Coastal flood risks to ecotourism services a case study from trapeang sangke community, kampot province

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY ___________________________ SENG BUNSONG Coastal Flood Risks to Ecotourism Services-a case study from Trapeang Sangke Communit

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY

_

SENG BUNSONG

Coastal Flood Risks to Ecotourism Services-a case study from

Trapeang Sangke Community, Kampot Province

MASTER THESIS

KHANH HOA – 2017

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY

_

SENG BUNSONG

Coastal Flood Risks to Ecotourism Services-a case study from

Trapeang Sangke Community, Kampot Province

MASTER THESIS

Training Subject: Marine Ecosystem-based Management and Climate Change

and Climate Change Topic allocation Decision 772/QĐ-ĐHNT dated 20/09/2016

Decision on establishing the

Ass Prof Nguyen Thi Kim Anh

Faculty of Graduate Studies:

Dr Quach Hoai Nam

KHANH HOA – 2017

UNDERTAKING

I undertake that the thesis entitled: “Coastal Flood Risks to Ecotourism

Service-a cService-ase study from TrService-apeService-ang SService-angke Community, KService-ampot Province” is my own work

The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment until the time this thesis is submitted

Nha Trang, 03 April 2017

Author

SENG BUNSONG

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I wish to acknowledge funding from the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) for my scholarship to follow this master's program on the special training course “Marine Ecosystem Management and Climate Change” of Nha Trang University

Secondly, let me show my gratitude and deepest thanks to the iron women Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Kim Anh and colleagues for their hardworking and responsible

In completing this Program, it has faced much challenges and difficulties My acknowledgment and sincere thanks go to all professors and lecturers whose has involved in the program, especially for my kindness instructors Prof Claire Amstrong and Prof Henry Kinnuncan, and my greatest instructors Prof Akhmad Fauzi and Dr Quach Thi Khanh Ngoc Without those remarkable notably, everything might not meet the expected outcome

My deeply grateful and gratitude goes to Mrs Hap Navy, the deputy director of Inland Fisheries Research Institute Cambodia (IFreDI) and my parents for their tolerance and compassion for all forms of life and learning

Last but not really least, I would like to expand my acknowledgment to the Trapeang Sangke commission my kindness collaboration partner, and sincere thanks to

my boss, colleagues, classmates and my friends whose have assisted in the studying period I never forget to give the special thanks as well to Dr Pham Thi Thanh Thuy,

Dr Ngan Nguyen and their family for the warmest hospitality, especially for the unforgettable meal time With these beloved persons, I felt so warm and confident with their kindness within the spirit of brotherhood This absolutely is the unforgettable moment in my lifetime

Thank you!

Nha Trang, 03 April 2017

Author

SENG BUNSONG

ABSTRACT

Tourism and fisheries sector acts very crucial role for national economic and job employment to thousands of Cambodian The government policies considered and encouraged on community-based ecotourism (CBET) development by integrated with the mangrove forest protection, the livelihood enhancement for fishing community and the climate change risk reduction for CBET

Trapeang Sangke CBET selected for this study Because it is known as the famous community-based mangrove ecotourism that had transferred the fisheries community to the CBET successfully, well managed with highly management proficiency Yet, the related necessary document, regulation, model, especially the way of initiation, less documented and shared out It was also because, this area located closely to Kampot town where usually effected by coastal flood and rain storm

The aims of investigation are to; provide a fundamental background of the initiation community-based mangrove ecotourism establishment model in Trapeang Sangke community, identify the risks associated with coastal flood to community services supply which referred to those six service types and finally, then, this study attempted to identify on community adaptation measurement to strive with identified risks by measure on the level of adaptation from the finding of community perceptions This study accompanied about 6 months during October 2016 to the early April

2017 by begins with designing questionnaire, pilot questionnaire, communicate and gather the necessary documents, and collect data The six focus group discussions conducted with CBET commission and their members by using the ended and open-ended designed questionnaire, incorporated with PRA tools, risk and adaptation matrix.The necessary document such as the management history, the involving stakeholder, model, regulation, the positive change, and the other challenges of CBET implementation has deployed and discussed In extra, risk related to coastal flood on the ecotourism services supply and adaptation options have identified and ranked by discussed the consequence and adaptation level and the ability to adapt the identified risks The study also suggested for future of expanding on community-based mangrove ecotourism and risk management and adaptation in the CBET context

Keywords: Community-based mangrove ecotourism, coastal flood, ecotourism service,

CBET, risk

LIST OF CONTENTS UNDERTAKING I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II ABSTRACT III LIST OF CONTENTS IV LIST OF FIGURE V LIST OF TABLE VI LIST OF APPENDIX VI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VI

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEWS 6

2.1 THE NOTATION ON RESEARCH RELATED TO CBET 6

2.2 CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND OF ECOTOURISM AND COMMUNITY-BASED ECOTOURISM 7

2.2.1 The Initiation of Ecotourism and Community-based Ecotourism (CBET) 7

2.2.2 Identify the Ecotourism and CBET Services and Activities 9

2.2.3 The Challenges, Management Principle and the Suggestion 10

2.3 CLIMATE CHANGE AND TOURISM SECTOR 12

2.3.1 The Responses of Tourism to Climate Change Impact 15

2.3.2 Coastal Flood and the Associated Consequences (Risk) to Tourism 16

2.4 THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE RISK MANAGEMENT 16

2.4.1 T HE F OCUS G ROUP M ETHOD 23

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 26

3.1 THE RESEARCH PROCESS 26

3.2 SELECTED TOOL AND METHOD 26

3.3 SAMPLING AND DATA COLLECTION 27

3.4 THE RESEARCH APPROACH 27

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 30

4.1 UNDERSTANDING ON BACKGROUND OF MANGROVE-BASED ECOTOURISM MODEL IN TRAPEANG SANGKE COMMUNITY 30

4.1.1 The History of Mangrove Management and Community-based Ecotourism 30

4.1.2 The involving stakeholders in establishment CBET process 32

4.1.3 Model of Trapeang Sangke mangrove-based ecotourism 35

4.1.4 Understanding on Rules and Regulations 36

4.1.5 The Changes in Management Efficiency before and after Implement the CBET 36

4.1.6 The Difficulties of Implementing Community-based Ecotourism Model 37

4.2 COASTAL FLOOD ASSOCIATED RISKS TO EACH SERVICE TYPE 37

4.2.1 Measuring the Trend of Coastal Flood in Trapeang Sangke Community 37

4.2.2 Identify the Likelihood of Occurrence of Each Coastal Flood Type 39

4.2.3 Identify Services Impacted by Coastal Flood and Risk Level 40

4.3 THE ADAPTATION MEASUREMENT TO DEAL WITH ASSOCIATED RISKS 43

4.3.1 Adaptation Option and Capacity Measurment 43

CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 46

5.1 THE INITIATION OF MANGROVE-BASED ECOTOURISM MODEL 46

5.2 COASTAL FLOOD RISKS TO ECOTOURISM SERVICE AND ADAPTIVE CAPACITY 47

5.3 ADAPTATION OPTION AND ADAPTIVE CAPACITY 49

5.4 CONCLUSION AND REMARK 49

5.5THE LIMITATION OF RESEARCH THESIS 53

REFERENCES 54

ANNEX I 62

LIST OF FIGURE Figure 1: Map of Trapeang Sangke community-based ecotourism 4

Figure 2: The systematic of flood risk management 19

Figure 3: The World Bank Risk Management Approach 20

Figure 4: Research Processing Framework 26

Figure 5: Focus Group Activities with Trapeang Sangke Commission and their members 29

Figure 6: The diagram of mangrove management history and community-based ecotourism 30

Figure 7: Map of influences and dependencies between actors 33

Figure 8: Trapeang Sangke community-based ecotourism model 35

Figure 9: The trend of coastal flood at the last decades 38

Figure 10: The quarterly trend of coastal flood 39

Figure 11: Statistics of International Tourist Arrivals and Receipts from 1993-2015 62

Figure 12: The Trend of International Tourist Arrivals and Receipts from 1993-201562 Figure 13: The main impact of climate change and their implications for tourism 63

Figure 14: The management structure of Trapeang Sangke Community-based

ecotourism 1

LIST OF TABLE Table 1: Impact matrix 21

Table 2: Risk Matrix Method 22

Table 3: Adaptation matrix 23

Table 4: Vulnerability assessment matrix 23

Table 5: The likelihood of coastal flood 39

Table 6: The impact matrix of coastal flood and the consequences to each service type 42

Table 7: The adaptation level to deal with coastal flood risks to each service 45

Table 8: The trend of coastal flood at the last decades 63

Table 9: The quarterly trend of coastal flood 63

LIST OF APPENDIX Appendix 1: Questionnaire for objective A: Provide a fundamental background of initiative mangrove conservation zone toward mangrove-based ecotourism establishment model in Trapeang Sangke community 64

Appendix 2: Questionnaire for objective B: Identifies, flood associated risks to community services supply 66

Appendix 3: Questionnaire for objective C: Identifies community adaptation measures to strive with identified risks 69

Appendix 4: The regulation of Trapeang Sangke Community-based ecotourism 1

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BCV: Building Community Voices CYA: Cambodian Youth Action

CCBN: Cambodia’s Community-based Ecotourism Network

CCCA: Cambodia Climate Change Alliance

CBET: Community-based Ecotourism

CWDCC: Children and Women Development Center in Cambodia

DoE: Department of Environment

DoT: Department of Tourism

EU: European Union

FACT: Fisheries Action Coalition Team

FIA: Fisheries Administration

FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

GDP: gross domestic product

GMS: Greater Mekong Sub-region

GOV.UK: United Kingdom public sector information website

IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

KFiAC: Kampot Fisheries Administration Cantonment

Kg: Kilogram

Km: Kilometer

MOT: Ministry of Tourism

NCDM: The National Committee for Disaster Management

NGO: Non-government Organization

P: Page (e.g P76 = page 76)

PLAN: Name of non-government organization supports in conservation activities PRA: participatory rural appraisal

SDCU: Strategic Diplomatic Communications Unit

TIES: The International Ecotourism Society

UN: United Nation

US: United State

USAID: United States Agency for International Development

UNIDO: United Nations Industrial Development Organization

UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme

WTO: World Trade Organization,

WMO: World Meteorological Organization

WCMC: World Conservation Monitoring Centre

Tourism has recognized globally as the fastest growing, the largest industries with their economic essential return for many developing countries (Fennell D A., 1963) This sector also suffered from climate change-related impacts which able in shifting of the pleasant climatic condition, reduce the attractiveness of natural resources, landscape, biodiversity, beach and so on, then leads to change in tourist destination and demand (WTO-UNEP-WMO, 2008) (WTO-UNEP-WMO, 2008) suggested that tourism business could response to reduce risk, maintain the sustainability in the social, environmental and economical way The impact and risk assessment from climate change scenarios, the analysis of adaptation options with the need for the development of new technologies and opportunities for adapt the existing technologies in new settings at the regional level have suggested by (IPCC, 1997), especially for developing countries In Cambodia, the government also considers the adaptation and responding to the impact of climate change in the tourism sector Ministry of Tourism has developed the Climate Change Action Plan in Tourism Sector 2015-2018 Two main goals in this action plan encouraged in "reducing vulnerability

to climate change impacts of people and tourism sector, in particular the most vulnerable and critical systems (natural and societal), and cultural heritage” and

“promoting public awareness and participation in climate change response actions in the sector” (MoT, 2015) (Serey, 2013) has suggested to should stress on community-based ecotourism for future response in the tourism sector to climate change impacts Cambodia has considered as one of the rapidly growing tourist destinations (Khanal, 2007) The Government Rectangular Strategy has figured out this sector as the priority (MOT, 2012), main source income for national development with an increasing entering tourist as an annual growth rate of about 10 to 15% (Rizvi, 2011)

In 2015, the number of visitors reached 4.78 million with cash receipts of 3,012

million US dollars or about 3.0 billion (see Figure 11 and Figure 12), provides around

30,000 direct jobs and several thousand of the indirect job, this is according to (MOT, 2012) This positive potential has encouraged the government to expand the coastal area for future tourism development based on its potential of natural attractive (Peng Ponna, 2009) The Government of Cambodia had considered it into Tourism Development Strategic Plan 2012-2020 (MOT, 2012) Meanwhile, community-based tourism and ecotourism model (CBT & CBET) are the priority part for tourism development in National Tourism Strategic Plan, since the found that the major benefit goes to a few rich person only like in case of “Riem National Park”, as expressed by (Sokun, 2015), (USAID, 2001) and (Peng Ponna, 2009) Nowadays, Cambodia has 56

of community-based tourism and ecotourism sites (SDCU, 2013) Parallel to Tourism Development Strategic Plan 2012-2020, the Strategic Planning Framework for Fisheries 2015-2024 of Fisheries Administration also considers and encourages the ecotourism to strengthen on fisheries community’s livelihood with an expectation to reduce the single effort on fisheries, and to cope with climate change, notably for coastal fishing community (FIA, 2015 b)

The coastal area in this country has 435km long, covered by four provinces such

as Kep, Kampot, Sihanoukville and Koh Kong at the area between 17,791km² and 18,477km² (Rizvi, 2011) (Touch, 2015) and (CCCA, 2012) considered this area as the highly vulnerable site to climate change impact and expose to disasters (Heng, 2014)

Due to the changes in precipitation and storm patterns, this region expected to enter the flood risk and damaging from storm event (MoT, 2015) Kampot Province is usually affected by rainstorm and flood attack with occurred unexpectedly, as expressed by (Phally, 2012) and (Heng, 2014) In 2006, the dramatic flash flood caused by China typhoon created a few days heavily rainfall and led to a dramatic flash flood This flood affected in 5 districts, 92 communes, and 482 villages in Kampot province The China Typhoon had created the dramatic flash flood and the heavy rainfall for a few days, affected to 5 districts, 92 communes, and 482 villages in Kampot province In September 2009, the damages had reported that two people killed, 5,000 families affected and invaded the 330 hectares land crop (Phally, 2012) Later in 2015, the rigorous flood attacked again to Kampot province, which seriously notably in Kampot city (Sar, 2015) and (Laurenson, 2015) reported that the rainstorm Vamco attacked the Cambodia in shape of flood attack The wave along Kampot coastal reported increase 3 meters which warn the fishing boats and vessels to go fishing The National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM) has assumed that the rainstorm effected on 1,760 families and the tropical rainstorm, the typhoons still happen in Southeast Asia with the high frequency (Laurenson, 2015)

Trapeang Sangke Community-based mangrove ecotourism model located to Trapeang Sangke commune, Teuk Chhou district, Kampot province along the national road 33 with an approximately 11km far from Kampot town in direction to Kep province This community has transferred successfully from fisheries community to community-based ecotourism model to create their own income support to fishery management The commune has more than 1,000 households and 5,000 residents The

734 residents had registered as the community member and 1029 are women (Nguyen Thi Phuong et al 2014 ) In the reality, this community is growing and developing very fast with a good efficiency of resources management and supporting from many relevant stakeholders It is the best one in Kampot province with the totally 2027 of supporting members1 Exactly, (Nguyen Thi Phuong et al 2014) reported that the ecotourism activities generated quite well to the community management process such as 10%

1 This according to the first meeting with the head of this community on January 06 th 2017

allocated for patrolling cost, 5% for emergency budgeting, 5% for administration, 40% for community development, 35% for capital building, and 5% else for other aspects

via income from the visitor This community has six main service type such as; boat

services, guest houses, cooking, environmental service, guided tours; and security

These services responded by different service group via organizing the fishermen Figure 1: Map of Trapeang Sangke community-based ecotourism

Source: Google map 2017

Community-based ecotourism developed very fast and successfully, however, the community-based mangrove ecotourism model is in contrast and the relevant necessary documents seems less sharing out or documented The government encourages on action

to deal with climate change impact in the tourism sector that prior to community-based ecotourism, however, it seems broad and comprehensive The accessing risk related to coastal flood and the adaptation measurement which participate from the local community for community-based mangrove ecotourism site looks ignored and no

action, especially for Trapeang Sangeke CBET located close to Kampot town (where

often suffered by coastal flood) These concerns motivated the researcher to select the study area at Trapeang Sangke community in Kampot province to conduct on the

research topic “Coastal Flood Risks to Ecotourism Services-a case study from

Trapeang Sangke Community, Kampot Province” This research attempted to answer

the following question; how does Trapeang Sangke community-based mangrove ecotourism model being established? Does the experience flood in Kampot town make the same consequences to Trapeang Sangke community-based ecotourism? What are the possible consequences from coastal flood to those community ecotourism services? How does community response to these consequences? And what should they do next? The overall goal of this research thesis was to assess the risk related to coastal flood by shaped to risk management in the context of Trapeang Sangke This research has three accurate objectives; (A) investigate in providing a fundamental background of the initiation community-based mangrove ecotourism establishment model in Trapeang Sangke community This objective satisfied to the government policy in encouraging the CBET development along the coast with the fishing community (B) then it tried to identify the risk associated with coastal flood to community services supply which referred to those six service types and finally, this research thesis attempted to (C) identify on community adaptation measurement to strive with identified risks by measure on the level of adaptation from the finding of community perceptions and rank the priority option to implement or set in CBET development planning The objective (B) and (C) satisfied to the government policy in doing the adaptation action in the tourism sector, especially in the community-based ecotourism context

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEWS

2.1 The Notation on Research Related to CBET

Research and literature related to ecotourism and community-based ecotourism, are broadly done and debated because these terms associated closely with the concern

of nature, indigenous livelihood, cultural, political, which notably combine of social, environmental and economic or sustainable principle This literature and research usually debated on level or the way to successful, the failure, the consequences, what

to avoid during the transform to CBET, approach to maximize the benefit for local people or policy (Coria, 2012), (Goodwin, 2009), (Jones, 2005), (Khanal, 2007), (Kiss, 2004), (Kontogeorgopoulos, 2005), (Krüger, 2005), (Nelson, 2004), (Pookhao, 2014), (Stronza, 2008), assess the sustainability of CBET project (Foucat, 2002), identify the partner involvement in the initiation process (Sproule, 1996), economic linkage between CBET to local services and product (Trejos, 2009) etc and less for understanding on how to prepare and how the CBET run at the first time (Silva, 2015)

In case of Cambodia, a few research related to CBET could see from, e.g (Reimer, 2013); examined on social dimensions of the sustainable ecotourism, the case study from Chiphat community-based ecotourism (at the mainland rain forest, Koh Kong Province), (Moeurn, 2008); reported a good practice in Chambok community-based ecotourism project which described as well on how the establishment of this community (at the mainland, wild forest, Kampong Speu Province), (Peng Ponna, 2009); the study of tourism development plan and coastal CBET management strategies where took place at Sihanoukville (coastal), (Bith, 2011); conducted the evaluation on the potential of Yeak Laom Community-based ecotourism for the perceptions of the indigenous people regard to the impacts of development on social, political, economic and psychological lives of their people

The community-based ecotourism varies upon what the host community has, for example, swim to see the whale and shark (Silva, 2015), (Cárdenas-Torres, 2007)2, wildlife hunting (Nelson, 2004), sea kayak trip (Kontogeorgopoulos, 2005), rainforest, waterfall, archaeological site, forest re-plantation project, Irrawaddy river dolphin, the volcanic lake (Reimer, 2013) and this type of CBET mostly revealed.

The study related to mangrove-based ecotourism model which run by fishing community along the coastal province, however, it remains rare (Nguyen Thi Phuong, 2014) has pointed the case Pheam Krasoab model and Trapeang Sangke This literature provided a slight background on CBET and the success, not attempted to give a specific on how the CBET in this communities initialed, who was involved in the establishment process, what is the exact regulation, how this CBET run with each specific service type

2.2 Context and Background of Ecotourism and Community-based Ecotourism

2.2.1 The Initiation of Ecotourism and Community-based Ecotourism (CBET)

The broad looking from (Bookbinder, 1998), (Denman, 2001), (Krüger, 2005), (Lindsey, 2007), (Mawere, 2012), (Fennell D A., 2014), (USAID, 2001.page 41), (Khanal, 2007) revealed that, the CBET initiation relies on the hope that ecotourism could enhance and support to conservation of natural resources, wildlife, and endangered species, maintain the sustainable use of biodiversity and natural area by encouraging local and indigenous communities or even tourists to preserve and respect the natural or cultural heritage, maintain local culture and create income for the nation and notably for communities’s livelihood via creating the job, and could empowering local communities around the world to fight against poverty It has also contributed to foreign exchange In the year of 2000, the monetary terms of ecotourism and environmentally sensitive tourism estimated about $50 billion and $300 billion, respectively (Krüger, 2005 adopted from Goodwin, 1996)

The International Ecotourism Society (TIES, 2017) defines ecotourism as "the responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of local people, and involves interpretation and education" or stay separately and

2 Adopted the “Code of Conduct” to prevent the harm or the disturbance of visitor activities to the whale shark,

far from concentrate on mass tourism (Kontogeorgopoulos, 2005) This concept has emerged since perceived that, the mass tourism could generate the side effect for either direct or indirect to degrade habitats, create pollution (environmental) socio-cultural and the living conditions of local people This concept, then, being implemented in the late of 1980s regards to sustainable development policy which considered by three dimensions; social, environmental and economic (Pookhao, 2014), (Jones, 2005), (Stronza, 2008) and (Denman, 2001) This sector became invested and enlarged globally since the latter of 1992 World Congress in Rio de Janeiro, this expressed by (Khanal, 2007)

Ecotourism has emerged and enlarged by the new concept lately, subsequently It

is so called “community-based ecotourism” This concept being accepted due to the found that, ecotourism is not a medication for treating diseases of every kind, e.g the case of “Royal Chitwan National Park in Nepal” (Bookbinder, 1998), the warning from (Stronza, 2008)3, and the findings from a meta-analysis of (Krüger, 2005) It is about, the type of tourism that organized or managed by the host community incorporated with authorities to conserve natural resources Community-based ecotourism could make income and serves much job opportunities for local peoples through seeing of natural attraction (Foucat, 2002), (Khanal, 2007), (Nelson, 2004), and (Sproule, 1996)

The main initiation idea of accepting community-based ecotourism model could see the reviewing from (Stronza, 2008), (Pookhao, 2014), (Silva, 2015), (Foucat, 2002), and (Nelson, 2004) It is to enhance the well-being of community beside of the considering on conservation part and regards to the suggestion that, the non-involving from local communities in a conservation process, could possibly be resulted in a low sustainability This model also creates the economic return to the host communities (Pookhao, 2014) mentioned that, it could be a way ensure the sustainability of the tourism destination The reviewing from these lectures indicated that the start of CBET

is to, integrate social dimension with the previous model that just focus on environmental, ecological, and economic, not complete the triple dimension in sustainability principle

3 “non-monetary benefit is not a good deal mechanism in conservation process”

An initiation idea in the Chiphat CBET project proposed by Wildlife Alliance The project aims to fight against wildlife distinction, deforestation, climate change, and poverty with the local community and the government partners This project consulted with the host community to carry out the reforestation project Then it built

up the capacity of management, guiding, hosting, cooking, communication, leadership, first aid, and so on, for the community (Reimer, 2013) In case of Chambok CBET project, (Moeurn, 2008) expressed that, the initiation idea began by Mlup Baitong non-government organization The project conducted to save forests and natural resources, reduce poverty at the host communities, and provides an education of environmental conservation, to local people and tourists Because, people in this area, relies mostly

on forestry product which is the root of deforestation

The community-based ecotourism has more potential than the ecotourism It contributes to improve the livelihood of local people via alternative income, empowering their management planning or solving the problem, enhance the psychological, and social and political in their area, (Bith, 2011), (Moeurn, 2008), (Pookhao, 2014), (Khanal, 2007), (Stronza, 2008), (Kontogeorgo Poulos, 2005) The case of whale watching, (Silva, 2015) emphasized thatincome growth to some people both locals and foreigners through the creation of new jobs and businesses in tourism-related activities Direct economic benefit from CBET, in the case of Bagmara, village group makes revenue over $280,000 from tourists to see wildlife on elephant rides in recreation area (Bookbinder, 1998 mentioned from Dinerstein et al 1998) (Kiss, 2004) reported that in Posada Amazona (Peru), the tangible benefit from tourism increased about 138% from the lodge staff which is about $57,000 comes from ecolodge and $60,000 else, from paying wage By the way, the case of Chambok community-based ecotourism (Cambodia), (Moeurn, 2008) report in 2006 that the overall income from tourism service generated more than $10,000

2.2.2 Identify the Ecotourism and CBET Services and Activities

The community-based ecotourism relies deeply on the selling services or tourism activities that prepared by the host community In the case of Mae Kampong, the tourism activities could also promote to environmental and cultural education such as;

trekking and traditional cooking classes, traditional music and dancing, massaging, weaving, and so on (Pookhao, 2014) The community runs lodging, food, guiding, craft sales and local mode of transportation by them self (Trejos, 2009) and (Sproule, 1996) In the case of Amazon, (Stronza, 2008) expressed that the local fisherman drives tourist boat, and guides them for hunting and seeing wildlife The community also makes the handicrafts and manage the community lodge by them self In the case

of Sea Canoe (Thailand), the sea-kayaking day trips service prepared and served for tourist in Ao Phangnga and the visitor could enjoy and bring a board to the small island, this is according to (Kontogeorgopoulos, 2005) In Chiphat community-based ecotourism, (Reimer, 2013) mentioned that the community serves the boating, camping, mountain biking, kayaking village homestays, trekking, and birding for visitors, while the other case, the tourist could see the Irrawaddy river dolphin and also enjoy the view of the volcanic lake Moreover, in the case of Chambok, the community could earn income from the entrance fee collection, tour guide, homestay owner and coordinator, care parking, traditional dancing performance, restaurant worker, ox-cart drivers and souvenir vendors, this is according to (Moeurn, 2008)

2.2.3 The Challenges, Management Principle and the Suggestion

Although the community-based ecotourism has much positive benefit, however,

it still faced with many challenges as well (Sproule, 1996) said that it fails in bringing out outcome from development and conservation to reach the sustainability (Kontogeorgopoulos, 2005) mentioned that, the successful of CBET were not covered all the part in the community in the case of southern Thailand According to (Khanal, 2007), the host community could get both opportunity and treat from creating CBET The benefits from CBET just partially goes to the minor group It still generates the side effect to environmental, and the indigenous people also vulnerable or even sex tourism could happen Similarly to these concerns, the case of whale watching, (Silva, 2015) also found that the hunting of target species still happen, although the CBET ensured that could protect the whale or dolphin The Chambok CBET project, however, still faces with the educational and cultural constraint The low awareness on biodiversity protection and conservation remains to happen The people from outside

still cutting the forest, hunting, and invade to the land forest (Moeurn, 2008) The case

of wildlife-based tourism in Sinya region, Tanzania, the internal conflict caused by the divergent idea between wildlife authorities and government policy on supports hunting regulations banning and the need of hunting to support community-based ecotourism Then it triggered the stability changes of local governance and decision-making (Nelson, 2004) The other conflict occurred in shape of distribution benefit or unfair of benefit sharing Some activities related to CBET could make the traditional relationship and reciprocity of the community eroded (Stronza, 2008) In the case of Thailand, the conflict of interest happened after transformed the conservation to business-based (Pookhao, 2014) (Foucat, 2002) notified that the minimizing impacts, the benefit-sharing equity and the integrated national policies for rural development had complained as the root challenge for CBET Hence, (Silva, 2015) assumed that CBET is not a panacea to support the economic sustainability, biodiversity conservation and sociocultural for the host communities

Since the CBET hard to implement and to reach the sustainability level, there are many suggestions and recommendation (Pookhao, 2014) suggested that the policymaker should extremely focus place based sociocultural aspect by strictly regarded to the bottom-up approach (Bith, 2011) and (Sproule, 1996) suggested to collaborate with the local community, government or non-government units and other private (it called partnership) sector which is similarly to (Pookhao, 2014) on responding to the success of CBET development To ensure the sustainability of

CBET, (Kiss, 2004) suggested three options; “(1) an ongoing conservation incentive

in the form of income dependent on biodiversity, (2) reinvestment of some of the income to maintain the business and protect the biodiversity asset base, thereby eliminating or at least reducing the need for external funding, and (3) once a basis established (community awareness and organization, basic infrastructure, etc.), the entry of the private sector to provide the capital for further development and expansion” The options from (Kiss, 2004) relies on the level of the financial and it is difficult in following In operating the CBET process, (Pookhao, 2014) suggested that the planner should regards to the traditional social structure of local people, prevent the local people from the feeling of disappointed with their capacity Moreover, the

planner needs to assist on what the exact community need by a focus on the long-term rather than just a temporary help In the great Mekong region, (Khanal, 2007) suggested that the government should give the rights to communities to plan and decide in the planning process by avoiding from the top-down approach The CBET alone is not enough and (Moeurn, 2008) suggested to not rely much on CBET option

by should integrate with other livelihood option to maximize the benefit The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) developed a comprehensive guideline for CBET development The guideline has four parts and twelve working steps that could see the detail in (Dearden, 2010)

2.3 Climate Change and Tourism Sector

Climate change and tourism sector is not a new issue It put into debate and consideration since, at least a decade ago as confirmed by (Becken, S & Hay, J E, 2007) Because the tourism activities and the climate are the two components related closely to each other as mentioned by (Amelung, B et al 2007), (Hamilton, J M & Tol, R S 2007), and (Lise, W et al 2002) The holiday habit of human considered as one that sensitive to the changes in climate because the service potential and the tourism industry could directly be affected, and then, it triggers to the economic problem (Berrittella, M et al 2006)

The research between climate change and tourism has spread out globally But it mostly done at Europe region e.g Switzerland (Koenig, 1997), British (Maddison, 2001), Dutch (Lise, W et al 2002), Caribbean region (Sookram, 2009), and a few in Asia e.g (Li, R & Chi, X 2014) and (Cheablam, O et al 2015) etc These tasks considered for the national, the regional and the global scale with preferring to look at the relationship between climate change and the destination choice or demand (Maddison, 2001), (Hamilton, 2004), (Lise, W et al 2002), and (Sookram, 2009) within the few climate change variables such as temperature, precipitation, extreme events and a little associated to sea level rise The regional scale is done popularly at the hot tourist destination e.g the ski tourism (Wolfsegger, C et al 2008), beach (Sookram, 2009), and park or zoo (Cheablam, O et al 2015), (Hewer, M J et al 2016)

To understanding on the potential relationship between climate change and tourism sector, (Cegnar, 1997) bridged the climate change to three dimensions; “the mobility” (related to transportation), “the safety” (related to risk from the natural disaster or extreme event), and the offered at tourism destination.Their implication for tourism could see detail from (WTO-UNEP-WMO, 2008) & Figure 13 Climate change, able to make the current popular areas less or increase the attractiveness, low sustainable, and brings the new competitor to the market (Lise, W et al 2002; Scott, D

et al 2012; Amelung, B et al 2007) In the case of the marine park, (Bigano, A et al 2006) expressed that the tourism sector could shift by the climate change impacts toward a higher altitude or latitude The study from (Amelung, B et al 2007) & (Sookram, 2009) found that the Europe region will less suffer than the Caribbean region from the climate change impact Because this area basically relies on the seasonal tourism Similar to the Caribbean region, China and India predicted to be suffered much from climate change impacts, while the Australasia, Japan, North America, Eastern Europe and some the former Soviet Union will gain the positive effect from the climate change impacts (Berrittella, M et al 2006) (Berrittella, M et al 2006) confirmed that “at a global scale, climate change will ultimately lead to a welfare loss, unevenly spread across regions and it will reduce the GDP by 0.3% to 0.5% in 2050 Net losers are Western Europe, energy exporting countries, and the rest

of the world” The study from (Cheablam, O et al 2015) found that the park less attractive that is the problem lead to the stop some snorkeling and diving activities at some sites

Climate change is not always a scary sound for tourism field In the case of ski tourism in Switzerland, (Koenig, 1997) found that the lower altitude faced more suffering than the higher altitude due to the lack of snow This tourism type will decrease from 85% to 63% in the case of the rising temperature of 20C that would treat to the regional balance of the economic growth (Hamilton, 2004) confirmed that the attractiveness in European countries will increase in the summer period, but this attractiveness will shift to the northern Europe

Climate change could gain the positive effect to expenditure tourism In the case

of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China, (Li, R et al 2014) found that the global warming

could reduce the cold stress and able to make the positive effect for the local

communities, the tourism authorities, the travel agencies, the resort and the tourist The

colder countries will increase the tourism activities However, it will reduce about 20%

of tourism activities in the warmer countries (Bigano, A et al 2006) In the case of

Toronto zoo, the precipitation and the extreme heat made the negative effect on the

tourist flows For the scenario of rising temperature 3.50C, the shoulder season

predicted will meet the major positive impacts, the winter will meet the moderate

impacts, and the summer will meet the negative impacts (Hewer, M J et al 2016)

(Amelung, B et al 2007) expressed that the weather condition will improve for the

future decade This opportunity will bring the benefit from the Southern Europe tourist

to the Northern Europe But, the other country else, will experience the extremely hot

temperature (Lise, W et al 2002) recognized the climate is an important consideration

for tourists’ choice of destination and it will have a strong effect on tourism demand

(Maddison, 2001) confirmed that the destination hasn’t posed a big challenge for the

British visitor because the price of goods and services are still low This contrasted

with the low-lying island at the Indian Pacific Ocean because the goods and services

are expensive, and less visitor Related to the tourism and climate change problem,

(Hamilton, J M & Tol, R S, 2007) argued that "climate change could affect the

growth of tourism and recreation but unlikely to bring to decline due to the highly

adaptive capacity that ability to cope with natural disaster, epidemic or even political

event, and it is just a particular effect and the coming of tourist might stop, if the thing

to enjoy and see disappeared" Similar to this argument, (Wolfsegger, C et al 2008)

agree that the climate change is not perceived as a serious threat to the ski operations

because the manager adapted with the snowmaking technique and their ability to cope

with climate change Climate change induced change in the tourism is quite small, and

approximately zero in 2010 but it will ultimately lead to the avoidable global loss in

2050 (Berrittella, M et al 2006)

2.3.1 The Responses of Tourism to Climate Change Impact

The responsible of the tourism sector to the climate change impacts, it varies up to; place, tourism type and climate change variable (Becken, S., & Hay, J E 2007) confirmed that the "mitigation and adaptation measures are of the very different scale and significance both for tourism and climate change" In the case of ski tourism where the lower area predicted will lose the attractiveness, (Koenig, U & Abegg, B 1997) suggested the four adaptation strategies respond to this situation such as; develop the higher skiing areas, make the artificial snow, make the diversification, and cooperation In order to adapt with the long period seasonality, the holiday-related to institution should flexible for the long-term but in case of the institutional, cannot reflect (e.g "tourist inability to find travel companion outside the traditional holiday season or mismatch between the real and the perceived effect of climate change, the adaptation for tourist limited to spatial retribution") and no need to reduce the seasonality, if that regions experienced with the better summer conditions (Amelung,

B et al 2007) (Scott, D et al 2012) suggested that “the tourism destination should adapt to climate change whether to minimize risk or to capitalize on new opportunities associated with local impacts of climate change or impacts on competitors and the broader tourism system” Similarly to this suggestion, the case of zoo visitation in Toronto, Canada where climate change made the positive effects, (Hewer, M J & Gough, W A, 2016) suggested the manager to take this opportunity to plan for the additional staff, program, and other promotion in terms of taking full advantage from this climate change impact during the peak of visitor (Scott, D et al 2012) suggested that the tourism sector should incorporate with the relevant tourism partner and research field for the future task in adaptation action However, the tourism industries adaptation reported by (Becken, S., & Hay, J E, 2007) that, it is only possible with the political point when the tourism company attempts to show up what are they going to

do, may compensate to the policy To keep up the large numbers of tourist remains sustainable in the long-term, (Amelung, B et al 2007) suggested that “a destination must at a minimum possess adequate transportation links and infrastructure, a wide range of accommodations and attractions, and a safe and pleasant environment, in addition to an appealing climate” and (Sookram, 2009) stressed on adaptation and

mitigation strategies for future research and the mitigation and adaptation with appropriate policy

2.3.2 Coastal Flood and the Associated Consequences (Risk) to Tourism

The study between climate change and tourism have done comprehensively and spread out globally (see section 2.3) However, it surprises that the community scale or community-based ecotourism had ignored Coastal and island tourism have confirmed

by (WTO-UNEP-WMO, 2008) as the most vulnerable to the direct or indirect impact

of climate change via, e.g storm, sea level rise and flooding that could lead to physical damage to infrastructure and beach erosion and as well as vulnerable to face the seasonality The investigation on the impact of the coastal flood to tourism sector could aware in the view of the sea level rise impacts In the case of Mu Ko Surin

National Park, Thailand, (Cheablam, O et al 2015) expressed that sea level rise made

the beach erode about 0.38 m per year But the other case considers this event not bring a big challenge to the international tourism demand (Bigano, A et al 2006) uses

“the Hamburg Tourism Model” to simulate the effect of development and climate change on the tourism and also uses this method to examine the impact of sea level rise on tourism demand The result confirmed that the sea level rise has the smaller effect in shifting the international tourist demand compares to the impact of climate change because the latter heavily affects only a few places

The investigation on the consequences of coastal flood and sea-level rise to ecotourism services had done in the community-based ecotourism, but, it seems really far and new In Cambodia, the study of climate change impact (flood, heavy rainstorm)

or the risk assessment had seen at the community level or fishing community (CCCA, 2012) However, it seems occurred at the general aspect for example; crop, human health, and livestock and it remains far from the ecotourism service, or the community-based ecotourism

2.4 The Conceptual Framework in the Climate Change Risk Management

The meaning of “risk” is diversity and depends upon those who pioneered (Kaplan, 1981) called "risk" is the combination of uncertainty and damage or hazard divided by safeguards The other notation on its meaning or its perception could see

the detail clarification from (Balica, 2012), (Pistrika, 2007) and (JonKman S N., 2007) However, to understand in risk analysis related to climate change, the International Panel on Climate Change defined risk is “the result of probability multiply by consequence” (IPCC, 2012, p.43), (Office A G., 2006) There are many risk types which mentioned by (Kaplan, 1981) It changes over the period and non-static (BirKmann, 2013) In terms of flood risk, (Balica, 2012) has noted from Barredo

et al 2007 that, is the function of Flood risk = f (Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability), JRC In other meaning, the “flood risk” is the combination of the probability and the potential consequences 0f flooding (GOV.UK, 2014) the same to what (Apel, 2006) and (Pistrika, 2007) mentioned By this expression, risk caused by the coastal flood would spontaneously be the probability or the likelihood of the occurrence and the consequence of this occurrence According to (Kaplan, 1981), the risk is never zero, but it could cut smaller The purpose of risk management is to evaluate strategies for corresponding treats (Kunreuther, 2013) Flood risk management is about the diminishing the flood risk and doing flood risk assessment could support to decision-making in flood management every level and stage (Balica, 2012), (Kaplan, 1981) (Jim W Hall, 2002) expressed that the doing flood risk analysis will benefit to policy maker at the different level since national to local scale National-scale flood risk assessment able to give consistent information in supporting to development of flood management policy, allocation of resources and monitoring the performance of flood mitigation activities and could assist the decision makers greatly in reducing damage and fatalities (Balica, 2012 P76) Coastal flood, coastal inundation, or sea flooding normally embed the same meaning to call the low-lying land flooded by seawater (Wikipedia, 2017) This event caused by the extreme sea level rise combines with the four main factors; waves, astronomical tide, storm surges, and the relative mean sea level (SurgeWatch, 2016) Storm surge could combine with the river flood or the runoff during raining and triggers a flood severity So that, the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (http://www.stormsurge.noaa.gov/overview_causes Html)

called the coastal flood is the combination of storm surge + Tide + Wave + River and

the other additional factor

The consequences or risk of flood and coastal flood have defined by (Messner,

2005 p2), (Balica, 2012 P76), (Lumbroso, 2011), (Kaplan, 1981), (Pistrika, 2007), and (Nicholls, 2004) It depends on the encompasses a range of harmful effects on humans, their health and their belongings, killing people, damage public service infrastructure, cultural heritage, ecological systems, industrial production and makes economic loss via direct or indirect The direct refers to the damaging and indirect refers to the disruption to economic and the social activities The flood damage caused

by storm surges associated with more intense tropical storms (IPCC, 2007) This event creates the saltwater intrusion that could reduce the economic benefit of agriculture along the coast (Lumbroso, 2011) (Nicholls, 2004) confirmed that the changes in the flood level, the human exposure and the standard of flood management infrastructure are the main association of who will suffer from this phenomenon on the 21st century The way of how coastal flood or sea level rise effects on tourism sector see detail in

Figure 13

(BirKmann, 2013) confirmed that the adaptation refers to the long-term and constantly unfolding process of learning, experimentation, and change that feeds into vulnerability In adapting to risk from flood, (Lumbroso, 2011) suggested the four

strategies; “(1) control of urban development in areas at risk of flooding, (2)

improvements in coastal forecasting and warning, (3) strengthening of flood defenses, and (4) developing a “culture of risk awareness” In terms of flood risk management,

(Lumbroso, 2011) suggested to forecast, warn, assess of flood hazard and risk, maintenance of coastal defenses and structure, plan for flood emergency, and guide to the new development construction in the area at risk of flooding (Apel, 2006) expressed that “flood defense system prevents damage for events corresponding to the exceeding probability of flood” In the case of Cambodia, flood risk policy relies on the management measures and varies upon the roles and the responsibility of government agencies and partners (Sovannara Chea, 2015) This author drew a systematic practical management for the local community (see Figure 2)

Figure 2: The systematic of flood risk management

Source: (Sovannara Chea, 2015)

Normally, risk management framework varies to each field but the two basic components are “risk assessment or valuation” and “mitigation or adaptation” This two components associated closely to the decision-making e.g Alien Eyes’ Risk Model proposed by (Wang et al 2004) to deal with the international construction projects, and the framework for integrated risk management in international business proposed by (Miller, 1992) to use in the business field The Australian Government has developed the Climate Change Impacts & Risk Management (Office A G., 2006) with the specific guide for business and government The guide aimed to combines climate change impacts into risk management and other strategic planning and also specifically used for elected representatives and directors, general management, specialist risk manager or external risk experts This guide consists five working steps; establish the context, identify the risks, analyze the risks, evaluate the risks, and treat the risks But it looks so broad and seems fit to the higher level risk management In the case of flood management, the risk management framework, approach and method mostly consider with the river flood, technical, computer model and the quantitative based These remains comprehensive, complex and difficult to carry out on the lower scale [e.g Merz, B et al 2010 (five level of responses); Plate, 2002 (three level of responses); Zerger, A & Wealands, S, 2004] etc World Bank has established the framework to assess the climate risk and adaptation measurement which called “The Climate Change Risk Matrix”

Figure 3: The World Bank Risk Management Approach

Source: World Bank (http://worldbank.mrooms.net/course/view.php?id=428)

This method consists 6 steps and could be used to analyze and measure the risk level from climate change event It could integrate with the adaptation option and measurement by conducting focus group discussion from the target group, especially

in agriculture and water management field “Risk matrix4” and adaptation matrix has used by e.g Cambodia Climate Change Alliance (CCCA) to assess vulnerability and risk at the community level in the coastal region of Cambodia (CCCA, 2012), to manage the risks deriving from climate change in grazing industry northern Australia (Cobon et al 2009) etc This framework is suitable to time and budget constraint, engage the local community in participatory risk measurement and adoption for future planning in risk management, and notably regard to the definition “risk is the result of probability multiply by consequence” from (IPCC, 2012, p.43)

Step I: Determine Climate Change Factor

The team needs to determine the most relevant factor to all sectors in the region

To do so, the team need to visit the meteorological agency to get the last climate

4 Understanding more on “Risk Matrix” could see in (Garvey, P R & Lansdowne, Z F, 1998) and (Anthony Tony Cox, 2008)

change information for the region It could use the previous literature, the national or the global prediction from the IPCC, for example; the higher maximum temperature, the drought severity, and the sea level rise, etc.

Step II: Rate the Likelihood of Occurrence

The team discusses with the expert or local people about the likelihood of occurrence of the selected factors from step I by color code to each factor The "red" represent extremely likely (probability bigger than 95%), "dark orange" represent very likely (probability bigger than 90%), "orange" represent likely (probability bigger than 66%), and "yellow" represent unlikely (probability smaller than 50%) After finish this task, the team need to place all these colors to the left column of the risk matrix

Step III: Identify Variable Impacted by the Factors

Discuss how these factors could affect to the selected variable (e.g agriculture or water availability, environmental, social and economic), then place this variable to the first row of the risk matrix

Table 1: Impact matrix

Variable 1 Variable 2 Variable 3 Variable 4 Variable 5

Step IV: List the Climate Impacts

The team needs to fill in the matrix cells for the factors impacts by, determine or discuss how the selected factors could affect to the selected variables In some cases, the impact could base on the scientist information, researcher or local knowledge The impact could be qualitative or quantitative based (e.g increase 10C could lead to increase in water evaporation approximately 3-4%, increase water demand) Then, the team needs to assess the risk value and color code to all cell in the table The higher of risk value, the color goes to brown

In the risk matrix method, two dimensions are considered; the likelihood of the factor occurrence and the consequences should occur The likelihood based on the

confidence in climate projection In the other case, we consider on the likelihood of the occurrence which classified as unlikely, likely, very likely and extremely likely Consequence represents the severity of the results that climate change event occurred The consequence categorized as minor, moderate, major and severe We will consider the likelihood that the actor would take place and the consequence should it occurs This call the risk value The risk value classified into four categories; low, medium, high and extreme The "Low" stands as an impact risk that can manage in the existing condition, the "medium" means the risk that should be close to monetary, the "high" means the risk that should incorporate into coping decision, and the "extreme" means the risks that are so high which demands new action to deal with.

Table 2: Risk Matrix Method

Step V: Identify Adaptation Options

The adaptation defines as the managerial and the technical option to cope with the risk of climate change Building on the impact matrix, the team starts to develop an adaptation matrix The first column and the top row remains the same as the impact matrix The remaining cells will fill with adaptation options by team discussion

The team needs to create two related matrixes; one show climate impact with risks and opportunities and the other one show adaptation option To finish this task, the team needs to access the vulnerability The "Vulnerability" refers to the extension

of which natural system or human society are unable to cope with the negative impact

of climate change and variability It includes both the climate risk and adaptive capacity which adaptive capacity refers to the ability to adapt to climate change It could be classified into three categories; low, medium and high by looks at to five components such as human, social, natural, physical and financial When the potential impact extreme, the adaptive capacity considers low The "Red" denotes the highly

vulnerable, the "pink" denotes the moderate vulnerable, and the "light pink" denotes the low vulnerable Consequently, the team needs to integrate the vulnerability assessment into the risk analysis by arranging the color in the remaining cells.

Table 3: Adaptation matrix

Step VI: Establish Priorities

The team needs to discuss an appropriate time frame, short-term, medium-term and long-term The higher vulnerability should receive the priority attention

2.4.1 The Focus Group Method

Focus group is very important in the social research It is the “group discussion

exploring the specific set of issues” (Barbour, R et al 1998) or “a form of group interview that capitalizes on communication with the research participants in order to generate data” (Kitzinger, 1995) The focus group method, firstly came from the Columbia University by Paul Lazarsfeld, Robert Merton, and their colleagues, in the periodof World War II (Pamela S et al 2000).This method is popular used in market research (1950), political, evaluation research social anthropology, media /cultural studies, environmental, educational organization and especially in health research field and adopted a wide range into social sciencefor either adjunctive or the primary data collection(Barbour, R et al 1998), (Pamela S et al 2000), (Krueger, R A et al 2001),

participatory planning (Rabiee F., 2004) This method depends basically on the interaction

among the participants in returning data and very beneficial in measuring the realities

of social of a culture group (Mclafferty, 2004) which allow different groups able to involve in the composition anddiverse group tasks(Barbour, R et al 1998)

According to (Rabiee F, 2004), focus group fits to use in exploring the behaviors, the live experience of the people and encourage the participants to engage positively with the research process Peoples in the group are able to talk, raise the question, share their idea or experience to each other and can facilitate collecting information

from people who cannot read or write It is useful to explore the people's knowledge,

experiences, and to understand the way of people think or feel, attitudes, opinions,

wishes and concerns since 1926 (Kitzinger, 1995), (Barbour, R et al 1998), (Mclafferty, 2004) and (Krueger, R A et al 2001) More than this, (Kitzinger, 1995)

indicated the seven benefits of using this method as in following:

- To highlight the respondents' attitudes, priorities, language, and framework of understanding;

- To encourage research participants to generate and explore their own questions and develop their own analysis of common experiences;

- To encourage a variety of communication from participants-tapping into a wide range and form of understanding;

- To help to identify group norms and cultural values;

- To provide insight into the operation of group social processes in the articulation of knowledge (for example, through the examination of what information is censored or muted within the group);

- To encourage open conversation about embarrassing subjects and to permit the expression of criticism;

- Generally to facilitate the expression of ideas and experiences that might be left underdeveloped in an interview and to illuminate the research participants' perspectives through the debate within the group

(Kitzinger, 1995) suggested that the size of the group starts from 6 to over fifty

which relies upon the objective of the research, the availability of the resource This author also confirmed that the best participant per group is between 4 and 8 people Some case, the participant consists 6 to 8 person (preferable) or 5 to 10 people per

group with 3 or 4 times of conducting focus group analysis (Krueger, R A et al

2001), (Krueger, 2002) However, there is less consensus about the sample size The problems discussed and reviewed by (Mclafferty, 2004) and the author mentioned the case of Stewart and Shamdasani (1990) which is no rule to limit the group number It

depends on the homogeneity of the potential population, cost, time, resources and the convenient of the research application Most of the studying involve just a few groups, and some combine this method with other data collection techniques (Kitzinger, 1995)

However, focus group limited and warned by using the open-ended questionnaire

(Krueger, 2002) It is also inappropriate when using with the sensitive research topics

(e.g the sexual violence), difficult to communicate when the member of the group has the different disability, and data are complex and cumbersome (Kitzinger, 1995)

(Mclafferty, 2004) said that the problem of using focus group “is a relative lack of consistency in make-up and content” and time rise up when organize and run the process Focus group is not appropriate method to use singly in the social science It needs to combine with the observation from the participant or the other method (Pamela S et al 2000) There is some significant expression between the focus group and the other methods as expressed by (Kitzinger, 1995) Data from the focus group are neither more nor less accurate than one collected by the other methods, but it fits with the particular type of question Although the questionnaire is more appropriate for achieving the quantitative information, and the percentage explanation of people holds

a certain opinion, but focus group, acts to make sure how those opinions constructed This author also suggested that the direct observation might appropriate more for

research of social roles and formal (Mclafferty, 2004) confirmed that the homogeneous groups appear to work better than the heterogeneous one

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 The Research Process

The research process organized as five working steps Step I: communicates with relevant stakeholders, basically with Trapeang Sangke community commission for research permission and collaboration, pilot research questionnaires and revising; step II: conducts focus group to deal with objective (A); step III: conduct focus group to gather the data for objective (B) and objective (C) (Implement the World Bank Approach), and step IV: producing reporting and presenting results All step started around six months since the period of October 2016 to the early April 2017

Figure 4: Research Processing Framework

3.2 Selected Tool and Method

The research accompanied based on the use of focus group incorporated with participatory rural appraisal tool (PRA) (Venn diagram5, Historical Profile6), stakeholder map7, Risk matrix, adaptation matrix (follow the World Bank Approach) and designed questionnaire The designed questionnaire regard to the Closed-Ended Question8 (structured) and Open-Ended Questions9 (unstructured) In conducting the

5 Is a type of (PRA) tool, uses for the quick analyze the institution and their relationship to the selected community.

6 Is a type of (PRA) tool, uses for the quick understand the trend of something based on the experience

of the selected group, and local community for a given time period

7 Is a simple tool to classify and categorize the relationship of stakeholder and their power to the selected community.

8 Those could be answered by a simple “yes” and “no” or quantitative answers.

9 Those remain more thought and more than a simple one-word answer or qualitative

Step I: communicated with relevant stakeholders

Step II: conducts focus group to deal with objective A

Step III: conduct focus group to gather data for objective B and C

Step IV: Producing report & presenting results

focus group discussion, the study followed (Krueger, 2002) and (Rabiee, 2004) which remained one the trained assistant to assist in the focus group discussion Flip chart, marker, color sticker, scissors, glue, ruler, field book, camera, and video recorder are the preferable equipment used during the research period The Microsoft Word 2013 used dominantly in the reporting process, and Microsoft Excel 2013 used to make graphics In addition, the observation method also used to clarify and ensure the surrounding environmental data, the living conditions and so on, by participating in the community ecotourism-related activities such as boating, mangrove nursing visiting and mangrove restoration activity, homestay, food and so on

3.3 Sampling and Data Collection

In completing the research thesis, six focus groups conducted based on questionnaire interview and facilitated to complete the World Bank Approach People

in the context of Trapeang Sangke CBET selected for this research such as the CBET commission, cookers, boat driver, fishers, and youth group These people well understand of each service and working with the CBET service in their community The participant number in the group discussion selected under the convenient sampling by regarded to a rank of six to eight people per group

3.4 The Research Approach

To attain the objective (A), the two group discussions selected with Trapeang Sangke CBET commission and interviewed once based on the designed questionnaire (see Appendix 1) Due to the time constraint of CBET commission, the questionnaire was cut into two-part and interview two times (different day) with the same group For the question A4, the original results have transferred and managed in the stakeholder map to better understand and present the results

For objective (B), the two group discussions selected with Trapeang Sangke CBET commission and interviewed once based on the designed questionnaire (see detail in Appendix 2) Due to the time constraint of the CBET commission and their members, the facilitator decided to separate into two tasks and the participants were eight people per group Group I discuss and complete in question B1, B3, B4 and B5 (2 factors: inland flood & rain storm) and group II discus and complete in question B2,

B3, B4 and B5 (2 factor: sea wave & high tide), respectively To understand the trend

of each coastal flood event, the research classified the time period into three categories for question B1 which respected to ten years period (duration that the host community could remember of each coastal flood events in their community) and four categories

of quarterly trend (B2), respectively (3 months/category) The score limited by ten which one piece of sticker represents 10% The results from the historical profile then transferred and presented by the graphics Then these two groups presented and explained their results to the facilitator of why they think or choose that

Finally, to attain the objective (C), the process conducted similarly to the process from the objective (B) which also divided into two working groups based on the designed questionnaire Group I discuss and find the possible response to deal with the consequences from inland flood & rain storm (C1) and group two worked with sea wave & high tide respectively Then these two groups continue to measure the adaptation capacity of the identified adaptation options by placing the color code (see detail in Appendix 3) After that, this two groups continued to work together in discussing and presenting the result and point what to do first (prioritize, step 6)

In determine climate change factors (step I), the coastal flood categorized into four categories; inland flood, storm surge or rainstorm, sea wave and high tide with regarded to the sex service types (Identify variable impacted by the factors, step III); boat and kayak, homestay/bungalow, food, mangrove rehabilitation, tour guide and security service To analyze the consequences of the coastal flood to each service, the matrix adopted two basic indicators; the physical consequences and socio-economic consequences (direct impact and indirect impact from coastal flood to each of these services) Then, the likelihood of the coastal flood index (step II) was not adopted by the World Bank because the gap between one and one are small So this setting likelihood index decided to use the 25% standard but still regard to those four categories from World Bank; Unlikely: probability <25% (0-25%), Likely: probability

>25% (25-50%), very likely: probability >50% (50-75%) and extremely likely: probability >75% (75-100%)

Figure 5: Focus Group Activities with Trapeang Sangke Commission and their members

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS

4.1 Understanding on Background of Mangrove-based Ecotourism Model in

Trapeang Sangke Community

4.1.1 The History of Mangrove Management and Community-based Ecotourism

The mangrove management and community-based ecotourism history in this community generated from questionnaire shows in the figure below:

Figure 6: The diagram of mangrove management history and community-based ecotourism

2015-2017 -The CBET model fully appeared and ready for serving service to tourist

2014 -Started gathering in supporting the ecotourism idea with members and the other

stakeholders -Organized the CBET regulation 2012-2013 -Started the first CBET establishment

-Stated the mangrove and seagrass conservation project -Set up the dissemination banner

2010-2011 -Started the mangrove seedling

-Started patrolling activity

-National registered on the agreement of community fishery establishment

-Boundary set up of the management area

25/12/2010 -The first ecotourism commission starts created

2009 -Started the first election in selecting the fishing community commission

-Organized the member list

-Prepared and disseminate the relevant document

2005-2008 -Gathered for supporting members to create fishing community

Before

2005 -Mangrove deforestation observed

Figure 6 shows that before 2005 the mangrove deforestation for land management along the commune coast triggered, and these are controlled by the private owner This caused the cutting every year to invade for the land management then become a big issue and raised the main concern treated to the villagers’ livelihood By seeing this trend, a group of environmental activist in this commune starts gathering for supporting from villager, fishers authorities and relevant stakeholders to establish fishery

community that took a long period between 2005 to 2008 This phase faced many difficulties The local authorities raised the doubt to this group that might be the politician activists So all every gathering activities had accompanied hardly under eyes

of local authorities After struggled along period with this situation, it was not useless because the first community fishery then established under the facilitating from the Kampot Fisheries Administration Cantonment The first election accompanied and the first community commission also voted in 2009 The community’s regulation being prepared to manage and control the fishery resources Between 2010 and 2011, in collaboration with the other units, the government and non-government organizations, the community management area identified, and the boundary also set and mapped All regulation, map, and boundary established under an inter-sectoral agreement, commune, district, provincial level and the Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fishery In this phase, the community commission funded by many development partners in restoring mangrove and strengthen the patrolling activities which focus deeply on preventing the illegal fishing activities Latter between 2012 to 2013, the community funded to carry out the mangrove and seagrass conservation project In this stage, the community involved in mangrove reforestation and disseminated to their members on this project Nevertheless, everything hasn't brought to a better situation The livelihood of local people still faces with a lower level because most of the villager is fisher who relies only on fishing Meanwhile, the community commission, faced with the budget in the patrolling and protecting their resources because the donor mostly supports on the patrolling way such as boat and the patrolling houses which remains some sharing from the community for the labor, food, and gasoline This raised a big deal to community commission because this group works with non-profit and no salary, just voluntary for their community Thus, the main issue has called the commission action The difficulties not to end the action but it makes more action and innovation to solve

By seeing the green light of the new sources income like the better grow up of mangrove after restoring, the facilities of tourism, the suitable linkage of touristic place

in Kampot as well as from the other province, the trend of visitor, the experiences of CBET commission of visiting the other succeed community, then the idea of