If there were no other considerations, and if the perunit fixed costs were based on current circulation quantities, it might be said that the subscriber was getting the paper at less th
Trang 1insurance and a license, plus the costs listed in the two alternatives above.Thus, the advertiser made a serious error in the wording of the offer.
Note to the Instructor: This question can be used to begin discussion
of decision making. After establishing the idea of incremental costs, you can cover the concept of joint costs (and allocations thereof) by directing attention to those costs that would not change with the extra passenger. The question can be used to cover the same general concepts in an
executive development program by turning the situation into one of carpoolingrather than one of student ridesharing.
Note to the Instructor: So as not to lead students to consider the duesperround calculations, we didn't ask whether the dues would ever be relevant. If the person is deciding whether to remain a member of the club, dues are relevant. The point to be made with this assignment is that whether
a cost is relevant depends on the particular decision to be made.
Trang 2 3 The Generous Management
Paper, printers' labor, and ink might be expected to be variable costs, giving a total variable cost per paper of $1.20. The two other costs
mentioned, salaries for editorial employees and other operating expenses, arelikely to be composed of primarily fixed elements. From Chapter 2, it is known that the perunit cost amounts for those two items must be based on some particular level of output (quantity of papers produced). If there were
no other considerations, and if the perunit fixed costs were based on
current circulation quantities, it might be said that the subscriber was getting the paper at less than total cost per unit. Were circulation higher than at present, of course, the perunit cost would decrease.
The analysis in the newspaper's advertisement ignores the revenues derived from advertisers. That is, the advertisement implies that the only revenues available to cover the listed costs are the revenues from sales of the paper. Advertising accounts for a substantial portion of total newspaperrevenues. Moreover, the cost per paper includes the costs of printing the advertising in that paper. In effect, the situation is one of joint
revenues, and the costs of the newspaper are joint to the two types of
revenueproducing aspects of the paper, advertising and distribution and sale. The management of the newspaper is not being generous at all. For most newspapers, revenues from advertisers exceed revenues from subscribers.
5
4 Shortterm Pricing Policy
The airline would gain by accepting your offer because the incremental profit from accepting is the entire $50 fare. But this is so only because the carrier is committed to making the flight. The airline knows, however, that a consequence of accepting your offer is that other potential passengerswould be encouraged to follow your example. The implications of large
numbers of customers following that example are many, and only a few are listed here. For example, any stated rate structure becomes irrelevant as potential passengers spurn reservation systems with the intention of
negotiating fares just before departure. Further, customer dissatisfaction would increase because of delayed departures (while airline personnel
consider the effect of accepting the order on the actions of regular or potential customers, the airline must evaluate the impact of accepting the immediately profitable offer on the actions of its potential customers. Another point that merits discussion is the timeperiod aspect of
committed fixed costs. Although the text usually identifies fixed costs with
a time period, that need not be the case. For example, an airline has some costs that are fixed per period and some that are fixed per flight.
Trang 3 5 Economic and Qualitative Factors
The trustees are responsible for the church's property, reputation, andfinances, so many factors, monetary and nonmonetary, are relevant to their decision. If their only objective in sponsoring the dances is to generate revenue to offset costs of the facilities, incremental revenues and costs areimportant. Monetary issues are far less important if the trustees are trying
to increase interest in the church among young people and/or to provide an organized and supervised activity for youth. In either case, the trustees must act responsibly with the church's money, but their decision should not ignore the value of achieving nonmonetary objectives
Revenues most relevant are admissions fees and perhaps receipts from sales of snacks and beverages. Incremental costs include increases in
utilities during the additional hours the facility is open, cleaning
services, and costs related to the entertainment. Decorating costs are also relevant. The church might engage a band, or a disk jockey. The church might also use volunteers for cleaning or music
The availability of adults for supervision and oversight is important for success. If the church now has an active youth group, its members might perform many of the required tasks. In all likelihood, dances will go much better if the youth do much of the work.
56 Theory of Constraints
You must elevate the constraint by making sure that the person is helped
at all times and does not become a bottleneck. Whenever the person starts tofall behind, others should help him until the flow is back to normal. You must concentrate on keeping that person's flow up and not be concerned with others, until their flows begin to constrain.
5
7 Special Order (5 minutes)
Accepting the order increases expected profit by $70,800, as shown below. Additional contribution margin, 25,000 x ($14 $11) $75,000
Additional packing costs 4,200
Incremental profit on the order $70,800
You might ask students about the possibility of leakage of regular salesthat might accompany accepting the special order. You might also ask whetherthe company should accept the order if profit were $3,000 or so. Some
students will say that any additional profit is good, but accepting business with low margins is potentially troublesome. First, the numbers are
estimates. Unit variable manufacturing costs could turn out to be higher than now expected. Second, ABC tells us that some indirect costs are likely
to rise if we increase activities. While such costs might not increase if weaccepted a single order, making acceptance a habit could well result in significant increases in indirect costs. Finally, why bother turning out more product for minimal increases in profit? If $3,000 or so is significant
to the company, then go ahead, but if not, why go through the effort
especially in view of the first two objections?
5
8 Joint Products (10 minutes)
Trang 4Byxral Dyzaline Frazinine Selling price after processing $24 $18 $8 Selling price before processing 10 10 0 Incremental revenue from processing 14 8 8 Incremental cost of processing 10 12 2 Incremental profit (loss) from processing $ 4 ($4) $6
5
9 Joint Products (Extension of 5 8) (20 minutes)
1. Frazinine should be processed further; Byxral should now be sold at splitoff, and Dyzaline should still be sold at splitoff. Analyzing
Dyzaline is unnecessary because if it was unwise to process Dyzaline further when there were no fixed costs of such processing, such costs simply increasethe disadvantage of further processing. Below is an analysis for Byxral and Frazinine.
Byxral
Frazinine
100gallon batches per period (120,000/100) 1,200 1,200 times gallons of product from each batch (given) 40 50 Gallons of product per period 48,000 60,000 Times, pergallon incremental contribution margin
from additional processing (from 58) $4 $6 Total incremental contribution margin from
additional processing $192,000 $360,000 Less, avoidable costs of further processing (given) 196,000 34,000 Incremental profit (loss) from further processing ( $4,000) $326,000
2. Total monthly profit is $808,000 as computed below
Revenues:
Byxral, 48,000 x $10 $480,000 Dyzaline, 10 x 1,200 x $10 120,000 Frazinine, 60,000 x $8 480,000 Total revenues 1,080,000 Variable costs (costs of processing Frazinine, at
$2 per gallon for 60,000 gallons) 120,000 Contribution margin 960,000 Fixed costs:
Avoidable costs of further processing Frazinine $34,000
Unavoidable costs of all further processing
$50,000 + $60,000 + $8,000 118,000 152,000 Expected profit ignoring costs of joint process $808,000
Trang 5Note to the Instructor: You might wish to review the several reasons why fixed costs could fall if a segment were eliminated. The text states that the fixed costs are allocated to the segments and that they are
unavoidable. However, in requirement 2, we changed the conditions. As early
as Chapter 2 we pointed out that fixed costs are not fixed in the sense that they cannot change in total. Rather, they are fixed in total within the relevant range, and given the company's plans for discretionary spending. Dropping the entire hat segment could put the company in a different relevantrange. For instance, if the company now has four employees whose work is common to the three segments, dropping an entire segment might allow
restructuring duties so as to eliminate one person.
The situation in requirement 2 could also come about if some of the allocated costs are in fact direct. The original productline income
statement could well have been prepared as described, with total fixed costs allocated based on floor space even if some are direct and avoidable. This case is more likely if the product lines are not so related as they are in this assignment. For instance, an appliance dealer might decide to stop selling washers and dryers, while still carrying television sets, stereos, CDplayers, and other electronic products. At a minimum, such a retailer would avoid the cost of separate listings in the Yellow Pages, possibly separate advertisements in local newspapers, and maybe some costs of the service department.
complementary effects, as illustrated in the chapter? Some students will recall the substitution principle and will comment on that. The discussion here should be openended and comments will reflect the perceptions of
individual students.
The important point is that students should get into the habit of being alert when evaluating decisions that could include unintended effects. That
is, it's not farfetched that someone would advocate closing a department without thinking of possible adverse effects on other departments.
Trang 6 11 Capacity Constraint (15 minutes)
1. Trekker because they have the highest contribution margin per unit
2. Walkers are the most profitable product, producing $140 contribution margin per hour, $28,000 contribution per month. The relative
profitabilities per machinehour and in total for the three products are as follows:
on capacity and that all output can be sold.
3. The selling price of Trekkers, the second most profitable product per machine hour, must rise $7.00 (to $63.00) to be as profitable as Walkers. Hourly contribution margin of Walkers $140.00
Direct labor 10.00
Variable overhead 9.00
Total variable cost per unit $28.00
Another approach is simply to subtract the $13.00 per unit cost of fixed overhead from the $41.00 total cost per unit given in the problem. However one arrives at the $28 per unit, it's clear that internal production cost of
$28 is $4 less than the $32 outside purchase cost. With a volume of 20,000 units, the total savings from making rather than purchasing the part is
$80,000.
5
13 Special Order (15 minutes)
1. HiFlight should accept the order. The company has enough capacity to make the balls and the incremental revenue exceeds the incremental costs
Trang 72. The answer might or might not change. The factor to consider is whether regular sales would be lost if people knew they could buy the balls at $16 instead of $21 per dozen. The maximum loss might be 80,000 dozen balls, the number that the chain could sell. In that case, the company would lose
The lost sales might even be greater if the availability of the product at a lower price through the chain created ill will with regular customers
Note to the Instructor: This early exercise raises the opportunity to reinforce the importance of estimating the effects of special orders on sales
at regular prices. It can also be used to introduce the general idea of determining the maximum number of regular sales that could be lost for the order to be unacceptable. In this situation,
Trang 82. 10,000 product A, 4,000 product B, and 1,500 product C
Since current demand will require 6,500 hours, time is a constraint. Sandy should choose the products with the largest contribution margin per hour A: $5/.25 = $20 / hour
B: $12/.5 = $24 / hour
C: $19/1 = $19 / hour
Produce B first, followed in order by A and C
Product B: 4,000 units .5 = 2,000
Product A: 10,000 units .25 = 2,500
Product C: 1,500 hours 1 = 1,500 units 1 = 1,500
0 5
15 Short Term Decisions (1520 minutes)
1. $280, an increase of $20. The quickest way is to work with changes.
Increase in contribution margin of product A ($250 x 0.30) $75
Decrease in contribution margin of product B ($300 x 0.05) 15
Net increase in contribution margin $60
Less additional fixed costs 40
Increase in income $20
Using totals produces the same answer. Product A Product B Total Sales $585* $380 $965
Variable costs 260 95 355
Contribution margin $325 $285 610
Fixed costs ($290 + $40) 330
Income $280
* $450 x 1.30 **$400 x 0.95
The income statement doesn't show fixed costs for either product; it shows them only in total. It is plausible to use the old allocated fixed costs plus the $40 for product A, but that isn't necessary to find the new income.
2. About 11.7% ($35/$300). The increase in income just from the change in product A's sales is $35 ($75 increased contribution margin less $40
increased fixed costs). This increase divided by the $300 current
contribution margin of product A gives the allowable reduction.
Trang 9Contribution margin from product A $250
Increase in fixed costs 60
Required contribution margin from product C $310
Divided by contribution margin percentage for product C 50%
Equals required sales from product C $620
Using the totals, Required income $260
Total fixed costs ($290 + $60) 350
Required contribution margin 610
Less contribution margin from product B 300
Contribution margin required from product C $310
Divided by contribution margin percentage 50%
Equals required sales from product C $620
5 16 ProductLine Emphasis (510 minutes) 1. Porter should concentrate on Local Area Connectors (LACs). Their contribution margin is 70% ($3,780/$5,400) while Internet Connectors (ICs) have a margin of 50% ($3,300/$6,600). Increasing sales of LACs by $1 million increases contribution margin by $700 thousand while the loss of contribution margin from the loss of $1 million sales of ICs is only $500 thousand. LACs have a much lower percentage of product margin to sales than do ICs, which might catch some students who struggle with cost behavior. The lower total product margin is relevant for the next requirement . 2. Porter should drop LACs in favor of the new product. Although LACs have a higher contribution margin percentage, their contribution to covering common fixed costs is, because of its relatively high direct, avoidable fixed costs, lower than that for ICs Note to the Instructor: This exercise reinforces the point that different data are relevant for different decisions. In requirement 1, neither type of fixed cost was relevant because there was no change in either type as long as the company continued selling both products. In requirement 2, however, fixed costs become relevant because they will change (in this case, be avoided altogether) if the entire product line were dropped.
517 Special Order for Service Firm (5 minutes)
So long as Burns and Cross cannot profitably employ the staff, there is
no incremental cost associated with the audit. The monthly salaries are irrelevant because the firm will pay them regardless. The firm should accept the offer. This situation is quite common for CPAs and some will even do slacktime audits gratis for charitable or other notforprofit
organizations
Trang 10 18 Joint Products (1520 minutes)
1. Sell M and O at splitoff. The company would probably find it better to sell O at splitoff simply to avoid the extra work and the likely effects on indirect costs of doing more work.
M N O P
Sales value, further processed $450 $140 $45 $20
Sales value, splitoff 120 40 35 0
Incremental revenue 330 100 10 20
Additional processing costs 360 70 10 15
Gain (loss) on added processing ($ 30) $ 30 $ 0 $ 5
2. $120 M N O P Total Sales $120 $140 $35 $20 $315
Additional processing costs 0 70 0 15 85
Margin $120 $ 70 $35 $ 5 230
Joint costs 110
Profit $120
5 19 Dropping a Product Complementary Effects (1520 minutes) 1. $280,000. The quickest analysis is (in thousands of dollars) Lost contribution margin ($200)
Saved fixed costs 240
Gain from dropping lotion 40
Current income 240
Income if lotion dropped $280
Alternatively, working with the totals of the remaining products, After Shave Cream Total Contribution margin $720 $560 $1,280 Avoidable fixed costs 300 140 440
Segment margin $420 $420 840
Joint fixed costs 560
Income $280
2. $80,000
Lost contribution margin: Lotion ($200)
Blades (20% x $720) (144)
Cream (10% x $560) (56)
Total lost contribution margin ($400)
Saved fixed costs, lotion 240
Net loss from dropping lotion (160)
Current income 240
Income if lotion dropped $ 80
Note to the Instructor: This exercise illustrates the concept of
complementary effects. By themselves, lotion is unprofitable; but it should
be continued in the line because of its effects on the sales of the other products
520 TOC (1015 minutes)
Trang 111. No, because the savings are about $21,000 ($30,000 x 70% reduction in scrap), for an expenditure of $25,000
2. Yes, because the increased contribution margin is about $42,000 ($60,000
x 70%)
This assignment gets to a fundamental difference between TOC and most other approaches to continuous improvement. TOC pays attention to constraints, virtually ignoring nonconstraining resources. Someone of the quality—is—free school would probably opt to make the change even though it appeared not
to be costeffective because of the expectation of increased benefits other than those indicated. Of course, it is also reasonable to extend the search for scrapreducing steps that might be more effective
5
22 Inventory Values (1520 minutes)
1. The relevant cost is $1,530, which is the $5.10 per pound selling price times 300 pounds. Stout should accept the order
Note to the Instructor: Though this exercise is straightforward and emphasizes the idea of relevant costs, invariably some students have trouble with it because they do not want to ignore the historical cost of the onhandxyrex. You might wish to use the following comparison that includes the historical cost in an analysis for requirement 1, where the choice is betweenselling the xyrex and accepting the order:
Accept Order Reject Order
Revenue [$2,600, ($5.10 x 300)] $2,600 $1,530
Trang 12Qualitative factors are also important, including the quality of the purchased part, the reliability of the supplier in meeting scheduled deliverydates, and whether the part is of sufficient importance that the company should ensure its supply by making it. In addition, the company should consider the future behavior of costs. (Will the supplier raise prices faster than the firm's manufacturing costs will rise?)
Trang 131. Gray should make Zs because they have the higher contribution margin per minute of machine time. Total contribution margin making Zs is $384,000
Q Z . Contribution margin per unit, $11 $7, $18 $10 $4 $8.00Divided by required minutes 2 2.50Contribution margin per minute $2 $3.20Minutes of production, 10 x 200 x 60 120,000Total contribution margin $384,000
it certainly would want to make and sell all it could. The only question, then, is how many Qs it can produce in the remaining time.
525 TOC and Quality (15 minutes)
1. $40,000, 2,000 motors at $20 per motor, $8 material plus $12 variable costs in fabrication
2. $64,000
Lost revenue, 2,000 x $42 $84,000
Less saved variable cost of assembly, 2,000 x $10 20,000
Lost monthly profit $64,000
Trang 14AsIs No Defectives
Less variable costs:
Material costs, 20,000 x $8 $160,000 $160,000
Fabrication, 20,000 x $6 120,000 120,000
Assembly, 18,000 x $10, 20,000 x $10 180,000 200,000
Total variable costs $460,000 $480,000
Contribution margin $296,000 $360,000
The purpose of this assignment is to show how poor quality can create
bottlenecks.
5
26 Joint Products (15 minutes)
1. High Plains gains $20 thousand by processing the bones.
Incremental revenue from processing bones $50
Incremental cost of processing bones 30
Incremental profit from processing bones $20
2. High Plains should not accept the offer. The company is $80 thousand better off tanning the hides itself. Incremental revenue from hide sales $150
Incremental cost of tanning hides 40
Incremental profit from tanning hides $110
Offer price, equals splitoff value 30
Gain from tanning hides $ 80
3. The contribution from processing bones further is $20 thousand as computed in requirement 1. High Plains must receive at least that from bone sales to be no worse off. 5 27 Opportunity Cost Pricing (1015 minutes) 1. CDR, because the contribution margin per minute of machine time is highest. CDR CDRW DVD Unit contribution margin $10 $15 $25
Divided by minutes needed 5 10 15
Equals contribution per minute $2.00 $1.50 $1.67 2. $26 for CDRW, $40 for DVD CDRW DVD Minutes required 10 15
times $2 per minute = CM per unit $20 $30
Add variable cost 6 10
Price required $26 $40
Note to the Instructor: This simple problem illustrates the principle stated in the title, that opportunity cost is relevant to making a pricing decision. The opportunity cost of using a scarce resource is the gain from its best (most profitable) alternative use. The best use here, making CDR,
Trang 15is 10,000 units, the total contribution from the special order ($40,000) divided by the normal contribution margin on sales ($4). The company has nearly a 25% margin for error in its estimate of the potential loss in
volume.
2. Profit will increase by $10,000
Total current cost (200,000 x $2.80) $560,000 Cost to make the part [(200,000 x $2.25) + $100,000] 550,000 Cost difference in favor of making the part $ 10,000
Trang 16a price increase of $4 (to $14) will be needed.
A longer, less thoughtful approach deals with the actual totals for profit, fixed costs, etc., as below.
Current (and future) fixed costs, known to be $3
per unit at a volume of 200,000 units $600,000 Desired profit (now $1 per unit at a volume of 200,000) 200,000 Required total contribution margin $800,000 Divided by no. of units to be sold 100,000 Equals required perunit contribution margin $ 8 Plus variable cost per unit, the same as currently 6 Required selling price $ 14
5
30 Just in Time, Costs of Activities (20 minutes)
The memo should include a comparison of the costs under the old and new methods, such as shown below.
(2) Because more costs are direct to products under JIT, products might appear to be relatively more costly when compared with the manufacturing costs identified as direct to product using conventional methods. The increase in cost identified directly with products is, however, offset
by the decrease in total overhead costs viewed as indirect
Trang 17 31 Choosing a Product (1520 minutes)
1. Mashed is the best choice. Carrots are a resource in short supply, and the contribution margin per processed pound of carrots is the highest for mashed.
100,000 x $8.25 $750,000 $1,200,000 $825,000Carrot cost (125,000) ( 125,000) (125,000)Variable processing costs (250,000) ( 550,000) (400,000)Contribution margin $375,000 $ 525,000 $300,000
2. $445,000
Sales [$6.00 x (500,000/2.5 = 200,000 cases)] $1,200,000 Variable processing costs ($2.75 x 200,000) $550,000
Carrots (500,000 x $0.25) 125,000
Fixed production costs 80,000 755,000 Profit $ 445,000
3. 3.85 pounds, suggesting that the managers hope is forlorn because the reduction is extremely large. The simplest way to solve is to determine whatnumber of pounds would turn the $5.00 per case processing margin for sliced carrots into the $1.30 per pound that mashed carrots earn. Thus,
$5.00 processing margin for sliced carrots divided by X lbs. = $1.30
X = 3.85 lbs
4. The most obvious factor is that the quantity of the product the customer buys is smaller, which could create problems if customers do not respond favorably. The value of the purchase is less, so customers might go to otherbrands. An ethical question is whether the company should take such a coursewithout disclosing the action to customers.
5
32 Product Pricing Off Peak Hours (2025 minutes)
The special luncheon price would be unprofitable to the restaurant, as shown in the analysis below. The current incremental profit for the luncheonhours is $280 while the new price would produce a loss during the period of
Trang 18precipitously. Under the old arrangement, the average price was $6.80
($1,020/150) and the variable cost $3 ($450/150) for a $3.80 contribution margin. Now the contribution margin on pizza is only $1.04 per customer.Price
$5.00Variable cost per pizza, $3 x 1.1 $3.30
Ratio of pizzas to customers, 300/250 1.20
Variable cost per customer 3.96
Contribution margin per customer from pizza $1.04
The increased volume of customers and of beverages is not enough to make up the drop in contribution margin
Note to the Instructor: You might ask the class what factors might prompt the owner to accept the proposal even though it is unprofitable. One possibility is the prospect of gaining business at other hours from the new customers who patronize the business at lunch. That gain might more than offset the loss from these customers at lunch
Angelo might also consider trying to reduce costs on the special by not allowing each customer to order any combination of the toppings. For
example, the luncheon special might be a buffet, with pizzas of particular combinations of toppings. (A buffet might also reduce the need for parttimehelp.)
5
33 Car Pool B Relevant Costs (510 minutes)
1. The possibilities range from $2 per day, the cost of the alternative of taking the bus, to about $0.56 per day, the incremental cost of the extra four miles (4 x $.14).
Trang 19* $2.24, based on full cost of $0.48 per mile ($7,200/15,000) and a three way share for 14 miles (14 x $0.48 = $6.72 per day)
Maintenance cost is more likely to be stepvariable than variable, whichintroduces the question whether the extra miles will take the car to one of the maintenance steps. Also, if the driver's time has a high opportunity cost, doubtful in this case, the price should reflect the value of that time
2. The $0.56 incremental cost. However, the driver would then not be
compensated for time and the aggravation of the extra four miles of traffic per day. No single price might be considered perfectly fair. The colleague might even feel that $2 or more per day is fair because the bus would not pick him up and drop him off at home.
5
34 ProductLine Analysis for Service Firm (3035 minutes)
1. The firm should continue doing residential work. Dropping residential work would lose the $10.0 thousand gross margin but not reduce the companysustaining costs
Office Public
Buildings Buildings Residences TotalFee income $69.0 $56.2 $28.8 $154.0Cost of fees 26.4 30.6 18.8 75.8Gross margin $42.6 $25.6 $10.0 78.2
2. It appears that the firm should concentrate on office buildings because their gross margin percentage is highest of the three. This is a tentative conclusion, but warranted given the information available
5
35 Hours of Operation (1520 minutes)
1. The $591 is probably the result of dividing the year's total operating expenses ($184,500) by 312 days (52 weeks x 6 days per week). The differencebetween the $910 sales figure and the $591 is $319, which is approximately 35% of $910. And 35% is also the ratio of cost of sales to sales for the year ($162,700/$464,900), so the gross margin is about 65%. Thus, the owner probably thought that sales on the extra day would need to bring in
sufficient gross margin to cover what he computed as daily operating cost, because the $910 is the approximate result of dividing $591 by 65%.
2. Using only the quantitative information available, it almost certainly pays to stay open on Sunday, as the following calculation shows.
Trang 20Cost of sales at 35% 301
Gross margin at 65% 559
Payroll cost 135
Profit $424
The above analysis assumes that all operating expenses are essentially fixed, which might not be true. However, even if all the expenses other than salaries, rent, and insurance were variable with the number of operating days, Sunday operation appears to be profitable. Utilities and "other" expenses ($12,500 + $27,200) $39,700 Divided by normal number of days (6 x 52 weeks) 312
Equals cost per operating day $127
The $424 profit shown above more than covers the $127 per operatingday cost
of utilities, etc. And, if such cost is actually variable with the number of operating hours in the day, even the $127 overstates the costs for Sunday opening, since the perday cost covers 12hour days, while the store is expected to be open only six hours on Sunday. This conclusion rests on the premise that Sunday sales would not otherwise be made, i.e., that the Sunday sales are incremental
3. Some items the memo might include are listed below
(a) Data about the pattern of sales throughout the week are important, because the owner will want to know whether the Sunday hours produce an increase in total sales. That is, staying open on Sundays might be wise if total revenue increases but unwise if it simply shifts sales from other days
of the week. The public as a whole is not likely to buy a lot more
sationaery items just because of the opportunity to shop on Sunday. However, the Sunday hours might attract some customers who have been going to other stores during the week but would prefer to shop on Sunday.
(b) Information about the behavior of the individual operating costs is important to the final decision. The owner will need to know which, if any,
of the operating expenses are variable. (This matter is covered to some extent in the answer to requirement 2.) For example, the lease agreement might include a percentagerental provision, and the cost of public liability insurance might relate in part to the number of operating hours or days (c) Details of the payroll costs for the Sunday operation should be reviewed
to assure that the full amount of such costs was considered in the
preliminary analysis. For example, that analysis might not have included such things as payroll taxes and other wagerelated expenses.
5
36 Special Order Alternative Volumes (2025 minutes)
1. Yes, because income increases by $67,500
Additional revenue (15,000 x $14) $210,000
Additional costs:
Variable manufacturing costs at $9/unit* $135,000
License fee at $0.50 7,500 142,500
Increase in income $ 67,500
* Total variable manufacturing costs of $2,070,000 ($2,760,000
$690,000) divided by 230,000 units.
Trang 21Note to the Instructor: Although the text covers very early the idea that average total cost is not a useful number for decision making, the point
is important enough to warrant mention again, especially since the problem specifically refers to the average cost per unit. To emphasize that
comparing average total cost and price is not useful when one is dealing withspecial
orders, you may wish to compute an average unit cost if the special order is accepted under the situation presented in requirement 1. The average cost is Total costs at 230,000 units ($2,760,000 + $805,000) $3,565,000 Incremental costs of special order (requirement 1) 142,500 Total costs for 245,000 units $3,707,500 Average cost ($3,707,500/245,000 units) $15.1327 The $14 selling price for the special order is still less than the average total cost, yet requirement 1 shows that the company will show an increase in profit if the special order is accepted.
5
37 Make or Buy (3040 minutes)
1 Buying is the better alternative, costing $522,000 (36,000 x $14.50)