82 Macroeconomic Events and Capital Budgeting Note to the Instructor: The questions posed by this problem are designed to encourage students to think about the interrelationships in th
Trang 1CAPITAL BUDGETING DECISIONSPART II
81 Kinds of Capital Budgeting
Merck can use the same techniques to some extent. Theoretically, it should evaluate all R&D projects as if they were ordinary capital
expenditures. They are certainly capital expenditures in the sense that the company expects future returns from current expenditures. The problem is that estimates of returns for new projects are extremely speculative. As projects move toward fruition, estimates of returns become more solid and at some point DCF techniques make sense. But a company that thrives on new products, especially products with enormous R&D expenditures, must make the investments based on the best scientific judgment. The following continuum might be helpful in explaining the point
| |Basic Applied P&E for New
research research Development product Replacements
As you move from left to right, estimates of returns, and of required
investments, become less speculative. With the routine decisions to replace existing plant assets, DCF techniques shine. However, to the left of the spectrum, other factors become more important
82 Macroeconomic Events and Capital Budgeting
Note to the Instructor: The questions posed by this problem are
designed to encourage students to think about the interrelationships in the economy and the factors that can affect the attitudes and plans of a given industry or firm. The depth of the discussion will be affected by the
students' backgrounds in economics and the instructor's inclination to
encourage students to exercise their reasoning powers. We've provided a minimum in response to each question. The instructor may want to explore thetrickledown effects of each factor.
1. Many industries will be affected by such a law. The law would reduce the investment spending of companies involved with gasolinerelated products, including (but not limited to) companies making gasoline engines.
Manufacturers of electrical charging units would be more inclined to invest. Further, the law is likely to affect the inclination of a given company to invest in different kinds of projects. For example, an oil company would shift its interest from one type of project to another, being more inclined
to invest in a project related to alternative uses of oil.
2. The demand for cotton would increase and for other fibers would decrease.Companies involved in the processing of raw cotton would increase capital spending; those of companies using primarily cotton to produce other productswould also increase. Companies using other fibers would reduce their
spending. Companies producing cotton, including cotton farmers, will reduce their expected investments in production equipment.
Trang 2course. a tariff could prompt domestic makers to increase their prices and try to maintain unit volume at previous levels. Thus, we cannot be certain that domestic firms would increase capital spending to increase production, but it is a likely action. If domestic auto makers do increase their capitalspending, their suppliers are likely to do so also. Increases in unit volume
of domestic autos would spur increases in purchases of steel, glass, vinyl, and other components.
4. The expected effect of an increase in corporate income taxes is a reducedinclination to invest by all firms because of the reduction in future cash flows associated with any proposed project. (The subject of the incidence ofcorporate taxes can be raised if the students want to pursue this point.)
5. Capital spending plans for colleges and universities would be directly affected, with a general increase in inclination to invest. To a lesser extent, the plans of textbook publishers and other organizations that provideschool supplies would be affected.
6. Capital spending would fall because the present value of depreciation taxshields would fall because the flows would come in later
83 Capital Budgeting
1. A property tax increase reduces the acceptability of proposals requiring some investment in real property. A project considered acceptable before thetax increase might become unacceptable because of the increased future taxes
2. Introduction of a tax credit reduces the cash investment required for anyproject qualifying for the credit. This should not affect projects already acceptable. It could, however, make some projects advisable that were
unacceptable under the old tax environment.
3. It seems likely that the expected future cash flows from the project would be decreased because of either a lower price (to maintain the expected sales volume) or a lower volume to be expected at the same price. Hence, thepresent value of the future returns would decline, and a project heretofore acceptable might no longer be so.
Note to the Instructor: A change in ranking of acceptable investments could result in each of the above cases. Projects not involving real estate investments could rise in rank; projects qualifying for the investment
credit, projects involving new products, or projects involving new products other than that for which a substitute has been found could also rise in rank.
84 Choosing Depreciation Methods
The general answer is that a company should postpone taking tax
deductions when doing so increases the amounts of the tax savings
sufficiently to offset the delay in their receipt. An expected increase in the tax rate is the most obvious case. Other possibilities, not all of which all students will have reason to know, include
Trang 3
(b) The company is unincorporated, and expected incomes of its owner(s) from other sources (and the likely marginal tax rates) will increase. The additional tax savings from straightline depreciation could then exceed the penalty for delaying those deductions.
Note to the Instructor: A factor common to some of the circumstances mentioned in requirement 2 is an understanding that straightline
depreciation for tax purposes uses ADR lives, which are almost always longer than the number of years for deductions using MACRS. Instructors with
particular competence in taxation might wish to discuss the influence of the alternative minimum tax on a decision to forgo the benefits of accelerated depreciation. (We thank Professor Will Yancey for bringing the last point toour attention.)
86 Basic Investment Analysis (20 minutes)
1. Negative $2,150
Tax Cash Flows Annual savings ($600,000 x .10) $60,000 $ 60,000 Depreciation ($240,000/10) 24,000
Increase in taxable income $36,000
Increase in taxes at 40% 14,400 14,400 Net cash savings $ 45,600 Present value factor, 10 years, 14% 5.216 Present value of future flows $237,850 Cost of project, investment 240,000 Net present value ($ 2,150)
2. $60,687
Net present value, from requirement 1 ($ 2,150) Divided by present value factor, 10 years, 14% 5.216 Required increase in aftertax annual flows $ 412 Divided by (1 40% tax rate) 60% Equals required increase in beforetax cash savings $ 687 Plus expected savings 60,000 Equals required savings $60,687
A small increase in savings makes the investment worthwhile on a quantitativebasis. If the company has other reasons for making the investment, it should
go ahead even if the expected NPV is negative
Trang 4Tax Cash Flow Savings with new machine $ 60,000 $ 60,000 Extra depreciation:
New machine $24,000
Old machine ($66,000/10) 6,600 17,400
Increase in taxable income $ 42,600
Increase in taxes at 40% 17,040 17,040 Aftertax cash flow increase $ 42,960 Present value factor, 14%, 10 years 5.216 Present value of future flows $224,079 Cost of new machine:
1. $84,800
Tax Cash Flow Cost of new lathe $100,000 Resale price of existing lathe $12,000 (12,000) Book value 20,000
Loss for tax purposes $ 8,000
Tax saving at 40% ( 3,200) Net required investment $ 84,800
2. $91,215 present value, for an NPV of $6,415
Tax Cash Flow Savings in cash costs ($63,000 $22,000) $41,000 $ 41,000 Additional depreciation ($25,000 $5,000) 20,000
Increase in taxable income $21,000
Increased income taxes at 40% 8,400 8,400 Net cash flow $ 32,600 Present value factor, 4 years, 16% 2.798 Present value of future cash flows $ 91,215 Cost of new investment (requirement 1) 84,800 Net present value $ 6,415 The net present value is positive and reasonably high. The company should accept the investment on economic grounds.
3. NPV increases by $1,656, to $8,071. Because salvage value is ignored for depreciation purposes, nothing changes until the last flow.
Salvage value net of tax ($5,000 x 60%) $ 3,000 Present value factor, single payment, 4 years, 16% .552 Present value of recovery $ 1,656
88 Relationships (25 minutes)
1. $65,946 ($250,000/3.791)
Trang 52. $76,577. The easiest approach is to recognize, as the chapter shows, that the $65,946 aftertax cash flow is the result of two things: the tax saving from depreciation and the operating cash flow after taxes.
Aftertax cash flow $65,946 Less cash flow from tax shield [40% x ($250,000/5)] 20,000 Aftertax cash flow from operations 45,946
Divided by (1 40% tax rate) 60%
Equals pretax cash flow from operations $76,577 89 Working Capital Investment (20 minutes) $46,262 Tax Cash Flow Contribution margin [60,000 x ($9 $4)] $300,000 $300,000 Cash fixed costs 140,000 140,000 Pretax cash flow 160,000 160,000 Depreciation ($300,000/4) 75,000 Increase in taxable income $ 85,000 Increased income taxes at 40% 34,000 34,000 Net cash flow 126,000 Present value factor, 4 years, 12% 3.037 Present value of operating flows $382,662 Present value of return on working capital* 63,600 Total present value 446,262 Investment ($300,000 + $80,000 + $20,000) 400,000 Net present value $ 46,262 * ($80,000 + $20,000) x .636 810 Replacement Decision Working Capital (1520 minutes) $1,632, not a huge margin, so the company might not make the investment if its managers are uncertain about their estimates Investment:
Tax Cash Flow Purchase price $200,000
Sale price of existing machine $50,000 (50,000)
Tax basis 80,000
Loss 30,000
Tax benefit at 40% (12,000) (12,000)
Net investment in machinery $138,000
Working capital investment 80,000
Recovery ($80,000 x .769) ( 61,520) Total investment $156,480 Annual savings: Tax Cash Flow Cash savings ($180,000 $60,000) $120,000 $120,000
Increased depreciation ($100,000 $40,000) 60,000
Increase in taxable income 60,000
Increased tax at 40% 24,000 24,000
Annual net cash flow $ 96,000
Present value factor, 2 years, 14% 1.647 Present value of flows 158,112
Investment 156,480
Net present value $ 1,632
Trang 6Aftertax cash flow ($400,000 x .60) $ 240,000 Present value factor, 10 years, 14% 5.216 Present value of operating flows $1,251,840 MACRS shield ($1,500,000 x .40 x .706) 423,600 Total present value 1,675,440 Less investment 1,500,000 Net present value $ 175,440 812 Mutually Exclusive Alternatives (Extension of 721) (1015 minutes)
1. 1.330 for the handfed machine and 1.228 for the semiautomatic machine. HandFed Semiautomatic Total present value of future cash
flows (from 722) $1,063,610 $1,719,260 Divided by investment $ 800,000 $1,400,000 Equals PI 1.330 1.228
2. The memo should include (a) reference to the results of analyzing the alternatives using discounted cash flow techniques, and (b) a recommendation that the choice depends on the projected returns for opportunities available for investing the $600,000 incremental outlay for the semiautomatic machine. Note to the Instructor: Class coverage of this assignment can be
expanded by determining the return on the incremental outlay, and students' memos might include such an analysis. As shown below, the IRR on the
$600,000 incremental outlay is over 18%, well above the 14% cost of capital. Incremental investment $600,000 Divided by incremental cash flow $225,000 Equals present value factor for 4 years 2.667 Factor for 18% 2.690
If expected returns from other available uses of the $600,000 approximate thecost of capital, investing in the handfed machine plus those other projects would produce the same total NPV available by acquiring the semiautomatic machine but with the additional risk accompanying reliance on more estimates
In an undergraduate introductory course, we try to avoid extended
discussions of the concept of cost of capital and the conceptual issues differentiating the NPV and IRR approaches to evaluating investments. Some instructors might, however, choose to introduce reinvestment assumptions and other issues relating to these approaches
813 Investing to Reduce Inventory, JIT (1520 minutes)
About $24.2 million, so the investment is desirable
(in millions) Tax Cash FlowAdditional cash operating costs $1.50 $ 1.50Plus depreciation ($8.5/5) 1.70
Decrease in taxable income $3.20
Reduced income tax at 40% 1.28 1.28Net cash outflow $ 0.22Present value factor, 5 years, 12% 3.605Present value of future outflows $ 0.793
Trang 7Sensitivity Analysis (2025 minutes)
Note to the Instructor: You might want to ask the class whether Minnie’s might suffer losses in sales of its other doughnuts. We deem this likely because people probably don’t increase their doughnut consumption every time a new product comes out. We deliberately did not mention this possibility in the text so that you could ignore it or deal with it as you choose
1. $65,250
Tax Cash Flow Additional contribution margin (50,000 x $3) $150,000 $150,000 New cash fixed costs 60,000 60,000 Increase in income before depreciation $ 90,000 90,000 New depreciation (210,000/6) 35,000
Increase in taxable income $ 55,000
Increase in taxes, at 45% 24,750 24,750 Increase in annual aftertax cash flow $ 65,250
2. (a) $43,757
Increase in annual aftertax cash flow (from requirement 1) $ 65,250 Present value factor, 14%, 6 years 3.889 Total present value of future cash flows $253,757 Less investment 210,000 NPV $ 43,757 (b) About 21.3%. Students using tables will find
Investment $210,000 Divided by annual cash flow $ 65,250 Equals present value factor for 6 years 3.218 Closest factors:
4. More than 4 but less than 5 years
Present value factor (computed in 2b) 3.218
Closest factors for 16%:
Trang 8For 5 years 3.274
5. 43,181 units
Estimated sales, in cases 50,000 Allowable decrease in annual beforetax cash flows (from req 3) $ 20,457 Divided by perunit contribution margin $3 Allowable decline in number of units sold 6,819 Case sales to achieve 14% IRR 43,181
6. Variable cost could increase about $0.41, to $5.41
Allowable decrease in annual beforetax cash flows (from req 3) $ 20,457 Divided by expected volume in cases 50,000 Allowable decrease in contribution margin per unit $ 0.41 Note to the Instructor: To remind students of the components of
contribution margin, you might ask the class how much the expected selling price could fall and the project still return 14%. Of course, the answer is the same as for requirement 6, $0.41, because a lower selling price has the same effect on contribution margin as an increase in percase variable cost. 815 Working Capital (15 minutes)
General Note to the Instructor: This exercise illustrates the principlethat any delay in receiving cash flows involves the opportunity cost on the investment, whether or not there are capital expenditures. The exercise is simple enough that students should have little problem determining that there
is a negative NPV. Some students might inquire as to the difference between this exercise and the principles in Chapter 5. Here we have a full year, just at the cutoff we mentioned in Chapter 5. More importantly, here the time value of money is significant.
Handfed machine
Tax Cash Flows Revenue $1,750,000 $1,750,000 Cash operating costs 1,450,000 1,450,000 Pretax cash flow 300,000 300,000 Depreciation ($1,000,000/10) 100,000
Increase in taxable income $ 200,000
Increase in taxes at 40% 80,000 80,000 Net cash flow $ 220,000 Present value factor, 10 years, 10% 6.145 Present value of future flows $1,351,900 Less investment 1,000,000 Net present value $ 351,900
Trang 9Tax Cash Flows Revenue $1,750,000 $1,750,000 Cash operating costs 1,230,000 1,230,000 Pretax cash flow 520,000 520,000 Depreciation ($2,000,000/10) 200,000
Increase in taxable income $ 320,000
Increase in taxes at 40% 128,000 128,000 Net cash flow $ 392,000 Present value factor, 10 years, 10% 6.145 Present value of future flows $2,408,840 Less investment 2,000,000 Net present value $ 408,840 (b) About 18% for the handfed, 14% for the semiautomatic
Handfed: $1,000,000/$220,000 = 4.545, which is close to the factor for 18% Semiautomatic: $2,000,000/$392,000 = 5.102, which is close to the factor for 14%
(c) 1.352 for the handfed and 1.204 for the semiautomatic
Handfed: $1,351,900/$1,000,000 = 1.352
Semiautomatic: $2,408,840/$2,000,000 = 1.204
2. The semiautomatic machine is the better choice because its NPV is higher than that of the handfed machine.
Note to the Instructor: One way to illustrate the acceptability of the incremental investment in the semiautomatic machine is to demonstrate, as below, the NPV (at cost of capital) for the incremental investment.
is that the project with the higher NPV should be accepted unless doing so would force rejection of other projects returning more than cost of capital. 817 Sensitivity Analysis (Extension of 816) (20 minutes)
The sales volumes needed to provide a 10% return are $1,431,857 for the handfed machine and $1,565,188 for the semiautomatic model.
Trang 10and contribution margin $ 95,443 $ 110,887 Divided by contribution margin percentages* 30% 60% Equals allowable decline in sales volume $ 318,143 $ 184,812 Expected sales $1,750,000 $1,750,000 Minus allowable decline, above 318,143 184,812 Sales to yield 10% $1,431,857 $1,565,188
* 100% minus 70%, and minus 40%.
The decision to acquire the semiautomatic machine appears somewhat less desirable because breakeven volume, based on NPV's, is higher for that machine. Thus, the semiautomatic machine is riskier than the handfed one. However, both breakeven volumes are well below the $1,750,000 anticipated,
so the difference is probably not large enough to change the decision. 818 Basic MACRS (15 minutes)
1. NPV is a negative $20,040
Present value of operating flows ($160,000 x 60% x 4.833) $463,968 Present value of tax shield ($600,000/10 x 40% x 4.833) 115,992 Total present value 579,960 Less investment 600,000 Net present value ($
20,040)
2. NPV becomes positive by $25,968
Present value of operating flows, above $463,968 Present value of tax shield ($600,000 x 40% x .675) 162,000 Total present value 625,968 Less investment 600,000 Net present value $ 25,968Using 7year MACRS is worth $46,008 present value ($20,040 + $25,968, or
$162,000 $115,992
819 Review of Chapters 7 and 8 (2540 minutes)
1. $68,000
Tax Cash Flow Contribution margin [60,000 x ($11 $8)] $180,000 $180,000 Less cash fixed costs 90,000 90,000 Increased income before depreciation 90,000 90,000 Less depreciation ($210,000/6) 35,000
Increase in taxable income $ 55,000
Increased taxes at 40% 22,000 22,000 Increase in annual aftertax cash flows $ 68,000
Trang 115
(3.088) is between the factors at 16% for 4 and 5 years (2.798 and 3.274, respectively).
820 Relationships (25 minutes)
1. (c) $245,680
Annual cash flows $ 40,000 Present value factor, 14%, 15 years 6.142 Equals cost $245,680 (f) $26,779
Cost $245,680 Times profitability index 1.109 Equals total present value of future flows $272,459 Less cost 245,680 Net present value $ 26,779 (d) 12%
Trang 122. (b) $110,000
Investment $448,470 Divided by present value factor for 8 years, 18% 4.077 Equals annual cash flow $110,000
(f) $29,370
Cash flow $110,000 Times the present value factor for 8 years at 16% 4.344 Equals total present value of future flows $477,840 Less cost 448,470 Net present value $ 29,370
(g) $1.065
Present value (from f) $477,840Divided by investment $448,470Profitability index 1.065
3. (a) 10 years
Present value of future flows (from part f) $452,000 Divided by annual flows $ 80,000 Equals present value factor for 12% cost of capital 5.65 That factor is appropriate for 12% and 10 years (e) Between 16% and 18%. Investment of $361,600 divided by annual flows of $80,000 produces a factor (4.52) for 10 years that falls between the factors for 16% and 18%.
(f) $90,400
Profitability index 1.25Times investment $361,600Equals total present value of future cash flows 452,000Less investment 361,600 Net present value $ 90,400821 Review of Chapters 7 and 8 (4560 minutes)
Trang 132. Negative $5,177.
Trang 143. .982 $276,823 from requirement 2/$282,000
4. $102,436
Net present value, above ($ 5,177)
Divided by presentvalue factor for 12% for 4 years 3.037 Equals required annual aftertax cash flows $ 1,705 Divided by (1 30% tax rate) 70% Equals required increase in pretax annual cash flow $ 2,436 Plus expected savings 100,000 Equals required savings to achieve 16% return $102,436
5. Negative $1,604
Years 13 Year 4 Tax Cash Flow Tax/Cash Annual cash flows:
Savings $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 Depreciation ($282,000/3) 94,000 Taxable income $ 6,000 100,000 Taxes at 30% 1,800 1,800 30,000 Net cash flow $ 98,200 $ 70,000 Applicable present value factors:
Annuity factor for 12% and 3 years 2.402
Singleamount factor for 12%, 4 years .636 Present value $235,876 $ 44,520 Total present value ($235,876 + $44,520) $280,396
Less investment 282,000
NPV ($ 1,604)
Note to the Instructor: This requirement is one of several
opportunities to address the impact of using accelerated depreciation for taxpurposes without going into the specifics of MACRS
6. NPV decreases $4,368
Decrease in NPV because of additional investment $12,000 Increase in NPV for present value of return of
working capital investment ($12,000 x .636) 7,632 Net decrease $ 4,368
Trang 15Tax Cash Flow Cost savings $100,000 $100,000 Additional depreciation:
Depreciation on new asset, as above $ 70,500
Depreciation on existing asset ($25,000/4) 6,250 64,250
Increase in taxable income $35,750
Increase in taxes at 30% 10,725 10,725 Increase in annual aftertax cash flow $ 89,275 Present value factor, 12%, 4 years 3.037 Present value of future flows $271,128 Less investment:
The NPV is $153,800
Present value of operating cash flows ($260,000 x 60% x 5.65) $ 881,400 Present value of tax shield ($1,000,000 x 40% x .681) 272,400 Total present value 1,153,800 Less investment 1,000,000 Net present value $ 153,800 Note to the Instructor: You might wish to show how the investment wouldlook if the company had to use straightline depreciation over 10 years. Cash operating savings $ 260,000 Less depreciation ($1,000,000/10) 100,000 Increase in pretax profit 260,000 Income tax on increase (40% x $160,000) 64,000 Increase in net income 196,000 Plus depreciation 100,000 Net cash flow 296,000 Times present value factor 5.650 Present value of future flows $1,107,400The NPV drops to $107,400 under straightline depreciation, a decline of
$46,400
823 Working Capital Investment (1520 minutes)
The NPV is a positive $88,734 and the offer is desirable
Trang 16Savings in operating costs ($130,000 $20,000) $110,000 $110,000 Additional depreciation ($90,000 $20,000) 70,000
Increase in taxable income $ 40,000
Income tax at 40% 16,000 16,000 Net cash flow $ 94,000 Present value factor, 3 years, 18% 2.174 Present value of future flows $204,356 Less investment, as above 225,000 Net present value ($20,644)825 Sensitivity Analysis and MACRS (Extension of 811) (1020 minutes)Annual savings of $343,942 in cash operating costs will make the investment yield just 14%. This is a decline of about 14% from the expected savings of
$400,000 [($400,000 $343,942)/$400,000]
Net present value from 811 $175,440 Divided by present value factor 5.216 Equals allowable decline in aftertax savings $ 33,635 Divided by (1 40% tax rate) 60% Equals allowable decline in pretax savings $ 56,058 Pretax savings required, $400,000 $56,058 $343,942
Trang 17
The memo should include, with supporting analyses, a recommendation to purchase Machine B. The most direct approach to analyzing the alternatives
is to work with the advantage of Machine B over Machine A and determine if the additional cost of the former is justified.
Savings in operating cost of B over A ($12,000 $3,000) $ 9,000 Tax on cost savings (40%) 3,600 Net aftertax savings on operating cost alone 5,400 Tax savings due to additional depreciation if B is purchased:
Depreciation on B ($80,000/10) $8,000
Depreciation on A ($40,000/10) 4,000
Additional depreciation 4,000
Tax reduction because of extra depreciation (40%) 1,600 Total aftertax savings from Machine B (over Machine A) $ 7,000 Present value factor, 10 years, 10% 6.145 Present value of aftertax savings from Machine B $43,015
Since the cost of this advantage is $40,000 ($80,000 cost of B vs. $40,000 cost of A), purchase of Machine B is wise. We can also approach the problem using totals
Machine A Machine B Tax Cash Flow Tax Cash Flow Operating costs $12,000 $12,000 $ 3,000 $ 3,000 Depreciation 4,000 8,000
Tax deductible expenses $16,000 $11,000
Tax savings at 40% 6,400 6,400 4,400 4,400 Net cash outflow (inflow) $ 5,600 ($ 1,400) Present value factor 6.145 6.145 Present value of flows $34,412 ($ 8,603) Less investment 40,000 80,000 Total present value $74,412 $71,397The difference, the advantage to B, is $3,015 ($74,412 $71,397)
Note to the Instructor: This assignment is particularly interesting when analyzed using the second of the above approaches because Machine A produces an annual cash outflow and present value of future flows, while Machine B produces an annual cash inflow and present value of future flows. Noting this difference, some students will conclude, without further
consideration, that an increase in cash flow is always preferable to a
decrease as long as some purchase must be made. (That is, students might arrive at the correct answer for the wrong reason.) It's important that students recognize that neither a smaller cash outflow nor the mere existence
Trang 19827 Unit Costs (2025 minutes)
1. Negative $47,804
Tax Cash Flow Savings:
Materials [200,000 x ($3.50 $3.40)] $ 20,000 $ 20,000 Direct labor [200,000 x ($7.50 $6.50)] 200,000 200,000 Variable overhead [200,000 x ($2.50 $2.15)] 70,000 70,000 Total pretax cash savings 290,000 290,000 Less depreciation 200,000
Increased taxable income $ 90,000
Increased tax at 40% 36,000 36,000 Net cash flow $254,000 Present value factor, 3 years, 18% 2.174 Present value of flows $552,196 Less investment 600,000 Net present value ($ 47,804)
2. 12.9% from Lotus 123. The factor is 2.36 ($600,000/$254,000), which isclosest to 2.322 for 14%
Note to the Instructor: The above solution assumes it is profitable to proceed with the new shoes if there is no additional capital investment. This might not be the case. Such factors as negative effects on sales of existing shoes that are more profitable than the new model, or more
profitable uses for the existing facilities, could sway the decision against the proposed shoe.
828 JIT, Inventory (1520 minutes)
$260.4 thousand
Tax Cash Flow Savings in cash operating costs $240.0 $ 240.0 Less depreciation ($1,800/10) 180.0
Increase in taxable income $ 60.0
Income tax at 40% 24.0 24.0 Net cash flow 216.0 Present value factor, 10 years, 12% 5.650 Present value of future inflows $1,220.4 Investment:
Investment in fixed assets $1,800.0
Other aftertax investment ($2,900.0 x 60%) 1,740.0
Less reduction in inventory ($2,700.0 $120.0) (2,580.0)
Total investment 960.0 Net present value $ 260.4