In actual costing, only the actual amounts of materials, labor, and overhead costs are assigned to production.. Standard costing differs from actual and normal costing in that a perunit
Trang 11 Such a company should not aggregate costs across customer
orders because such a process could charge excessively high (or low) costs to orders that did not create those costs. Only by separating the costs by customers will a reliable basis be provided for determining job prices and evaluating job profitability
2 A company should use job order costing only when it is
necessary and possible to trace costs to products made for individual customers, and when the products made for one
customer are very different from those made for other
customers. In such a setting, no meaningful average cost exists across customers that could be used for important
4 The three valuation methods are actual, normal, and standard
costing. In actual costing, only the actual amounts of
materials, labor, and overhead costs are assigned to
production. Normal costing differs from actual costing in that an amount of overhead is applied to products using a predetermined overhead rate rather than the actual amount. Standard costing differs from actual and normal costing in that a perunit amount (standard) is established for direct material, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. These predetermined amounts are charged to production rather than the actual or normal costs
5 A job is a unit of work and may contain one or many product
units. In a job order costing system it is necessary to
specify each job because the job is the cost object and costs are separately accumulated for each job.
103
Trang 26 The three stages for a job are started but not completed,
completed but not sold, and sold. Cost information for
completed jobs is used to evaluate the profitability of
individual jobs, to serve as a basis for bidding future jobs, and to determine the cost of goods sold
7 The principal documents are the material requisition forms,
employee time sheets, and job order cost sheets. Material requisition forms are used to initiate the removal of raw materials from inventory or to acquire them from suppliers. Time sheets are used to track the time of individual employees
to specific jobs. Job cost sheet are used to track the costs
of direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead associated with particular jobs, and possibly compare those costs with budgeted costs
8 The material requisition form is important because it
establishes who authorized the purchase or use of raw
materials and in what amounts. It therefore establishes the custody of materials through time and production
9 A job order cost sheet is a detailed subsidiary ledger
account. As such, it is the major accounting document used in
a job order costing system. It typically contains informationsuch as the customer identification; job description;
starting, completion, and delivery dates; budgeted and actual costs; and contract price. Collectively, the job cost sheets serve as the subsidiary records for Work in Process Inventory,Finished Goods Inventory, and Cost of Goods Sold accounts
10 Job cost sheets provide managers with information about the
costs that have been assigned to particular jobs. Some job cost sheets record both the budgeted and actual costs incurred
on each specific job. The actual cost information can then bereflected in the various inventory accounts as well as cost ofgoods sold. Such cost information can be broken down into perunit costs on jobs consisting of multiple, similar
outputs. This cost aggregation may prove useful for planning and control purposes as well as for bidding on future
contracts
11 This statement is false. The job cost record is merely a
subsidiary ledger account and, thus, serves as a backup to thegeneral ledger control account. Therefore, any information that is recorded in the job cost record must also be recorded
in the general ledger control account (Work in Process
Inventory) to reconcile the control and subsidiary
information. The postings to the general ledger control
accounts and the subsidiary ledger may be made at different points in time
Trang 412 An employee time sheet would show all hours worked, including
overtime, by a given employee for a pay period. The time sheet is used to assign the cost of employee labor to
specific jobs. Generally, however, overtime premiums will not
be charged to specific jobs although the overtime hours workedwill be charged to the jobs at regular hourly rates.
13 A predetermined overhead rate is generally better than an
actual rate for several reasons. First, the actual amount of overhead incurred during one period cannot be known until wellinto the next period when all accruals and adjusting entries have been made; therefore, actual overhead could not be
assigned to jobs until this information is known. Secondly, the numerator (actual overhead) or the denominator (activity level) could include distortions due to seasonal fluctuations,causing assigned costs to be abnormal. Last, changes in
actual overhead costs in different months can be smoothed using an expected annual measure of costs and activity
14 Under or overapplied overhead will result when the estimates
used in determining the predetermined overhead rate are
different from the actual amount of overhead incurred or
levels of activity performed, or both. If applied overhead isless than actual overhead, the difference is called
inventory products. Accordingly, job order costing plays a much less important role in service firms in valuing
to the orders of customers rather than to create inventory
17 Advancing technology is allowing companies to track more costs
and other information about jobs. One of the most exciting developments are intranets that allow companies to post
information, including cost data, in a central repository thatcan be accessed simultaneously by all managers who require such information to execute their job assignments. Further, the information available is increasingly realtime data
Trang 518 Student will have different answers. No solution provided.
19 Under a job order costing system based on actual costs,
entries to record costs to the control account Work in ProcessInventory and the subsidiary job cost records are made for theactual amounts of materials, labor, and overhead used. In a standard cost job order system, norms are developed for
materials, labor and overhead and it is these norms which are carried in the Work in Process Inventory and job order
records. The standards or norms for materials and labor can
be for quantities, prices, or both. The differences between actual and standard charges to WIP are called variances and
will be computed as production gets under way
A company would use a standard cost job order system to enable management to determine the efficiency with which jobs were performed. Standard costing with regard to quantity would only be useful in a production environment that
generated some type of uniform output that would allow
standards or norms to be developed
20 No. Only if a firm has an opportunity to routinely make a
product will standard costs be very useful. For oneofakindproducts, there is simply no opportunity to develop reliable standards and no opportunity to learn from past experiences about ways to become more efficient in operations.
21 Variances identify the areas of efficiency and inefficiency in
production operations. Managers, using the philosophy of management by exception, focus their attention on the
significant variances. They attempt to determine causes of both significant favorable and unfavorable variances and will specifically look for interactions among the variances. By concentrating on the significant variances, managers focus on the aspects of operations that are out of control and try to correct the causes.
22 Job order costing facilitates a disaggregated analysis of
costs. Rather than analyzing, for example, cost of goods sold, a manager can analyze the cost of specific jobs. This more detailed information allows managers to obtain insights that otherwise would be beyond their reach. For example, managers can examine important data such as job profitability,job pricing, cost control on a jobbyjob basis, job
production schedules, and actual versus budgeted job costs
Trang 6Cash (1,700 × $18) 30,600Manufacturing Overhead 41,100
Cash ($9,000 + $3,600 + $4,750) 17,350
Accumulated Depreciation 17,500Supplies Inventory 6,250Work in Process Inventory 42,500
Unit cost = $163,800 ÷ 5,000 = $32.76
d Applied overhead – Actual overhead = $42,500 $41,100 = $1,400 overapplied
Trang 7Manufacturing Overhead 18,920 (Actual rate per
DL$ = $18,900 $11,000 = $1.72 per DL$
Finished Goods Inventory 21,072
WIP Inventory Job #217 21,072 ($2,800 + $11,200 + $2,600 +
$4,472 = $21,072)
($21,072 × 140% = $29,501)Cost of Goods Sold 21,072
Finished Goods Inventory 21,072
b Ending balance in WIP = Cost of job #218 + Cost of other
jobs = ($1,400 + $1,800 + $3,500 + $6,020) + ($13,400
$4,900 + $8,428) = $12,720 + $26,728 = $39,448Ending balance in Job #218 = $12,720
Trang 8 $310,440 = $973,560
Trang 927 a $120,000 + $30,800 + $108,500 = $259,300
b Overhead rate = $1,200,000 ÷ 40,000 = $30 per MH
$120,000 + $30,800 + ($30 × 3,400) = $120,000 + $30,800 + $102,000 = $252,800
c The only factor driving the difference is manufacturing
overhead. Under actual costing, $108,500 of overhead is assigned to production; under normal costing, $102,000 ofoverhead is assigned to production ($30 per MH × 3,400 MHs)
28 a CGS is the amount credited to Finished Goods Inventory
for the year = $342,500
b Beg. FG + CGM – End. FG = CGS
CGM = CGS + End. FG – Beg. FG = $342,500 + $21,000 $22,500 = $341,000
c Beg. WIP + DM + DL + OH – End. WIP = CGM
DM = CGM Beg. WIP DL OH + End. WIP = $341,000 $14,000 $45,000 ($45,000 × 1.2) + $12,000
29 a Mixing Dept. = $60,000 ÷ 7,500 = $8 per MH
Paving Dept. = $98,000 ÷ 3,500 = $28 per DLH
b. Mixing Dept. 80 MHs. × $ 8 = $ 640
Paving Dept. 60 DLHs. × $28 = 1,680Total overhead applied $2,320
c No, because the amounts of overhead in each department
are extremely varied as are the number of machine and direct labor hours worked in each department
Trang 1030 a Secretary ($1,800 ÷ 160 hrs. = $11.25;
$11.25 × 14 hrs.) $ 157.50Copies (126 pages × $0.04 per page) 5.04Phone calls 165.50Overhead ($7,200÷120 hrs. = $60; $60 × 85 hrs.) 5,100.00Attorney's time ($40 × 85 hrs.) 3,400.00Total charges $8,828.04This means Gunn would be charging, $8,828.04 ÷ 85 =
$103.86 per hour
b Direct costs ($5.04 + $165.50 + $3,400.00) $ 3,570.54
Allocated secretarial costs 157.50Allocated overhead 5,100.00Margin ($40 + $60) × 0.50 × 85 4,250.00Total billing $13,078.04
32 a Work in Process Inventory 66,220
Manufacturing Overhead 66,220 (30,100 × $2.20 = $66,200)
d Overhead rate = Budgeted OH ÷ Budgeted DL cost
$2.20 = $660,000 ÷ Budgeted DL cost $660,000 ÷ $2.20 = Budgeted DL cost
$300,000 = Budgeted DL costOverhead rate = $660,000 ÷ $300,000 = $2.20
Trang 11c Actual overhead $ 8,700
Applied overhead (7,560)Underapplied OH $ 1,140
34 a Brangston: $1,800 ÷ $45 = 40 DLHs worked
Westside: $9,450 ÷ $45 = 210 DLHs workedRandall: $20,250 ÷ $45 = 450 DLHs workedBrangston: 40 DLHs × $55 = $2,200 OH appliedWestside: 210 DLHs × $55 = $11,550 OH appliedRandall: 450 DLHs × $55 = $24,750 OH applied Brangston Westside Randall
Direct material $4,500 $ 8,100 $ 9,600Direct labor 1,800 9,450 20,250Overhead 2,200 11,550 24,750Total cost $8,500 $29,100 $54,600
b Brangston: $8,500 ÷ 5 = $1,700
Westside: $29,100 ÷ 10 = $2,910Randall: $54,600 ÷ 15 = $3,640
c Actual OH – Applied OH = $40,000 $38,500 = $1,500
underapplied OH (to be assigned to CGS)Sales (30 ads X $4,600) $138,000Costs:
Direct material $22,200Direct labor 31,500Applied overhead 38,500 Underapplied overhead 1,500 (93,700)Net income $ 44,300
Trang 12d Ads shouldn't be billed at a flat rate because some may
take much longer to develop than others. For example, the ads for Randall took 450 hours to develop a mere 15 ads (30 hours each). Ten ads were developed for Westside
in only 210 hours (21 hours each). Finally, 40 hours wereconsumed to develop 5 ads for Brangston (8 hours each).
If Tom wishes to quote a flat rate, he should be billing based on a standard charge per direct labor hour rather than a standard charge per ad
35 Material price variance
AP × AQp SP × AQp $0.015 × 480,000 $0.017 × 480,000
$7,200 $8,160
| | | | | $ 960 F |
Material quantity variance
SP × AQu SP × SQ
$0.017 × 480,000 $0.017 × 460,000
$8,160 $7,820
| | | | | $340 U |where:
c Labor Efficiency Variance
SP × AQ SP × SQ
$9.75 × 45,500 $9.75 × 44,200 $443,625 $430,950
| | | |
Trang 1337 a Work in Process Inventory 8,000
Direct Material Inventory 8,000 (800 units × $10 per unit)
b Total cost:
Direct material $ 8,000Direct labor (800 × $18) 14,400Overhead (800 × $15) 12,000
operations, the company is accepting jobs that are very
marginal. Although each job generated a positive gross
margin, the actual gross margin is only a small fraction of the budgeted gross margin. The company must use historical costs as a basis to find ways to improve future costs and/or adjust future bids.
Trang 1439 The student’s report should contain some of the following
issues
Mass production of frozen meals coupled with name brand recognition would be a reasonable strategy for the U.S.
market. This strategy would allow the firm to generate a highvolume of production and would lend itself to the use of
automated technology. However, in Mexico the firm would try
to compete by producing frozen meals in very small operations and tailor the product to the demands of the local market. The keys to success would be to successfully identify the unique demands of the local market and concentrate operations
in those local markets that generate sufficient volume to makeoperations profitable
There would possibly be a difference in accounting systems used in each country. Certainly, the U.S. operation would be suitable for the use of process costing—high volume, homogeneous output. The small Mexican shops might use either process costing or job order costing. Job order costing would
be appropriate if each shop produced customized frozen meals for major customers. Process costing would be appropriate if only a single type of frozen meal was produced for the local market in each shop
40 The student’s report should include some of the following
issues
In using accounting data to measure earnings, the objective is the timely matching of costs with the related revenues. Deferring costs until future periods inflates the level of net income that would otherwise be reported. If improper, the deferral would have the effect of making a
company appear to be more profitable than it actually is. In future periods, the company would be forced to report the deferred costs and its reported level of net income would fall(if, in fact, there is no deferred benefit). As an investor, the issue that must be resolved is whether there is a future benefit associated with the costs that have been deferred. If
so, the measure of current income may be a useful measure of economic earnings. Otherwise, economic earnings are much lower than the reported earnings and the firm’s valuation should be adjusted accordingly
41 a Joint ventures and other cooperative arrangements require
accountants to develop systems that cannot only account for costs that are generated within a given firm, but to also account for costs that are incurred in the joint ventures and other entities. In addition to the
bookkeeping challenge, accountants must be able to provide managers with information about where to source conversion activities (in house or otherwise) so that competitive bids can be made and costs can be effectively
Trang 15b Historically, accounting systems have been inwardly
focused on financial information of single firms.
Increasingly in the future, accounting systems must be adapted and developed to look outwardly as well as inwardly. Joint ventures are very common for job shop environments. In these situations, managers must have the information and tools to wisely determine what conversion activities should be done inhouse and which should be accomplished by another firm. To obtain the overall lowest bid and win contracts, firms must exploit both their own core competencies and those of other
Raw Material Inventory 60,000Work in Process Inventory 474,000
Trang 16Work in Process Inventory 77,000
Direct Material Inventory 77,000 ($10,000 + $70,000 $3,000)
Finished Goods Inventory 239,000
Work in Process Inventory 239,000 (Beginning WIP $25,000 +
$77,000 DM + $75,500 DL
+ $72,000 OH = $249,500;
$249,500 – Ending WIP $10,500 = Completed Goods
$95,000 = $165,000
Trang 1744 a Sept. 1 Raw Material Inventory 970,000
Accounts Payable 970,000
4 Work in Process Inventory 924,400 Manufacturing Overhead 25,600
Raw Material Inventory 950,000 Issuances made to jobs as
follows: #75, $44,800;
#78, $226,800; #82, $396,600;
#86, $256,200
15 Work in Process Inventory 332,800 Manufacturing Overhead 35,700
Labor charged to jobs as follows:
#75, $44,300; #78, $111,600; #82, $121,500; #86, $55,400; payroll taxes are ignored
16 Work in Process Inventory 249,600
Manufacturing Overhead 249,600
To apply overhead to jobs as follows: #75, $33,225;
#78, $83,700; #82, $91,125;
#86, $41,550. OH is applied at the rate of $7.50 per DLH
16 Finished Goods Inventory 715,525
Work in Process Inventory 715,525 ($593,200 + $44,800 + $44,300 + $33,225)
Cost of Goods Sold 715,525
Finished Goods Inventory 715,525Accounts Receivable 894,406
Sales ($715,525 × 1.25) 894,406
20 Manufacturing Overhead 56,100 Accounts Payable 90,400 Cash 146,500
(OH = $17,800 + $38,300 + $56,100)
24 Raw Material Inventory 412,000
Accounts Payable 412,000
25 Work in Process Inventory 375,200 Manufacturing Overhead 27,200
Raw Material Inventory 402,400 Issuances made to jobs as
follows: #78, $74,400;
Trang 18#82, $108,300; #86, $192,500
Trang 19Accumulated Depreciation 209,500 Prepaid Insurance 32,100 Taxes & Licenses Payable 13,000
30 Work in Process Inventory 324,700 Manufacturing Overhead 32,500
Salaries and Wages Payable 357,200Labor charged to jobs as
#82, $87,375; #86, $89,850b
Raw materials Overhead
Balance 332,400| 950,000 Materials 25,600| 249,600 Purchases 970,000| 402,400 Labor 35,700| 243,525 Purchases 412,000| Utilities 17,800| Balance 362,000 Rent 38,300|
Job #82 Job #86
Balance 146,300| DM 448,700|
DM 504,900| DL 175,200|