Parts of speech A Verb can be used: 1. after N(P) pron. (as S) My mother (she) always ............... meals carefully. (preparation) 2. after modal: Nothing could ................... him. (attractive) 3. before adv: Things are getting on ................... (succeed) A Noun can be used: 1. as S ....... is a serious problem in many countrries. (employ) 2. as O (after transitive V) Have you got any ...............? (suggest) 3. as C I consider him my ................... as he has taught me a lot. 4. after Adj. The restaurant now is under a new ............ (manage) 5. after Determinersquantifiers What is the ............. of the runway at this airport? (long) We have had a lot of ............. from customers today. (complain) 6. after Prep. I had to check the wages in ................. to my normal work. (add) 7. after BE They teach here. They are ................... An Adj. can be used: 1. before N Artists are ................... people. (create) 2. after Adv. He is ................... unemployed. (complete) 3. after BE (Linking verbs) He was ................... of the work he had done. (pride) Having been waiting a long time, I start to feel ............. (patient) An Adv. can be used: 1. after V. I wrote letters of application .................. , but got no reply. (end) 2. before Adj. The world of computers is ................... competitive. (extreme)
Trang 1A prefix comes at the beginning of a word It adds something to the meaning Here are some common prefixes
anti = against
auto = of / by oneself
bi = two, twice
de = away / from
en = make / cause to become
ex = previously
ex = out of
fore = before/in advance
hyper = extremely / too
in = inside / into
inter = between
mal= badly / wrongly
micro = small
mini = small
mis = badly / wrongly
mono = one
multi = many
out = more / better
over = too much
post = after
pre = before
pro = in favour of
pseudo = false
re = again
semi = half
sub = under / less
super = big / more
trans = across
co = together
under =too little
anti-nuclear protestors, anti-aircraft guns autograph, auto pilot, autobiography bicycle, bilateral, biannual, bilingual de-ink, de-ice, de-forest
enrich, enlarge, encourage, enable, endanger ex-wife, ex-director, ex-student, ex-soldier extract, exhale, excommunicate
foretell, forefathers, forecast, foreword, foreknow, foretime hyperacid, hypercritical, hypermarket, hypersonic, hyperphysical internal, insert, income, inarch, inarm, inboard, inbuilt
inter-city trains, international, interchange, intercity maladapt, maladjusted, maladministration
microcassete, microwave, microscopic minibus, miniskirt, minicomputer, minify misuse, misbehave, misgovern, miscount, misunderstanding, misadvice
monorail, monolingual, monotone, monocycle
a multinational company, a multi-storey car-park outnumber the opposition, outplayed their opponents overcrowded, ill from overwork, an overgrown
a post-dated cheque, the post-war period the pre-war years, prehistoric times, preface pro-government forces, pro-European policies pseudonym, pseudo-intertexture, pseudo-classic, pseudo-graph rewrite, redo, remarry, recount, re-employ, re-read
semi-skilled workers, semi-conscious state, semi-political, semi-solar subnormal intelligence, sub-zero temperatures
superstore, superhuman, supermarket, super-fast, super-bus transatlantic, transplant, transcode, transsexual
co-exist, co-production, co-driver, co-author undercooked food, underage, underpaid, undercover
There are some negative prefixes used to express an opposite.
undress, unlock, unveil, unwrap
This is the most common way of expressing an opposite
NOTE: We do not use in before l, m, p or r We use il, im and ir instead.
- illegal, illogical, illiterate
- immobile, immoral, impossible, impatient
- irrelevant, irresponsible
disbelieve, disconnect, disqualify
government, depopulate
Trang 2
Nouns + Abstract nouns
2 Verb + ion/tion/ation/ition:
12 Adjective + ty/ity: certainty, royalty, stupidity, nationality, security
13 Adjective + ness: happiness, illness, freshness, forgetfulness, blindness
+ Nouns for people
There are very many such nouns, especially with er.
NOTE : We also use er in nouns for things, especially machines e.g a computer, a food mixer
2 Noun/Verb/Adjective + ist: journalist, motorist, nationalist, tourist
5 Noun + ess: (female) waitress, actress, hostess, stewardess, princess
This suffix usually has a passive meaning Compare er and ee.
The company is the biggest employer in the town It has two thousand employees / workers.
Adj N: proud pride, hot heat
V N: bleed blood, feed food, fill full, lose loss, sell sale, shoot shot,
sing song, sit seat, tell tale
speak speech, fly flight, fail failure
3 Sometimes more than one sound changes:
V N: choose choice, lend loan, live life, succeed success, think thought,
+ The same form of Verb and Noun.
Many words can be both verbs and nouns
Trang 3Some words of this kind are: answer, attack, attempt, call, care, change, climb, control,
copy, cost, damage, dance, delay, doubt, drink, drive, experience, fall, help, hit, hope, interest, joke, laugh, look, love, need, promise, rest, ride, run, search, sleep, smile, sound, swim, talk, trouble, visit, wait, walk, wash, wish.
syllable, and the noun is stressed on the first
The stress can make a difference to the vowel sounds For example, progress as a verb is /pr ∂ 'gres/ and as a noun /'pr ∂υgres/ (Verb: 2 – Noun: 1)
+ Some words of this kind are: conflict, contest, contrast, decrease, discount, export,
import, increase, permit, produce, progress, protest, rebel, record, refund, suspect, transfer, transport…
Verbs:
1 Adjective + ize:
2 Adjective + en:
3 N/Adj + ify:
modernize, popularize, privatize, centralize, legalize shorten, widen, brighten, harden, loosen
simplify, solidify, clarify, beautify
+ Some concrete nouns can also be verbs.
The goods were shipped to America (= taken by ship)
Some others are: bottle (wine), box, brake, butter (bread), garage (a car), glue, hammer,
mail, oil, parcel, (tele)phone
+ Some adjectives can also be verbs.
Some words of this kind are: calm, cool, dry, empty, narrow, smooth, warm, wet…
Adjectives:
1 Noun + al:
2 Noun + ic:
3 Noun/Verb + ive:
4 Noun + ful:
5 Noun + less:
6 Noun + ous:
7 Noun + y:
8 Noun + like:
9 Noun + ish:
10 Noun + ly
national, industrial, cultural, additional, original heroic, artistic, photographic, energetic, chaotic, entomic, poetic active, effective, exclusive, informative, expensive
careful, hopeful, peaceful, beautiful, harmful careless, hopeless, worthless, powerless less means ‘without’
Painful and painless are opposites.
dangerous, luxurious, famous, courageous salty, healthy, thirsty, wealthy, greedy, guilty godlike, lifelike, homelike, childlike
childish, selfish, foolish manly, daily, cowardly
Other adjective suffixes:
1 Verb + a(i)ble:
2 Adj + ish:
3 Noun + ed:
readable, eatable, loveable, forcible, visible, reducible youngish, coolish, oldish, prettyish, reddish, sweetish, yellowish balconied, bearedman, kind-hearted woman
Adverb suffixes:
1 Adj + ly:
2 Adv / N + ward(s)
happily, strangely, carefully, beautifully backward(s), heavenward, earthward, seaward
Trang 43 Noun + wise: clockwise, lengthwise, anywise, likewise
1 stable
(a) To the boat in rough sea, we redistributed the weight
(b) Between 1860 and 1900 the country had a number of revolutions and up-risings.It was a time
of great
(c) The exchange rate is going up and down dramatically It's very at the moment
2 reside
(a) This is the President's official
(b) There's no industry or entertainment here It's a district
(c) All of the neighbouring houses were warned of the gas leak
3 comfort
(a) In that tense situation I found the good news very
(b) I felt rather , so I put a soft cushion behind me
(c) She sat in terrible on the hard chair for over an hour
4 dead
(a) The increasing number of in traffic accidents is alarming
(b) Be careful! That's a poison!
(c) The doctor gave him an injection to the pain
5 demonstrate
(a) The marched through the streets chanting slogans
(b) Grandfather rarely showed the affection he felt for his family He was a very person (c) What you say is false Let me show you the facts
6 imitate
(a) The bag is made of leather
(b) Small children are very in their behaviour They just copy what they see (c) His acting style is No one can copy him
7 argue
(a) She had an with her husband last night
(b) He's a very bad-tempered, chap He's always quarrelling
(c) She is the finest pianist in the world
8 repeat
(a) He lost his temper and used disgusting language
(b) In this essay you've said the same thing several times It's very
(c) I hope there will be no of this shocking behaviour
9 fail
(a) She is very efficient, and polite to the customers
(b) He considered himself a He had succeeded in nothing
(c) It was difficult to see much in the light
10 courage
(a) His friends tried to him from attempting the dangerous climb
(b) She stood in the way of the escaping robbers
(c) His parents gave him a lot of in his studies
11 real
(a) I think it's a bit to hope that world peace can be gained so easily
(b) He spends all his time in romantic daydreams He's lost touch with
(c) Ladies and gentlemen, I am a and I think we must face facts
12 false (a) She wasaccused of the financial accounts
(b) It is a to say he did it when you know he didn't
Trang 5(c) The of his argument was obvious to everyone.
13 prophesy
(a) I am not a and I would not like to make a on whether the world can survive this age of nuclear weapons
(b) What he wrote in 1930 was Much of what he described has come true
14.describe
(a) The damage caused by the earthquake cannot be imagined It was
(b) The teacher asked them to write a passage about their home towns
(c) The witness was able to give a full of the wanted man
15 friend
(a) The between the two soon developed into love
(b) In London she was by a rich woman who looked after her and helped her (c) The desert is a dangerous, place
16 sense
(a) He felt a strange, painful in his back
(b) Even the most person ought to appreciate the beauty of this music
(c) What an idiotic, thing to do!
17 famous
(a) The of the Beatles soon spread outside Britain
(b) The day of the massacre will go down in history as a terrible, day It was a day of
18 defend
(a) I just want to ask you a few ordinary questions, so why don't you relax? Why are you so ? (b) The government's policy on arms is shocking It is quite
(c) We must do all we can for the of this nation against possible attack
19.agree
(a) What an unpleasant, old woman she is!
(b) We finally reached on the matter at midnight
(c) I liked the place I found the people, the weather and the food very
20 possess
(a) In his will he left all his money and to his wife
(b) She was a very mother She gave her son very little freedom
(c) The actor playing the main part should be the of a very good voice, good looks and a very strong physique
21 different
(a) I'm afraid I have to I don't agree with you at all.
(b) Politeness is one thing Real kindness is another You must learn to between the two
(c) We get along pretty well, although of course we have our from time to time
22 active
(a) The strike was organised by a group of political
(b) The fire-prevention system is by any small increase in temperature
(c) It is quite safe to go near the volcano It has been for years
23 form
(a) It is especially important for children to have love and affection in their years (b) The slight in his left hand was corrected by surgery
(c) The police are considering the of a new anti-drugs unit
24 enthusiasm (a) They threw themselves into the new project
Trang 6(b) He’s a real golf He loves the game.
(c) They didn’t really over my idea In fact there was some opposition
Trang 71 stable
(a) To STABLEIZE the boat in rough sea, we redistributed the weight.
(b) Between 1860 and 1900 the country had a number of revolutions and up-risings.It was a time
of great STABILITY
(c) The exchange rate is going up and down dramatically It's very at the moment
2 reside
(a) This is the President's official RESIDENCE
(b) There's no industry or entertainment here It's a RESIDENTIAL district.
(c) All RESIDENTS of the neighbouring houses were warned of the gas leak.
3 comfort
(a) In that tense situation I found the good news very COMFORTABLE
(b) I felt rather UNCOMFORTABLE , so I put a soft cushion behind me.
(c) She sat in terrible UNCOMFORT on the hard chair for over an hour.
4 dead
(a) The increasing number of DEATH in traffic accidents is alarming.
(b) Be careful! That's a DEALY poison!
(c) The doctor gave him an injection to DIE the pain.
5 demonstrate
(a) The DEMONSTRATION marched through the streets chanting slogans.
(c) What you say is DEMONSTRATEDLY false Let me show you the facts.
6 imitate
(a) The bag is made of IVE leather.
(b) Small children are very ABLE in their behaviour They just copy what they see. (c) His acting style is INIMITABLE No one can copy him.
7 argue
(a) She had an MENT with her husband last night.
(b) He's a very bad-tempered, ARGUEMENTATIVE chap He's always quarrelling. (c) She is INARGUABLE the finest pianist in the world.
8 repeat
(a) He lost his temper and used disgusting ED language.
(b) In this essay you've said the same thing several times It's very EDLY
(c) I hope there will be no ITION of this shocking behaviour.
9 fail
(a) She is very efficient, and UNFAILINGLY polite to the customers.
(b) He considered himself a FAILURE He had succeeded in nothing.
(c) It was difficult to see much in the FAILING light.
10 courage
(a) His friends tried to ENCOURAGE him from attempting the dangerous climb. (b) She OUSLY stood in the way of the escaping robbers.
(c) His parents gave him a lot of MENT in his studies.
11 real
(a) I think it's a bit UNREALITY to hope that world peace can be gained so easily. (b) He spends all his time in romantic daydreams He's lost touch with ALITY (c) Ladies and gentlemen, I am a REALIST and I think we must face facts.
12 false (a) She wasaccused of HOOD the financial accounts.
(b) It is a SITY to say he did it when you know he didn't.
(c) The NESS of his argument was obvious to everyone.
Trang 8WORD BUILDING
Prefixes
re (= again):
mono (= one):
super (= big/ more):
sub (= under/less):
mini (= small):
pre (= before):
post (= after):
de (= away / from)
en (= make / cause to become)
ex (= previously):
co (= together):
over (= too much):
under (=too little):
out (= more/better):
anti (= against):
mis (= badly/wrongly):
rewrite, redo, remarry, recount, re-employ, re-read monorail, monolingual, monotone, monocycle superstore, superhuman, supermarket, superfast, superbus subnormal intelligence, sub-zero temperatures
minibus, miniskirt, minicomputer, minify the pre-war years, prehistoric times, precook, predesign
a post-dated cheque, the post-war period de-ink, de-ice, de-forest, deform
enrich, enlarge, encourage,enable, endanger ex-wife, ex-director, ex-student, ex-soldier co-exist, co-production, co-driver, co-author, co-star, co-education overcrowded, overwork, overgrown, overweight, overdose
undercooked food, underage, underpaid, undercover outnumber, outplayed, outdo, outgrow, outcry, outbuild anti-nuclear, anti-aircraft guns, anti-war, anti-icer miscount, misunderstand, misadvice, misbelieve, miscall, miscopy
These are some negative prefixes
1 un: unhealthy, unreasonable, unfriendly, unemployed, unkind, unattractive, uncomfortable
NOTE: We do not use in before l, m, p or r We use il, im and ir instead.
illegal, illogical immobile, impatient, impossible irregular, irresponsible
3 dis: dishonest, disunited, disagree, disappear, dislike, disable, dissatisfy, disappointed
4 non: non-alcoholic drinks, non-stop flight, non-smoker, non-drinker, non-arrival
5 de: defrost, depopulation, deforestation, deform, degeneration, denature
Suffixes
Nouns
+ Abstract nouns
judgment, replacement,excitement, enjoyment, improvement, management, encouragement
2 Verb + ion/tion/ation/ition:
addaddition, repeatrepetition, compete competition, recognition, solve solution
permitpermission, emit emission
5 Verb + ing: building, feeling, greeting, meeting, meaning, savings, living, beginning
12 Adjective + ty/ity: certainty, stupidity, nationality, purity, equality, possibility, abnormality,
13 Adjective + ness: happiness, illness, freshness, forgetfulness, darkness, goodness, deafness
Trang 9Examples of antance are: distance, importance.
Notes: 1 Many words can be both verbs and nouns
Some words of this kind are: answer, attack, attempt, call, care, change, climb, control,
copy, cost, damage, dance, delay, doubt, drink, drive, experience, fall, help, hope, interest, joke, laugh, look, love, need, promise, rest, ride, run, search, sleep, smile, sound, swim, talk, trouble, visit, wait, walk, wash, wish.
full, lose loss, sell sale, shoot shot, sing song, sit seat, tell tale, behave behaviour, advise advice, descend descent, prove proof, speak speech, fly flight, fail failure, choose choice, lend loan, live life, succeed success, think thought, die death, complain
+ Nouns for people
NOTE : We also use er in nouns for things, especially machines E.g a computer, a food mixer
5 Noun + ess: (female) waitress, actress, hostess, stewardess, princess
Verbs:
1 Adjective + ize:
2 Adjective + en:
3 N/Adj + ify:
modernize, popularize, privatize, centralize, legalize shorten, widen, brighten, loosen, broaden, deafen simplify, solidify, clarify, beautify, purify
Adjectives:
1 Noun + al:
2 Noun + ic:
3 Noun/Verb + ive:
4 Noun + ful:
5 Noun + less:
6 Noun + ous:
7 Noun + y:
8 Noun + like:
9 Noun + ish:
10 Noun + ly
national, industrial, cultural, additional, traditional, agricultural heroic, artistic, photographic
active, effective, informative, expensive careful, hopeful, peaceful, beautiful, harmful, truthful, wonderful, wasteful careless, hopeless, worthless, homeless, childless, speechless, harmless dangerous, famous, courageous, poinsonous
salty, healthy, thirsty, wealthy, greedy, speedy, dirty, dusty, rainy, snowy godlike, lifelike, homelike, childlike
childish, selfish, foolish (wo)manly, daily, cowardly, friendly, yearly, worldly, brotherly
Other adjective suffixes:
1 Verb + a(i)ble:
2 Adj + ish:
readable, eatable, decidable, visible, reducible youngish, coolish, oldish, prettyish, reddish, sweetish, yellowish
Adverb suffixes:
Note:fast (a) fast (adv), good (a) well (adv)
Trang 101 Clean air provides us with a ……… supply of oxygen (HEALTH)
2 Mr And Mrs Jones have been married for 10 years They have no children They are a
3 Computers can add, subtract, multiply and divide with ……… (ACCURATE)
6 Women nowadays have more … to participate in social activities (FREE)
7 Washing machines, dishwashers are ……… labour-saving devices (USE)
18 Martin is a professional ………, and I think Linda will be a good ……… when
19 Nowadays women around the world have been seeking greater (DEPEND) ……… and
20 Women have joined together to create the so-called “women’s ……… movement.”
(LIBERATE)
22 Because of the ………… of computers pupils can save a lot of time in calculating (INVENT)