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NGUYÊN LÝ HOẠT ĐỘNG

NGÂN HÀNG

PRINCIPLES OF BANKING

NỘI DUNG

THỜI LƯỢNG: 45 TIẾT

 Đối tương nghiên cứu

Môn học trang bị cho sinh viên hệ thống những kiến thức lý luận và thực tiễn liên quan đến ngân hàng, vai trò của ngân hàng trong nền kinh tế, bản chất của các hoạt động kinh doanh của ngân hàng và những xu thế mới trong hoạt động ngân hàng

 Yêu cầu:

- Trước khi lên lớp, sinh viên đọc và chuẩn bị các nội dung liên quan đến chương trình;

-Kết quả cuối kì: sinh viên nắm rõ nguyên lý hoạt động ngân hàng, quản

lý nhà nước về ngân hàng, các thống nhất quốc tế trong hoạt động ngân hàng

PHƯƠNG PHÁP ĐÁNH GIÁ KẾT QUẢ

Đánh giá sự tham gia

Điểm giữa

kỳ Kiểm tra/tiểu luận/dự án/thuyết trình 30 %

NỘI DUNG

Chương 1: KHÁI QUÁT CHUNG VỀ NHTM

 1.1 Vai trò, chức năng và vị trí của ngân hàng trong nền kinh tế

 1.2.Hệ thống ngân hàng, tổ chức và cấu trúc của các ngân hàng

 1.3 Các nhân tố cơ bản ảnh hưởng đến hoạt động

ngân hàng

1 VAI TRÒ, CHỨC NĂNG CỦA NGÂN HÀNG TRONG NỀN KINH TẾ

Những dòng vốn đi qua thị trường tài chính

Mục tiêu của NHTM và các trở ngại

2 NỘI DUNG HOẠT ĐỘNG VÀ HỆ

THỐNG NGÂN HÀNG

Nguồn vốn của ngân hàng

(Liabilities)

 Tiền gửi không kì hạn/ thanh toán (Demand and Notice Deposits)

 Tiền gửi kì hạn (Fixed – Term/time Deposits)

 Đi vay (Borrowings)

 Vốn chủ sở hữu ngân hàng (Bank capital)

Tài sản NHTM (Assets)

 Dự trữ ngân quỹ (Cash reserves)

 Tiền gửi tại các NH khác (Deposits at Other

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved 17-13

Flow of funds (tab down to commercial banks)

http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/current /z1r-4.pdf

The Bank Balance Sheet

Deposit with no check writing

Discount loans Fed Funds,

Corporate Loans (as percentage of liabilities) have grown by factor of 10 since 1960

Bank Equity = Assets - Liabilities,

listed as Liab because Bank owes this

to owners Also includes Loan Loss Reserves

Distribution of Assets

Hệ thống ngân hàng

 NHTM (Commercial banks)

 Hiệp hội cho vay và tiết kiệm (Savings and loan associations (S&L’s))

 Quỹ tín dụng (Credit unions)

 Các ngân hàng đặc biệt (Specialized banks)

Thị phần của các loại hình ngân hàng tại Mỹ

(end of 2002 (in billions))

Bank categories

 Base on the ownerships

 Base on the specialization

 For seeing Balance Sheet of Viet Nam Banks, please visit: http://www.sbv.gov.vn/vn/home/htbctaichinh.jsp

3 Các nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến

hoạt động ngân hàng

 Nới lỏng quản lý nhà nước

 Sự cạnh tranh và đa dạng hóa trong lĩnh vực NH

 Toàn cầu hóa

CHƯƠNG 2

QUẢN LÝ NHÀ NƯỚC ĐỐI VỚI

HOẠT ĐỘNG NGÂN HÀNG

What Can Go Wrong?

 “Bank failure” – the bank goes out of business.

 Bank depositors might lose some of their funds

 Bank creditors might lose some of their investment

 Bank owners lose their capital

 The bank suffers significant losses – the government might have to help

Reasons for Bank Regulation

Banks must be regulated because:

 a bank failure can be devastating to depositors

 there’s a risk of systemic failure: the failure of one bank

can make it more likely that other banks will fail

 depositors can’t monitor how the bank invests their

funds, creating a moral hazard problem.

 government assistance to a bank can be very costly

Reasons for Bank Regulation

Banks are less stable than other businesses

A Closer Look at Bank Failure

Two reasons for bank failure:

 The value of bank assets falls, so assets<liabilities

 Deposit outflow: A large number of depositors

withdraw their funds from the bank, exhausting the bank’s cash (reserves) and other liquid assets

Therefore a bank is more likely to fail if it has a low capital/asset ratio or a low reserve ratio

A Closer Look at Bank Failure

Tradeoff between higher income and a lower risk of failure:

 Holding other things constant, the bank’s net income

is higher if its capital/asset ratio and reserve ratio are

lower, since then it holds relatively more

interest-earning assets

 If the bank’s capital/asset ratio and reserve ratio are

higher, it’s less likely that the bank will fail (so it’s

less likely that the stockholders will lose their capital.)

A Closer Look at Bank Failure

If there were no government regulation of banks:

 each bank would choose a capital/asset ratio and a reserve ratio to maximize the value of the bank

 depositors would want to deposit their money in banks that are well managed, so banks would have an

incentive to choose capital/asset ratios and reserve ratios that reduce the threat of bank failure

 “market discipline”

A Closer Look at Bank Failure

But if there were no government regulation of banks:

 banks would choose capital/asset ratios and reserve

ratios that are too low from society’s standpoint.

 banks would take on too much risk, so there would be too many bank failures, and the government would have

to spend too much money to assist troubled banks

An Example:

Continental Illinois Bank

 Continental Illinois Bank failed in 1984

 The federal government paid billions of dollars to

keep Continental Illinois from closing

 This was the biggest bank “resolution” in U.S history

An Example:

Continental Illinois Bank

Before it failed, Continental Illinois Bank:

 was the largest bank in Chicago

 was the seventh-largest bank in the U.S

 had 57 offices in 14 states and 29 foreign countries

An Example:

Continental Illinois Bank

Why did Continental Illinois fail?

 Starting in the late 1970s, the bank grew fast, with lots of loans to businesses

 Poor quality loans

 Too many loans to firms in the oil industry

 Too many loans to borrowers in Latin America

 “Continental Illinois is willing to do just about anything

to make a deal.”

 High cost of funds

 Large share of funds borrowed from other banks

 Relatively small reliance on domestic deposits

 Heavy borrowing in foreign money markets

An Example:

Continental Illinois Bank

The Bank’s Troubles

 By 1984 the bank’s nonperforming loans (loans on which payments were late) rose to $5.2 billion (over 10% of total loans)

 May 1984: an electronic “bank run” – depositors

withdrew billions of dollars in deposits

 The FDIC and the Federal Reserve System pledged their support for the bank and lent over $5 billion

An Example:

Continental Illinois Bank

Dangers

 Many smaller banks had deposits at Continental

Illinois, so the failure of Continental Illinois could have caused some of them to fail, too

 Other depositors (including many important

corporations) could lose some of their funds

 Foreign investors would lose confidence in U.S

banks

An Example:

Continental Illinois Bank

Rescuing Continental Illinois Bank

 Continental Illinois Bank had $3 billion in insured deposits and $30 billion in uninsured deposits The

FDIC promised to guarantee all deposits

 The FDIC assumed the Bank’s 3.5 billion debt to the Federal Reserve

 The FDIC bought $1 billion in Continental Illinois

stock – the FDIC “owned” the bank

An Example:

Continental Illinois Bank

Lessons from Continental Illinois Bank

 Banks have an incentive to take on too much risk, so they need closer supervision

 The failure of a very large bank could have broader negative effects

 Rescuing a large bank can be expensive for the

government

 Good sources:

 www.fdic.gov/bank/historical/managing/contents.pdf Part II, Chap 4

 http://www.fdic.gov/bank/historical/history/vol1.html Chap 7

Bank Regulation: An Overview

The government regulates banks in many ways:

 Restricting the types of assets that banks may hold

 Performing bank examinations (periodic auditing

Effects of Deposit Insurance

Deposit insurance prevents bank runs

system

Deposit insurance gives banks

incentives to:

Capital Requirements

 When there’s deposit insurance, banks have an incentive to hold too little capital

 Therefore the government imposes capital

requirements to ensure that banks hold sufficient capital

Capital Requirements

that a bank’s capital/asset ratio be greater than or equal to a specified level.

 Problem: Not all assets are equally risky A simple capital requirement gives a bank an incentive to hold more risky assets.

Risk-weighted Capital

Requirements

At an international conference in Basel, Switzerland in

1988, bank regulators from the world’s affluent countries agreed to impose risk-weighted capital requirements:

 Classes of assets are assigned risk weights between

Risk-weighted Capital Requirements:

 In this example, if regulators require the bank to

maintain its risk-weighted capital ratio at a level of at least 8%, then the bank’s capital must be at least

$16,00,000 (or 8% of $200,000,000)

 If the bank acquires another $1 million in capital, it

could invest up to:

 $12.5 million more in home-equity loans

 $25 million more in home mortgages

 $62.5 million more in municipal bonds

Risk-weighted Capital Requirements:

An Example

3 THỐNG NHẤT QUỐC TẾ VỀ HOẠT ĐỘN NGÂN HÀNG

Proposed Capital Requirement Reform:

Basel 2

 Problem: Assets within a risk class might expose

banks to different amounts of risk

 Bank regulators have designed a new system of bank capital requirements – Basel 2 – that will provide

better incentives for banks to manage their risks in a way that promotes bank stability

 Basel 2 will take effect in some countries in 2007

Reserve Requirements

 The Central Bank requires banks to hold reserves that are greater than or equal to a specified

percentage of their checkable deposits:

 3% for smaller banks (in US)

 10% for larger banks (In US)

deposits by controlling reserves.

Restrictions on Asset Holdings

Bank regulations include the following:

 Banks cannot hold common stock

 Banks cannot invest too large a share of their

deposits in a single loan or in loans to businesses in

a single industry

 Banks cannot lend funds to bank directors,

managers, or principal shareholders at below-market rates

Bank Examinations

 Banks are visited on a regular schedule by bank examiners from the Central Bank, the Deposit

insurance, or other agencies

 Bank examiners review the bank’s financial

statements and its confidential accounts

 The results are summarized in a “CAMELS” rating given to the bank

CAMELS ratings

1 Sound in every respect

2 Fundamentally sound, but with modest

weaknesses that can be corrected

3 Moderately severe to unsatisfactory

weaknesses; vulnerable if there’s a business

downturn

4 Many serious weaknesses that have not been

Bank Examinations

 CAMELS ratings are disclosed to bank management, but not to the public

 If the CAMELS rating for a bank is unfavorable,

regulators can take actions like these:

 Require banks to disclose unfavorable information

in their public financial statements

 Issue a “cease and desist” order requiring the

bank to stop doing things that cause financial

troubles and to correct problems

 Impose fines (up to $1,000,000 per day)