪvstɒk /: gia súc

Machinery (n) / məˈ iːn(ə)ri /: máy móc

Maintain (v) / meɪnˈteɪn, mənˈteɪn/: duy trì

Maintenance (n) / ˈmeɪnt(ə)nəns /: sự duy trì

Material (n) / məˈtɪərɪəl /: nguyên liệu

Outlet (n) / ˈaʊtlɛt /: đại lý

Pattern (n) / ˈpat(ə)n /: kiểu mẫu, mô hình

Perishable (adj) / ˈpɛrɪʃəb(ə)l /: dễ hỏng, dễ thối

Pick up (v): nhặt

Plant (n) / plɑːnt /: nhà máy

Preserve (v) / prɪˈzəːv /: bảo quản

Preservation (n) / prɛzəˈveɪʃ(ə)n/: sự bảo quản

Principle (n) / ˈprɪnsɪp(ə)l /: nguyên lý, nguyên tắc cấu tạo

Ranch (n) / rɑːn(t)ʃ / : trại nuôi gia súc

Raw (adj) / rɔː /: thô (chưa tinh chế), sống (chưa nấu chin)

Respond to / rɪˈspɒnd/: hưởng ứng

Rotate (v) / rə(ʊ)ˈteɪt /: luân chuyển

Ship (v) / ʃɪp /: vận chuyển (hàng hóa bằng đường biển)

Shipment (n) / ˈʃɪpm(ə)nt /: sự vận chuyển

Spoil (v) / spɔɪl /: làm hư hỏng

Stockyard (n) / ˈstɒkjɑːd /: nơi nuôi nhốt gia súc trước khi bán

Surplus (adj) / ˈsəːpləs /: dư thừa

(n): thặng dư

temperature and humidity / ˈtɛmp(ə)rətʃə, hjʊˈmɪdɪti/: nhiệt độ và độ ẩm

Trade (v) / treɪd /: buôn bán

Trade (n): sự buôn bán, thương mại

Vending-machine (n) / ˈvɛndɪŋmə iːn /: máy bán hàng tự động

Warehouses (n) / ˈwɛːhaʊs /: nhà kho

Yield (n) / jiːld /: sản lượng

I Answer the questions about the reading

1) What does the food industry consist of?

2) When did the organized trading and transport of salt, spices, grain, olive oil, fermented beverages, and other foods begin?

3) What do the processing companies terminals or stockyards supply do?

4) When can direct shipments from the factory to retailers be made?

5) Where do restaurants and institutional commissaries buy staples and nonperishable foods?

II Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false

1) _ Most food-processing operations seem to have begun as extensions of kitchen preparation techniques

2) _ Farmers, ranchers, and other producers of agricultural raw materials seldom sell their output to grain terminals or stockyards

3) _ In the past, the kinds of foods that could be traded were limited to those which did not spoil quickly

4) _ Processors of perishable foods usually hire fleets of trucks for carrying fresh products directly to their retailer customers

5) _ Restaurants receive direct shipment from dairies, bakeries, and meat-packers VOCABULARY

Fill in these statements with the words in the box

1) Sushi is a Japanese dish made from ……… fish

2) You make wine by leaving grape juice to ……… until all the sugar has turned

to alcohol

3) Farmers are feeding all their ……… wheat to pigs

4) A ……… is a place where farm animals are kept for a short time before they are sold at a market

5) The wines used to be made in deep wooden ………

6) While we were camping we bought our milk from a nearby farm ……… 7) Coffee goes ……… within a couple of weeks so it is best to buy it in small quantities

8) A ……… is a machine from which you can buy small items such as cigarettes, drinks and sweets by putting coins into it

9) A ……… is a shop which supplies food and goods, especially to people in the army or in prison

10) Enlargement of a food business simply ……… building more or larger processing equipment

WORD STUDY

A WORD FORMS

Study the words in the list Notice how they are related to each other Then choose the best word to complete each sentence Use a word from line 1 in sentence 1, and so on

1 President John F Kennedy is ……… He ……… in 1963 Thousands of people went to his funeral

2 In Canada and the United States, many people ……… a tree with lights and colorful decorations for Christmas

3 Amnesty International tries to stop ……… to prisoners in all countries

In many places, prisoners have terrible lives of pain and suffering

4 For your homework tonight, write a ……… of your home town Tell how it looks, where you like to go, and why you like it

5 When people swim under water, they must hold their ……… Fish can breathe under water, but humans cannot

6 If you have a small calculator, you can ……… your grocery bill while you are in the store

7) Next month Kei is going on a trip to New York He already made his plane

………, so he is very excited

8) Thirteen colonies participated in the ……… war against England They became the United States of America

9) The more you study, the more your ……… increases

10) Maria is going to Julie’s house tonight to help her ……… her new computer Julie doesn’t know how to do it by herself

B WORD FORMS

This exercise is just for fun, and it is difficult See if you can figure out the meanings

of these words and use the correct word in each sentence

1) Paula dressed in strange clothes and put a lot of makeup on her face for a party She was completely ……… No one knew who she was!

2) One student said that his native country nationalized the oil companies because people were stealing the oil This is only part of what really happened This explanation is an

……… of the situation

3) There is a ……… of problems in Third World countries, such as poor living conditions, few jobs, and very little medical care for people

4) Another problem in Third World countries is that most of the people are

……… because they quit school at an early age to get jobs

5) Carl is a computer ……… for a large company He writes programs for businesses and industries

6) Christmas has become very ……… in the United States Marketing experts make a lot of money because of this

7) Don’t be ……… ……… if you can’t do this exercise The words are very difficult!

C -OUS, -LIKE

In English, we can add the suffix -ous and -like to some nouns to make adjectives Words that end in -ous mean “full of something.” Here is an example:

Our classroom is very spacious (full of space)

Words that end in -like mean “similar to,” or “like.” Here is an example:

The painting that Simon made is very lifelike

Spelling Note: If a noun ends in silent e, drop the e before adding the suffix -ous There are

no spelling changes when you add the suffix -like

commercialized multiplicity oversimplification undereducated

Add the correct suffix to each noun in the chart

noun adjective

joy ………

fame ………

danger ………

poison ………

noun adjective life ………

war ………

child ………

Now choose the best adjective to complete each sentence 1) Some plants are very ……… to eat In fact, if you eat a ……… plant, you could become sick or even die 2) Holidays are usually ……… times People don’t have to work, and everyone celebrates and is happy 3) Albert Einstein is a ……… scientist Most people in the world know who he was 4) Eskimo carvings are very ……… They look exactly like living animals 5) In the 1930s Germany began to take ……… actions Then in 1939 it attacked Poland and started a war 6) When an adult does something that a child might do, people say he or she is ………

UNIT 2: FOOD AND NUTRITION

***

READING COMPREHENSION

All living organisms require food for survival, growth, and reproduction Most broadly, the term food can be taken to include any kind of nutrient needed by animals, plants, and simpler forms of life, on down to bacteria This would include, for example, the inorganic substances that plants draw from air and water The processes that circulate these basic nutrients in the environment are called nutrient cycles, and the processes by which organisms make use of nutrients are collectively known as metabolism

In terms of the energy needs of humans and other animals, food consists of carbohydrate, fat, and protein, along with vitamins and minerals Humans may consume a wide range of different food substances, as long as they meet nutrition requirements Otherwise nutritional-deficiency diseases will develop

Nutrition is the science that interprets the relationship of food to the functioning of the living organism It is concerned with the intake of food, digestive processes, the liberation of energy, and the elimination of wastes, as well as with all the syntheses that are essential for maintenance, growth, and reproduction These fundamental activities are characteristic of all living organisms – from the simplest to the most complex plants and animals Nutrients are substances, either naturally occurring or synthesized, that are necessary for maintenance of the normal function of organisms These include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals, water, and some unknown substances

The nutritionist, a scientist working in the field of nutrition, differs from the dietitian, who translates the science of nutrition into the skill of furnishing optimal nourishment to people Dietetics is a profession concerned with the science and art of human nutrition care,

an essential component of the health sciences The treatment of disease by modification of the diet lies within the province of the physician and the dietitian

The foods consumed by humans must contain, in adequate amounts, about 45 to 50 highly important substances Water and oxygen are equally essential Starting only with these essential nutrients obtained from food, the body makes literally thousands of substances necessary for life and physical fitness Most of these substances are far more complicated in structure than the original nutrients

Energy metabolism and requirements are customarily expressed in terms of the calorie, a heat unit Adoption of the calorie by nutritionists followed quite naturally from the original methods of measuring energy metabolism The magnitude of human energy metabolism, however, made it awkward to record the calorie measured, so the convention of the large calorie, or kilocalorie (kcal), was accepted Atwater factors, also called physiologic fuel factors, are based on the corrections for losses of unabsorbed nutrients in the feces and for the calorie equivalent of the nitrogenous products in the urine These factors are as follows: 1g of pure protein will yield 4 calories, 1g of pure fat will yield 9 calories, and 1 g of pure carbohydrate will yield 4 calories

As long as: miễn là

Bacteria (n) / bakˈtɪəriə /: vi khuẩn

be concerned with (exp) / kənˈsəːnd/: đề cập đến

Characteristic (n) / karəktəˈrɪstɪk /: nét đặc trưng

Circulate (v) / ˈsəːkjʊleɪt /: lưu thông

Complicated (adj) / ˈkɒmplɪkeɪtɪd/: rắc rối

Component (n) / kəmˈpəʊnənt /: thành phần

Consume (v) / kənˈsjuːm /: tiêu thụ (thực phẩm)

Consumption (n) / kənˈsʌm(p)ʃ(ə)n /: sự tiêu thụ

Correction (n) / Correction /: sự hiệu chỉnh

Dietitian (n) / dʌɪəˈtɪʃ(ə)n /: chuyên gia về vấn đề dinh dưỡng

Digest (v) / dʌɪˈdʒɛst , dɪˈdʒɛst /: tiêu hóa

Digestive (adj) / dʌɪˈdʒɛstɪv , dɪˈdʒɛstɪv /: (thuộc) tiêu hóa

Digestion (n) / dʌɪˈdʒɛstʃ(ə)n /: sự tiêu hóa

Eliminate (v) /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/: bài tiết

Elimination (n) / ɪˈlɪmɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n /: sự bài tiết

Equivalent (n) / ɪˈkwɪv(ə)l(ə)nt /: đương lượng

Intake (n) / ˈɪnteɪk /: sự lấy vào

Liberation (n) / lɪbəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/: sự gải phóng

Magnitude (n) / ˈmagnɪtjuːd /: tầm quan trọng

Metabolism (n) / mɪˈtabəlɪz(ə)m /: sự trao đổi chất

Modification (n) / ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n /: sự thay đổi

Nourishment (n) / ˈnʌrɪʃm(ə)nt/: sự nuôi dưỡng

Nutrient (n) / ˈnjuːtrɪənt /: chất dinh dưỡng

nutritional-deficiency (n) / njʊˈtrɪʃ(ə)n, dɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nsi : thiếu dinh dưỡng Nutritionist (n) / njʊˈtrɪʃ(ə)nɪst /: nhà nghiên cứu về lĩnh vực dinh dưỡng

on down to: thậm chí cả

Organic (adj) / ɔːˈganɪk /: hữu cơ

Inorganic ( adj) / ɪnɔːˈganɪk /: vô cơ

physical fitness (exp) / ˈfɪzɪk(ə)l, ˈfɪtnəs/ : sự cân bằng thể chất

Physician (n) / f ɪˈzɪʃ(ə)n /: bác sĩ

physiologic fuel factor / ˌfɪzɪˈɒlədʒic, fjʊəl , ˈfaktə/: yếu tố nhiên liệu sinh lý Province (n) / ˈprɒvɪns /: lĩnh vực

Reproduction (n) / riːprəˈdʌkʃ(ə)n /: sự sinh sản

Requirement (n) / rɪˈkwʌɪəm(ə)nt /: nhu cầu

4) How different are the nutritionist and the dietitian?

5) What are physiologic fuel factors?

II Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false

1 The term food does not include the inorganic substances that plants draw from air and water

2 The intake of food, digestive processes, the liberation of energy, and the elimination

of wastes are the fundamental activities of all living organisms

3 Unless food substances humans consume meet nutrition requirements, deficiency diseases will develop

nutritional-4 Water and oxygen are equally essential

5 The treatment of disease by modification of the diet lies within the province of the physician and the nutritionist

VOCABULARY

Fill in these statements with the words in the box

1) Improvements in ……… have been mostly to do with persuading people to eat less fatty food and more raw vegetables

2) Exercise is supposed to speed up your ………

3) A young baby obtains all the ……… it needs from its mother's milk

4) If you have a balanced ………, you are getting all the vitamins you need 5) ……… is the scientific study of diet and its effects on health

6) Humans may ……… a wide range of different food substances

consume province nutrition synthesis nourishment

7) The treatment of disease by modification of the diet lies within the ………

of the physician and the dietitian

8) Plants draw minerals and other ……… from the soil

9) All living ……… require food for survival, growth, and reproduction 10) Plants need sunlight for the ……… of their food from carbon dioxide and water WORD STUDY

A UN-, IM-, IN-, DIS-, AND NON

The prefixes un-, im-, in-, dis-, and non- can be added to the beginning of some words These prefixes mean “not.”

Look at this example:

un- + healthy = unhealthy

Smoking is not good for you It’s unhealthy

Here are other words with these negative prefixes

un- unimportant, unpopular im- impossible

in- incomplete, inexpensive dis- discontinue

non- nonfat

Exercise: Choose the best word to complete each sentence

1) A person who is unfriendly is probably ………, too

A unpopular B unusual C uncomfortable D unimportant 2) The service at this restaurant is very slow It’s …… to have a quick lunch here!

A impossible B important C immoral D immediate 3) The airline will ……… service to that city It is not a popular place to go

A discontinue B disagree C disable D discover 4) ……… yogurt is better for you than ice cream

A Nonstop B Nonfat C Nonstandard D Nonstick 5) Jaime’s homework is ……… because he felt sick last night

A inexpensive B incomplete C inflexible D inevitable

B -MENT AND -ER

Some nouns and verbs have the same form We can add a special ending, or suffix, to

other verbs to make noun forms

Here are some examples:

order

drink

cost

order drink cost

govern agree

government agreement

drive own run work

driver owner runner worker

Exercise: Complete the sentences with verbs and nouns from the chart (If you need

to, make the nouns plural Also, make sure that each verb agrees with its subject.)

1) Susan is the fastest ……… She can ……… the race in less than three minutes 2) The bus ……… will not ……… an unsafe bus

3) I think the two companies will ………….……… to work together They will both sign the ………

4) – Did Saul ……… a salad and some tea?

– Yes Now he’s waiting for his ………

5) Joseph bought a lot of food and ……… for the get-together He hopes that everyone will eat and ……… a lot

6) Even though they……… hard, most of the ……… at fast-food restaurants do not make a lot of money

7) – My aunt is the ……… of that popular take-out restaurant on Main Street – Does she ……… the restaurant on Green Street, too?

C -TH AND -GHT

Some nouns that end in -th or -ght are related to similar words that are not nouns

Read the following pairs of sentences and see how the words in bold print are related

1) Some cities grow quickly Their growth is fast

2) The street is five kilometers long The length is five kilometers

3) The street is fifteen meters wide Its width is fifteen meters

4) The lake is thirty meters deep Its depth is thirty meters

5) Joanna is very strong She has a lot of strength

6) How high is that building? What is its height?

7) Anna weighs 50 kilos Her weight is 50 kilos

Exercise: Now choose the best word for each sentence Use each word only once

1) The flag is flying high above the ground The …………of that flagpole is about 20 meters 2) The ………of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco is about 1,400 meters It is a very long bridge

3) What is the ………of the Pacific Ocean at its deepest point?

4) People who build houses must be very strong They must have great

………in their arms

5) Plants need a lot of water to grow Without it, their ……… is slow

6) What is the …….……….of your garage? Is it wide enough to park two cars inside? 7) David is very thin now He weighs only 49 kilos He lost a lot of ……… STRUCTURE STUDY

THE PASSIVE

A sentence is often written in a passive form when the important idea is not WHO does something, but WHAT IS DONE

(a) They measured the extension in the steel bar

(b) The extension in the steel bar was measured

If the doer of the action has some importance (though less than the object), or is needed to complete the sense of the sentence, it is given, e.g ‘A knowledge of statistics is required by every type of scientists.’

Passives can be formed in the following ways:

A tense of be + past participle active: He cooked the food

passive: The food was cooked

Modal + be / have been + past participle active: He may cook the food

passive: The food may be cooked

to be / to have been + past participle active: He is to cook the food

passive: The food is to be cooked

being / having been + past participle active: Cooking / Having cooked …

passive: Being / Having been cooked …

depth height strength width growth length weight

Exercise: Rewrite the following sentences in the passive

1) People apply mathematics in many different activities

……… 2) People use computers for many different purposes

……… 3) People use the decimal system even in countries with non-decimalized systems of weights and measurements

……… 4) Water covers most of the Earth’s surface

……… 5) Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived

……… 6) Huge ocean waves swept houses into the sea

……… 7) They have postponed the seminar

……… 8) A mystery is something that we can explain

……… 9) We are going to build a new zoo next year

……… 10) The vegetables didn’t taste very good People had cooked them for too long

………

UNIT 3: ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS

PROTEINS

Proteins are widely distributed in nature, and no life-forms are known without them They are made up of relatively simple organic compounds, the amino acids, which contain nitrogen and sometimes sulfur Humans and animals build the protein they need for growth and repair of tissues by breaking down the proteins obtained in food into their component parts, the amino acids, and then building up these components into proteins of the type needed The protein-rich foods from animal sources contain complete proteins, which supply all the amino acids in the proper proportions necessary in the human diet Although it was formerly believed that plant proteins had to be combined at each meal, research shows that a balanced diet will provide the proper combinations

VITAMINS AND MINERALS

Most foods contain several vitamins and minerals Vitamins are organic food substances, needed only in minute quantities but essential for the normal metabolism of other nutrients Many vitamins and minerals act as catalysts or help form catalysts in the body Minerals – such as calcium, iodine, and iron – are an essential part of all cells and body fluids and enter into many functions

FATS AND CARBOHYDRATES

Fats, which are widely distributed in nature, are a concentrated food source of energy Fats are glyceryl esters of fatty acids and yield glycerol and many different fatty acids when broken down by hydrolysis Carbohydrates are the most abundant food sources of energy Important dietary carbohydrates are divided into two groups – starches and sugars The starches, which may be converted into utilizable sugars in plants or in the human body, are in the grains, the pulses, the tubers, and some rhizomes and roots The sugars occur in many plants and fruits, the most important being sucrose, obtained from sugarcane or the sugar beet

DIETARY FIBER

Dietary fiber, also known as bulk and roughage, is also an essential element in the diet even though it provides no nutrients It consists of plant cellulose and other indigestible materials in foods, along with pectins and gums The chewing it requires stimulates saliva flow, and the bulk it adds in the stomach and intestines during digestion provides more time for absorption of nutrients Diets with sufficient fiber produce softer, bulkier stools and help

to promote bowel regularity and avoid constipation and other disorders, such as diverticulosis

Fruits, vegetables, whole-grain breads, and products made from nuts and legumes are all sources of dietary fiber A diet overly abundant in dietary fiber, however, can cut down on the absorption of important trace minerals during digestion

(Vegetables, fruits, grains, and legumes constitute a rich source of dietary fiber.)

Concentrated (adj) / ˈkɒnsntreɪtɪd/: cô đặc

Constipation (n) / kɒnstɪˈpeɪʃ(ə)n/: chứng táo bón

Continually (adv) / kənˈtɪnjʊəli/: liên tục

Convert (v) / kənˈvəːt /: biến đổi

Distribute (v) / dɪˈstrɪbjuːt, ˈdɪstrɪbjuːt/: phân phối

Distribution (n) / dɪstrɪˈbjuːʃ(ə)n/: sự phân phối

Diverticulosis (n) / ˌdʌɪvətɪkjʊˈləʊsɪs /: viêm túi thừa

Element (n) / ˈɛlɪm(ə)nt/: nguyên tố

Essential (adj) / ɪˈsɛnʃ(ə)l/: thiết yếu

Fluid (n) / ˈ luːɪd/: chất lưu

Form (v) /f ɔːm/: tạo thành, hình thành

Formerly (adv) / ˈfɔːməli/: trước đây

Hydrolysis (n) / hʌɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs/: sự thủy phân

Intestine (n) / ɪnˈtɛstɪn/: ruột

life-form ( n) / lʌɪf - f ɔːm/: dạng sống

Lubricant (n) / ˈluːbrɪk(ə)nt/: chất bôi trơn

Proportion (n) / prəˈpɔːʃ(ə)n /: tỷ lệ

Quality (n) / ˈkwɒlɪti/: chất lượng

Quantity (n) / ˈkwɒntɪti/: số lượng

Repair (n) / rɪˈpɛː/: sự sửa chữa

saliva flow (n) / səˈlʌɪvə, fləʊ/ : sự chảy nước bọt

Solvent (n) / ˈsɒlv(ə)nt /: dung môi

Stimulate (v) / ˈstɪmjʊleɪt/: kích thích

Sufficient (adj) / səˈfɪ ʃ(ə)nt/: đủ

Sugarcane (n) / ˈʃʊgə keɪn/: mía

temperature regulation (exp) / ˈtɛmp(ə)rətʃə, rɛgjʊˈleɪʃ(ə)n/: điều hòa nhiệt độ Tissue (n) / ˈtɪʃuː/: mô

I Answer the questions about the reading

1) What are the essential nutrients in human diet?

2) Where may water be obtained?

3) What are proteins used for?

4) Why are vitamins essential for the normal metabolism of other nutrients?

5) What are the two groups of important dietary carbohydrates?

II Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false

1) _ Water functions in temperature regulation, as a solvent, in chemical reactions, and as a body lubricant

2) _ A few life-forms do not have proteins

3) _ Vitamins are inorganic food substances, needed only in minute quantities 4) _ Carbohydrates are the most abundant food sources of energy

5) _ A diet overly abundant in dietary fiber can help the absorption of important trace minerals during digestion

VOCABULARY

Fill in these statements with the words in the box

1) You should eat more fiber and fruit if you are ………

2) Hot ……… include tea, coffee and hot chocolate

3) Many vitamins and minerals help form ……… in the body

4) Research shows that a ……… diet will provide the proper combinations 5) Eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables can reduce the risk of cancer of the ……… 6) A ……… the short thick round part of an underground stem or root of some plants, such as potatoes, which stores food and from which new plants grow

7) Vegetables are usually cooked to aid ………

8) Vitamin D is necessary to aid the ……… of calcium from food

9) Beans can be rather ………

10) ………… may be converted into utilizable sugars in plants or in the human body

Digestion absorption constipated starches balanced

WORD STUDY

A COMPOUND WORDS

A compound word is two smaller words put together The meaning of the compound word is related to the meanings of the two words

Here are some examples:

bird + house = birdhouse (a place for birds to live)

car + wash = carwash (a place to wash your car)

Exercise 1: Make compound words by putting together these pairs of words

some + one = ………

stop + light = ………

bed + room = ………

birth + day = ………

under + line = ………

note + book = ………

Exercise 2: Use the compound words to complete the sentences 1) In class, students write notes in a ………

2) I sleep in a bed in my ………

3) Cars must stop when the ………is red

4) Next week is my 20th ……… I am going to have a party for all

my friends I will be 20 years old

5) If the teacher says to put a line under the verb, then we must

……… the verb

6) ……… wants to talk to you on the telephone I don’t know who it is

B -AL, -ABLE, AND -FUL

The suffixes -al, -able, and -ful can be added to the end of some words These suffixes mean that something “is full of something” or “has something.”

Here are some examples:

Roses are beautiful flowers (full of beauty)

Puerto Rico has many coastal cities (has a coast)

That is a very comfortable chair (has comfort)

When you add these suffixes to a word, the new word becomes an adjective An

adjective describes a noun or a pronoun It usually comes before a noun or after the verb be

Exercise1: Practice making adjectives by adding the suffixes -al, -able, and –ful to the following words

Spelling Note: Change y to i before -al and -ful

noun (add –al) adjective verb (add -able) adjective

Exercise 2: Complete each sentence with an adjective from the lists

1) Most people in Puerto Rico live in ……… cities

2) The influence of Spain is very ……… in San Juan

3) The people of Puerto Rico are usually ……… to tourists

4) San Juan is a modern, ……… city

5) Puerto Ricans cannot vote in U.S ……… elections

6) The beaches and mountains of Puerto Rico are ………

7) My cousins had a very ……… time visiting the old city of San Juan They bought some souvenirs and had a delicious lunch

8) In general, Puerto Rico is a ……… place to visit

C -EN

We can change some nouns and adjectives into verbs by adding the suffix -en For example, if you add -en to the adjective dark, you get the word darken Darken means “to make something dark.”

Exercise: Look at these examples Complete the chart

………

UNIT 4: FOOD GROUPS

***

READING COMPREHENSION

BREAD AND CEREAL

The bread-cereal group includes all breads and cereals that are wholegrain, enriched,

or restored The protein content is not high in cereals, but these products can be a significant source of protein when they are consumed in large quantities All cereals are very high in starch, and they are good, generally inexpensive sources of energy The fat content of cereal products generally is very low unless the germ is included Whole-grain products contribute significant quantities of fiber and such trace vitamins and minerals as pantothenic acid, vitamin E, zinc, copper, manganese, and molybdenum

VEGETABLES

Most vegetables are important sources of minerals, vitamins, and cellulose Certain vegetables, such as potatoes, contribute appreciable quantities of starch Large amounts of the minerals calcium and iron are in vegetables, particularly beans, peas, and broccoli Vegetables also help meet the body's need for sodium, chloride, cobalt, copper, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, and potassium Carotenes (the precursor of vitamin A) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) are abundant in many vegetables Vegetables are useful as sources of roughage

FRUITS

The nutritional value of fruits varies Some fruits are composed largely of water, but contain valuable vitamins The citrus fruits are a valuable source of vitamin C, and yellow-colored fruits, such as peaches, contain carotene Dried fruits contain an ample amount of iron, and figs and oranges are an excellent source of calcium Like vegetables, fruits have a high cellulose content

MILK

The milk group includes milk and milk products, cheese, and ice cream Milk is a complete protein food containing several protein complexes It also contains important amounts of most nutrients, but it is very low in iron and ascorbic acid and low in niacin Calcium and phosphorus levels in milk are very high Vitamin A levels are high in whole milk, but this fat-soluble vitamin is removed in the production of skim milk Riboflavin is present in significant quantities in milk unless the milk has been exposed to light

(Modern milking parlors enable few people to milk and inspect a large number of cows in a

clean environment.) MEAT AND MEAT SUBSTITUTES

The meat and meat substitutes group includes beef; veal; lamb; pork; organ meats such as liver, heart, and kidney; poultry and eggs; fish and shellfish; and dried peas, beans, and nuts The meat group contains many valuable nutrients One of its main nutrients is protein, but meat also contains cholesterol, which is believed to contribute to coronary artery disease The minerals copper, iron, and phosphorus occur in meats in significant amounts, particularly iron and copper in liver Different meats vary in their vitamin content Liver usually contains a useful amount of vitamin A Thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin, all B vitamins, occur in significant amounts in all meats

OTHER FOODS

Butter, margarine, other fats, oils, sugars, or unenriched refined-grain products are included in the diet to round out meals and satisfy the appetite Fats, oils, and sugars are added to other foods during preparation of the meal or at the table These foods supply calories and can add to total nutrients in meals

GLOSSARY

Appetite (n) / ˈapɪtʌɪt/: sự ngon miệng, thèm ăn

Appreciable (adj) / əˈpriːʃəb(ə)l/: đáng kể

Broccoli (n) / ˈbrɒkəli/: bông cải xanh

Cereal (n) / ˈsɪərɪəl/: ngủ cốc

Composed (adj) / kəmˈpəʊzd/: bào gồm, có chứa

Content (n) / kənˈtɛnt/: hàm lượng