Proceedings of the 8th international symposium on heating ,ventilation and air conditioning(volume 1

Liu et al.50.1 Introduction With the rapid development of economy and technology in China, more and moreequipments for ventilation and heating in different styles have been used in there

440 W Liu et al.

50.1 Introduction

With the rapid development of economy and technology in China, more and moreequipments for ventilation and heating in different styles have been used in theresidence [1-9] From 1991 to 2005, the annual output of household air condi-tioner in China has increased 14-fold [1] In 2002, a questionnaire study, whichconducted in a Shanghai residential community, found that 45.5 and 95.2 % of thefamilies have had two air conditioners and at least one such device, respectively[2] Another questionnaire study in 2003 found that the usage rate of air condi-tioner in Shanghai is up to 98 % [3] Yoshino found that most of Shanghai resi-dents use individual space heating in winter for residential heating [4] In 2006, asurvey in Shanghai has revealed that the families in the new residential communitywhich was built in 2000s used more mechanical equipments for household heating

or cooling than those families in the old community which was built in 1980s, andthe usage rates of these equipments have strong association with families' annualhousehold income [5] These surveys have partly showed the situations ofShanghai residential heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning in different years.However, the sample sizes in these surveys were relatively small; thus, theresults may not be able to represent the overall situations of Shanghai city Inaddition, the development of Shanghai economy is so rapid that the situations ofheating and ventilation in Shanghai residences perhaps have largely changed.Based on a large-scale questionnaire study, the present study aims at investigatingthe usage rates of different equipments for residential heating and ventilations inyoung families with different building style and age and shows the young resi-dents' habit in natural ventilation of child's room in different districts

50.2 Materials and Methods

From October 2010, a national survey, which was named China, Children, Homes,Health (CCHH), has conducted in ten cities of China independently Shanghai isone of these cities The present study is based on the nested questions for resi-dential heating and ventilation in the phase one of this survey in Shanghai

The CCHH study concluded a cross-sectional study (questionnaire) and a nestedcase-control study From April 2011 to April 2012, the cross-sectional study(phase one) in Shanghai has accomplished in three urban districts (Hongkou,Zhabei, and Jingan) and two suburban districts (Banshan and Fengxian) Totally,

17898 parents or guardians of 1-8-year-old children from 72 kindergartens in