Trong tinh hinh dd, mot sd nha dia ly kinh te kien Iri tim kiem giai phap ddi mdi theo hudng lam phong phu hanlhuc tl ban ngi ham nhan van cho cac van de kinh te - xa hdi dat nude; kbdn
Trang 1TAIDINH DANG D|A LY KINH TE - XA HOI VIET NAM: NAM GIA TRI COT LOI, MOT TAM NHIN VA CACH TIEP CAN
VIET NAM HOC, HITONG T O I D I A LY NHAN VAN
Va Nhu Van
1 Tarn nhin va each tiep can Vift Nam hoc
- Viet Nam bgc (Vielnamology) bay Ngbien ciru Viet Nam (Vietnamese Studies)
la nganh khoa bgc ngbien ciru da chieu ve Viet Nam Iheo: (i) cac chuyen nganh nhu Hch sir, dia ly, ngdn ngir, van bgc, van hda, kinb le, xa hoi, mdi Irudng sinh thai ; (ii) tinh lien nganh cua khu vyc bgc Trong nha Irudng, nganh Viet Nam bgc nham trang hi cho sinh vien nhirng kien Ihiirc dai cuomg ve khoa bgc xa hdi va nhan van, dac biet cac kien Ihuc ca ban, he thdng, hien dai va Ihiet Ihyc ve Viet Nam bgc (va
ca tieng Viet trong Irudng hop sinh vien la ngudi nude ngoai), giup sinh vien sau khi Idl nghiep cd kha nang di sau ngbien ciru va giang day Viet Nam bgc; hoac trd Ihanh hudng din vien cho nganh du Hch Vi$t Nam bgc ciing cung cap each tiep can cac van de ve Viet Nam/lien quan den Viet Nam trong boat dgng ciia cac ca quan ngoai giao, Id chire qude le, cac ca quan dai dien, van pbdng thuomg mai, cac id chirc chinh phu va phi chinb phu d trong nude va ngoai lanb thd Viet Nam'
Trong CO cau nganh Viet Nam bgc cd hai bd phan gan ket/tuang lac gifra Viet Nam bgc trong nude (do cac nha khoa bgc Viet Nam Ihuc hien) va Viet Nam hoc ngoai nude (chu yeu do cac nha khoa bgc nude ngoai thuc hien) dem lai each nhin loan dien ban cho hoach dinh chien luge phat tricn va hdi nhap"
Hdi thao qudc le Viet Nam bgc Ian thu nhat nam 1998 lai Ha Ngi da gop phan nang cao vi the cua cac Irung lam va Khoa Viet Nam hoc thudc Dai hoc Qudc gia
Ha Ngi va nhieu Irudng dai hoc trong nude, thu hut mot sd can bd khoa hoc cuan tam va ddng dao sinh vien theo hoc chuyen nganh mdi nay
- Su xuat hien Viet Nam bgc, ciing vdi lam nhin, phuang phap tiep can cung nhu sir danh gia tich cue ciia xa hdi, khicn chimg tdi, cac nha dia ly Viet Nam bat iiac
* TS Truong Dai hoc Supham Thai Nguyen
1, 2 Hoi thao qudc te Viet Nam hoc Ian ba Viet Nam: Hdi nhgp vd phdt Irien, Nxb Dai hoc
Quoc gia Ha Noi 2008
Trang 2TAI DINH DANG DIA LY KINH TE - XA HOI VIET NAM
nhir lai doi tirgng va nhicMn vu ciia dia 1>' kinb le - xa hdi Viet Nam theo tinh than
ddi -ndi tu duy trirdc hel la tu day phat tr'ien gan vdi thuc lien dat nude
Xct vc phuang dien Hch sir dia ly k\ nh te - xa hdi Viet Nam khdi dau bang dia
- kirh te vdi doi tirgng chii ycu la nghien ciru su phan bd san xuat NhCtng nam 70
the ly XX nhan thirc dugc vai tro quan trong cua cac van de xa hdi trong mdi quan
he true tiep vdi san xuat dia - kinh te c6 them tiep vi ngu xd hdi; liic dau lien each
bang dau phay (kinh te, xa hdi) vc sau chuyen gach ngang (kinh te - xa hdi) va tdn
lai den nay
Do cham ddi mdi, ddi tugng ciia dia ly kinh le - xa hdi triing hgp ngau nhien
vdi Jhien luge phat trien kinh te - xa hoi, va dieu dd, vd hinh chung thudng bi nhan
nhlm la khoa bgc md la theo/cho chien luge dd, khien cho dia ly kinh te trd nen
ken: hip din cho ngudi bgc va "tiep thj" mdn bgc Trong tinh hinh dd, mot sd nha
dia ly kinh te kien Iri tim kiem giai phap ddi mdi theo hudng lam phong phu
hanlhuc tl ban ngi ham nhan van cho cac van de kinh te - xa hdi dat nude; kbdng
Ihda man vdi nbCrng gi dat dugc, hg keu ggi lai dinh dang/tai cau true dia ly kinh le
- xa hdi Viet Nam bang sy Irg giiip tir tdm nhin va each tiep can tdng hap - lien
nganh Viet Nam hoc vai lai the han hdn nha mdi lien he hdi tiep da chieu do cd
each nhin tir trong ra (Vi^t Nam hoc trong nuac) kit hap vai each nhin tir ngoai vdo
(Viet Nam hoc ngodi nuac)\ May thay, each tilp can ay ve ngi ham lai gan gui vdi
phumg phap nghien ciru lien nganh - lien viing cua dia ly kinh te - xa hdi; va dieu
nay dien ra triing phiing vdi su kien Tdi dinh dgng dia - kinh te the giai do WB de
xult t^i Bdo cao Phdt triin thi giai nam 2009 cimg vdi Thuyet thuang mgi mai/Bia
- kirh ti mai cua Paul Krugman, mot hoc gia My, doat Giai thudng Ndbel vl kinb tl
bgc(2008)1
Cung cin ndi them, trong clu true phucmg phap luan dia ly kinh te - xa hdi
Viei Nam da cd mot sd khia canh mang tinh/mdlip ndi ham dia ly nhan van thdng
qua cac ndi dung dia ly dan cu, xa hdi, ben canh cac van de dia ly dan toe, dan sd,
quin cu, cu Iru vdn la nhinig vln dl co tinh tuyin thdng, cdn cd mot sd khia canh
vl sdnb kl, chit lugng cudc sing, cac gia tri van hda, van minh, nang luc the chat,
ban sic van hda cua ngudi Viet Nam trong canh Iranh va hdi nhap qudc te Day la
nhihg ylu id sin sang cho su nhan van hoa phuang phap luan cung nhu tiep can hanh
dgni; va dugc coi nhu la tiln dk vat chat can va du cho vice lai dinh dang dia ly
1 Ding Van Phan va NNK "Dia ly kinh tC- - xa hoi Viet Nam: Dien giai va hanh dong hudng
tc! dja ly hoc thong minh sang tao" Hoi thao khoa hoc Cdc vdn de trong nghien cini vd gang, ilgv dia ly Dai hoc Quoc gia TP.H6 Chi Minh, 2012
2 Bio ciio Phat iriln the gidi (WB), Tdi dinh dang dia - kinh le (Reshaping economic geograpln)
Nvb \an hoa - Thong tin Ha Noi 2009
Trang 3VI$T NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QU6C TE LAN THU TU
kinh le - xa hdi va nhan van ddng Ihdi xay dyng mdi dia ly nhan van Hudng di mdi nay, ve mat ly luan, can dugc kien giai bang vi^c lam sang Id 5 gia In cdt Idi sau
2 Nam gia trj cot Idi
2.1 Khdng gian tu nhien - lich su
La nen tang ciia dia ly Viet Nam, va ndi chung cua ca Viet Nam bgc, moi Irudng ly nhien Hch su Viet Nam dugc the hien trong bd ba khai niem Tu nhien -Con ngudi - Xa hdi Tudng chimg bd ba khai niem nay chi la su bieu dat/mo lip nguyen lac phong thuy, nhung thuc ra la san pham ciia tuomg lac boat ddng ciia con ngudi vdi ly nhien nham khai ihac tu li?u san xuat va sinh boat; khien cho cai tu nhien nguyen so trd thanh cai tu nhien nhan lac Bdi con ngudi va vi con ngudi, tu nhien ban dau da mang dau an Hch su Theo nghTa dd, nen tang tu nhien cac nghien cuu ve dat nude, con ngudi Viet Nam ve ban chat la ly nhien - Hch su Khdng c6 tu nhien ly than nd, ciing nhu khdng cd Hch sir nim ngoai cai ndi tu nhien cua dat nude
Ve mat lich su tu nhien, tir thdi lien Cambri cho den dau Cd sinh, khdi nen cd
sdng Chay trong pham vi lanh thd hien nay ciia viing niii phia BIC Viet Nam, ciing vdi khdi nen cd Kon Tum tren Tay Nguyen da hign len khi lanh thd nude la liic dd cdn la mdi viing nude menh mdng Cac boat ddng dia kien tao sau dd, dac biet trong thdi ky tan kien tao, ciing vdi cac boat ddng dul gay, nang syt, phun Irao macma, din den sy thay ddi bg mat dia hinh, biln mot sd ban hinh nguyen cd thanh viing ddi niii nhieu b$c, tir thap den Irung hinh va cao tren 2500m vdi mang ludi song chay theo hudng chii dao tay bic - ddng nam; dan hi?n len cac hudng vdng cung, hudng ddng blc - tay nam; lac dgng cua tao son Anpa - Hymalaya cdn lam bien ddi canh quan dll nude mot each sau sic, tir canh quan cd chi tuyen sang canh quan cd a chi tuyen va dn ddi, cudi ciing la canh quan chi tuyen hien dai
vi tiin trinh lich sir xa hdi, lanh thd nude la ngay nay trai dai tren hai nghin
cay sd tir Lang Son din mui Ca Mau da dugc xay dyng tren mot qua trinh ban hai nghin nam, nlu kl tir Au Lac la nha nude dau lien ciia chimg la xuat hien trong bien nien sir dan toe Cho din nha Ly, trong thdi ky dau cua nha nude phong kien tu chii, lanh tho cua chiing la chi mdi quanb quIn d mien bac Hoanh Son va tir mien trjng
du sdng Hdng, sdng Ma va sdng Lam trd xudng Nha Ly da dn dinh bien gidi ciia Dai Viet vl phia ddng blc, ddng thdi md bd cdi cua nude la ve phia nam, den s5ng Thach Han tinh Quang Tri ngay nay- Nha Trin bat dau kinh dinh mien lay bac va miln lay Thanh Hda, Nghe An, ddng thdi md bd cdi vao den nui Hai Van va nha
1 Id tilp tuc phat Iriln vao din Quang Ngai Nha Le d thinh thdi da dn dinh bien ^idi miln lay va md mang them bd cdi vao den Binh Dinh
1 Dao Duy Anh, Ddt nude Viet Nam qua cdc d(ri, Nxb Thuan Hoa, 1996
Trang 4TAI DINH DANG DIA LY KINH T^ - XA H O I VIET NAM
Tiep tiic su nghiep cua nha Le ho Nguyen da phat trien lanh thd vao den Ha Tien
va Ca Mau, sat vdi vinh Ihai Ian, sau khi chiem cir bet ca nude Chiem Thanh va mdi phan nude Chan Lap; dong thdi ho Nguyen da bat dau kinh dinh mien cao ngu/en phia lay Nhung lanh tho nude ta, do viec nha Mac cudp ngdi nha Le va do viec hai hg Trinh Nguyen phan tranh da hi chia xe lam hai trong khoang hai the ky rud Do cudc khdi nghTa lay Son danh do ca hg Nguyen, bg Tnnb vdi nha Le, lanh thd mdi cd dieu kien de thdng nhat trd lai trong pham vi rgng rai ban d thdi Le
so, 3ao quat ca dat lien va vimg nude rgng Idn tren Bien Ddng, gdm cac quan dao Hoing Sa va Trudng Sa
Tren ca sd nghien ciru cac tai lieu dia ly Hch su", ciing nhu cac ngudn thdng tin lu lieu mdi nhat, khdng gian tu nhien - Hch su Vi^l Nam cd the dugc nhin nhan mgtcach tdng quan nhu sau:
Thir nhdt, lanh thd nude ta la mot dam vi dia ly hoan chinb, nam d phia ddng
ban dao An Do Chi Na, d giira mot ben la dai nui xuomg sdng ciia phan ddng bd ban dao tir mien nam Trung Qudc chay doc xudng nam theo hiiu ngan sdng Me Kdng, mot ben la bien Ddng Hai vdi vinh Blc Bg d blc va vinh Thai Lan d nam
Thir hai, don vi dia ly ay dugc cau tao tren su phan biet va sy phdi hgp ciia hai
mill ddi nhau, mien ddng bang chay dai theo dgc bien do nbirmg sdng Idn phat nguyen tir dai niii xuang sdng bdi thanh, va mien nui cao chay dai theo trien phia ddng ciia dai niii xuomg sdng va Hen tiep vdi mien ddng bing do mot dai trung du gdiT nhung ddi va dll cao chan niii; su pham biet va su phdi hgp giira hai mien nhu thI a dilu kien rll thuan Igi cho vi?c thanh lap mot khu vyc kinb le hoan chinb vdi nhung ngudn lai san va nbimg nganh san xuat luy khac nhau ma bd sung lln nhau,
do dd cung la dilu kign thuan Igi cho sy thdng nhat chinh tri, tuc su kiln lap cua nha nude thdng nhit, mac diu vl dilu kign cu dan thi nhirng miln cao do khac nhai nhu tren da quy dinh sy tin lai ben canh nhau ciia nhilu chung toe va dan Idc khac nhau
Thir ba, lanh thd ly nIm dai theo bd phia ddng ciia An Do Chi Na va hi chia
clt Mnh nhilu khu vyc each nhau bdi nhumg nhanh ngang cua day niii xuomg sdng noi :ren nhung mdi mot khu vyc ly tu nd lai cung la mdi khu vyc dia ly hoan chinh nhdvdi mot dai ddng blng, mot dai niii cao lien tiep nhau bdi mot dai trung du, do
do cung cd Ihl lam thanh mot khu vuc kinh le tuomg ddi hoan chinb Nhu-ng khu virc nho ly luy each nhau bdi nhimg nhanh niii ngang, nhimg lai thdng vdi nhau de dang blng nhung deo thip va nhIt la bang dudng bien dgc theo bd, cho nen su ngan each theo nhilu khu vuc nhu thI khong nhirng khdng ngan trd sy giao thdng va do
1 DioDuy Anh Sdd
Trang 5VItT NAM HQC - KY \tV UQl THAO QU6C TE LAN THIJ TlT
do su thdng nhat kinh le va chinh In, ma trai lai la dieu kign thuan Igi cho sy dn dinh
tuomg ddi sdm cua lanh thd nha nude va cho sy phat trien deu dan theo lirng giai do^n cua lanh thd ay
Thu tu, khdng gian lanh thd nude ta la mot dan vi dia ly thdng nhat trong su
da dang gdm ba hgp phan: mien niii, ddng bang, bien, diing nhu dng cha da kbSng dinh ca cau lanh thd nude la la tam san tir hdi nhdt phan dien; trong dd bien nude la
la Biln Ddng Dd la ca sd tu nhien - Hch su cho cudc dau tranh de bao ve chii quyen, quyen chii quyen va quyen tai phan tren viing lanh hai, tiep giap lanh hai, viing dac quyen kinh le va viing them lye dia, trong dd cd hai quan dao Hoang Sa va Trudng
Sa Khdng gian ly nhien - Hch sii dd dugc khlng dinh trong Luat Bien Viet Nam dugc Qudc hgi cdng bd Ihang 6/2012
Thii- nam, Trong thdi dai loan cau hda va hdi nhap qudc le, khai niem khong gian tu nhien - lich sir can dugc cap nhat hda bang quan nigm khdng gian "mem", khdng gian "thdng minh", dugc dinh vi blng Iga dg viing phu sdng ciia v? tinh vien
thdng VINASAT cung nhu vi tri va vi the ciia la theo cac phan khiic trong ehuoi cung loan cau'
He luan quan trgng tir nhirng dilu trinh bay d tren la sy khlng dinh khdng gian
ly nhien - Hch su nude ta thdng nhIt trong da dang, kl thira ciia qua khu, vQ-ng tin trong hign tai, phat trien trong tuomg lai
2.2 Cuddn
- Cu dan la ngi dung cdt Idi trong hlu hit cac nghien cuu dia ly Cdng trinh tieu bilu theo hudng nghien cuu long hgp - lien nganh la lac phim Vdn hda vd cu dan dong bdng sdng Hdng ciia GS Vu Ty Lap va cac ddng nghigp^ Dudi gdc nhin dan sd
bgc, chu Ihl cu dan Viet Nam la mgt cgng ddng sd Idn vdi 86,9 tri^u ngudi (2010), thudc nhdm nude cd dan sd ddng tren the gidi, nhumg phan bd khdng ddng deu giura cac viing miln, giira cac khu vuc va dia phuang phii hgp vdi hoan canh mdi trujng kinh le sinh thai nhan van
Theo tinh loan ciia UNDP, dl cudc sdng thuan Igi, binh quan tren Ikm^, chi nen
cd tir 35 den 40 ngudi; vay ma mat do dan sd nude la nam 2010 la 263 ngudi/km , lire la gip khoang 6 - 7 lln "mat do chuin" Ihl gidi Trong dieu kien dat ndng nghiep d cac viing ddng blng cd ban, mat do dan sd cao cung la dieu kien khd khan cho tao viec lam, bao ve mdi Irudng va phat trien ben vQ-ng
1 Dang Van Phan va NNK, , Sdd
2 Vu Tu Lap va NNK, Van hda vd cu dan ddng being sdng Hdng, Nxb Khoa hoc xa loi,
Ha Noi, 1991
Trang 6TAI Dlf^H DANG DIA LY KINH T^ - XA H O I V I E T NAM
- Theo Du bao ciia Lien hop quoc, Vict Nam dang d thdi ky "ddn sd vdng",
keodai khoang 27 nam (tir nam 2008 va ket thuc vao nam 2035) Viec nIm bit ca hdi nay de tao nen budc dot pha cho su phat trien cua dat nude la hel sire quan trgng, nhung that khdng de dang Nude ta da d sat ngudng dan sd gia Ngay tir bay gid, can day manh nghien ciru qua trinh gia hda d nude ta nham lam ca sd cho viec xay dung va thuc thi chien luge qudc gia nham ddi phd vdi xu hudng gia hda dan sd dier ra ngay cang nhanh, manh Nhieu thach thirc ve co hdi dan sd vang cung nhu ddn trudc dan sd gia dat ra ciing liic
- Trong qua trinh Hch sir, nude ta thirdmg xuyen cd cac cudc di dan Cac cudc
di din dau lien xuat phat tir cai ndi hinh thanh dan toe Viet d trung du phia bac, lan Kudng phia ddng va sau dd xudng phia nam theo cac thdi ky Hch su Cac cudc tdng dieu Ira dan sd nam 1999 va nam 2009 cho thay, do su chuyen bien co cau kinh te cho nen cac ludng chuyen cu cung cd nhirng thay ddi nhat dinh Mien niii
va trung du Bac Bd trudc day nhap cu nhieu bom thi gid day bat dau cd bien lugng xuai cu Cac ludng di cu tir ddng bang sdng Hdng hudng vao Tay Nguyen, ddng blng sdng COru Long va Ddng Nam Bg Blc Trung Bd la vimg xuat cu Idn, chu yeu hudng vao Tay Nguyen va Ddng Nam Bd Nhirng tac ddng kinh le - xa hgi ciia su chuyen cu rat phirc tap, da dang va lau dai, gay xao Iron ca cau dan cu d tat
ca cac vimg; ay la chua ndi den mot bd phan cu dan ngudi Viet Nam sinh sdng d nude ngoai, va mgt bd phan ngudi nude ngoai nhap qudc deb Viet Nam ngay cang ddng han
- Trong qua trinh phat trien luc lugng san xuat, ddng thdi vdi sy thay ddi
cac mlu hinh quIn cu d cac viing, sy phat trien ciia cac dd thi, sy hinh thanh va pha: triln mang ludi dilm dan cu trong pham vi ca nude, lirng budc hinh thanh
hg thong quIn cu thdng nhIt trong su da dang, nhung chii yeu gdm hai mau hinh quIn cu ndng thdn (ddng blng - ven biln, mien niii) va mlu hinh quan cu Iharh thi
Qudn cu pho bien a ddng bdng, ven hiin pbin Idn la lang xa ngudi Viet Vl
ngoii mao, lang xa truyin thdng d ding blng sdng Hdng dugc xay dymg tren nbii-ng nin dll cao bom ddng rudng bao quanh GiCra lang cd dinh thd thanh hoang - ngudi
cd cong dung lang Ben canh dinh lang thindng cd chiia thd Phat, phia trudc chiia cd gae chudng, tugng Quan Am Bd Tat, hien than cho dire tin uy nghiem, tram mac, ma gan gui'
Su khac biet trong quIn cu va cu trii d d6ng blng sdng Cihi Long khdng dem lai su
di bet, trai lai, dd la su da dang trong van hoa cu tni va van hda umg xir vdi tu nhien
1 V J T u L a p v a N N K Sdd
Trang 7VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU"
Xdm ap lay kenh rach lam tryc giao luu kinh le va xa hdi Tren mgi phuomg dien tam linh va thiel che lang xa - xdm ap hai ddng bang deu la nai luu tru va phat trien cac gia tri van hda vat chat va linh than ciia dan toe
Quan cu ddng blng ven bien mang tinh ludng nguyen; mat trong de gan vdi
ddng rudng de san xuat luomg thuc, vdi mai dinh, chiia chien, cay da, gieng n\iac,
vdi mg to, nha thd ddng hg; mat ngoai de ludn gin bd vdi lam mudi, lam mam, nghe danh bat tdm ca ven bd, xa bd cd khi ca thang trdi ciia cac van chai tren cac
bai trieu cua sdng, ngoai bai Con de tudng nhu chi la dk ngan man, chan lu, bao ve
ddng rudng, lang mac, lai la bieu tugng gan ket hg hang ddng tdc Irong/ngoai de; ngudi lam rudng, ke chai ludi, cd khi ca hai nghe vao liic ndng nhan, tao nen net sinh
ke ven bien dac Ihii ciia Vigl Nam
Qudn cu ndng thdn trung du - mien niii: Tiiy theo dac diem cac dan tdc va dja
phuang ma cac diem dan cu trung du - mien niii ciing cd ten ggi khac nhau: ban, lang, budn, play, kon Chi cd mgt sd dan tdc d reo thap (Tay, Niing, Thai, Mudng, ) mdi cu trii tap trung thanh lang ban vdi vai chyc ndc nha, cdn ndi chung cac lang ban viing cao thudng tuang ddi nhd, nha d rai rac (dac biet la lang ban cac dan tgc H'mdng, Dao) Sinh kl chii ylu ciia ddng bao la canh lac nuang ray, rugng bac thang, san xult luang thuc, chan nudi gia sue Idn, cham sdc rirng, cay an qua, dugc li^u
QuIn cu d Tay Nguyen that dgc dao Budn lang ngudi Ba Na, Gia R.ai,
Xa Dang, phin Idn dIu cd nha rdng d gifl-a lang, cd vai trd nhu dinh lang ciia ngudi Viet d ddng blng, tugng trung cho sy thinh vugng va bieu lugng cho sy ket ndi nua thi gidi tam linh hien hiru vdi nua ben kia day quyin nang, nen dugc dan
lang ddn tam doc sire xay d\tng hoanh trang, cham sdc chu dao
Qudn cu a thanh thi, theo cac chOrng cir Hch siir thi thdi phong kien ty chii
dugc bill din la cac dd thi Thang Long - Ddng Dd - Ke Chg Cac dd thi - tram dich dugc hinh thanh, cd mgt sd cang mgt thdi ndi tieng sam uat nhu Phd Hien, Van Ddn, Hdi An Chinh sach trgng ndng, Crc thuang da ban che su phat trien dd thi Chire nang la trung tam chinb tri - hanh chinh lln at chirc nang trung tam kinb tl; cac ang nghe, thi dan d vi tri yem the
Nude ta dang d giai doan dIu cua qua trinh dd thi hda hien dai Trinh do do ih hoa thIp, mdi chi cd 29,6% dan sd sdng trong cac thanh phd, thi >^a, thi Iran (20)9) Hien nay, ca nude da cd 755 dd thi trong dd cd ban 100 thanh phd va thi xa Do lb
la bilu tugng ciia nIn van minh, muc lieu phan dau den nam 2020 cu dan d( lb phai dat tdi 43 - 45% dan sd Mang ludi dd thi cIn dugc quy hoach khang t-ang hien dai theo hudng phat trien xanh va ben virng
Trang 8TAI OINH DANG DIA LY KINH T^' - XA HOI V I ^ T NAM
2.3 Sinh ke
- Sinh ke dugc hieu la each lam an de muu su sdng ciia ngudi dan, ndi rgng ra
la cich thirc tdn tai va phat trien ciia cdng ddng dan cu Theo Nien gidm thong ke nan 20H), 69,83% dan cu Viet Nam sdng d ndng thdn vdi sinh ke chii yeu la san
xua: ndng, lam nghiep, khai Ihac thuy san; chi cd 30,17% dan sd thanh thi vdi sinh
ke (hu yeu ciia dan cu boat ddng cdng nghiep dich vu"
Tinh den ngay 31/12/2009, co cau lao ddng tir 15 luoi trd len dang lam viec thee nganh ndng nghiep va lam nghiep chiem 48,2%, thuy san 3,7%, cac nganh cdng nghiep xay dung chi chiem 21,4%, boat ddng dich vu chilm 26,7% Theo tharh phan kinh te, 86,1% lao ddng thudc khu vuc ngoai nha nude, trong dd, 79,4%
la Lo dgng ca the; sd lao ddng thudc khu vuc nha nude chi chiem 10,5%; khu vuc vdn nude ngoai 3,4% Trong birc tranh kinh te da dang, nhieu mau ve cua dan cu Vie: Nam, ndi len hai loai hinh sinh ke chii yeu sau day:
- Sinh ke cu ddn ndng thdn
Cu dan ndng thdn Viet Nam sinh sdng chu yeu bang nghe Irdng liia nude vdi
hinh thirc cu trii lieu bieu la lang thudn ndng Cay liia dugc ngudi Viet cd thuan hda
each day khoang 6000 nam Do anh hudng cua sy phan hda ciia khi hau ciing vdi pha: trien thuy Igi va su dyng cac gidng liia ngan ngay, d nude la da hinh thanh ba
vy san xuat chinh la vy ddng xuan, vy he thu va vu miia Cac tinh phia Bac cd mgt
vy (idng va mgt vy xuan, vy he thu va vu mua
Su phan hda dia hinh va khi hau ciing dan tdi su da dang trong sinh ke cu dan miei niii Dai bd phan cu dan mien nui phat trien canh tac nuomg ray, rugng bac tharg, chu yeu la Irdng cac cay luang thuc cd bat nhu liia, ngd, ke, dau, cac loai rau cii cua va cay cdng nghiep Cimg vdi phat trien nghe Irdng liia, ngudi dan phat trien chai nudi trau, bd de lay sire keo; nudi Ign de lay thil va ngudn phan bdn; nudi gia can, thuy cam lam ngudn thuc pham; ddng thdi phat trien nghe mgc, ren, sOra chira ndng cy, xay dung nha d
Sinh ke ndng nghiep keo theo su trao ddi hang hda dia phuang cd tinh lu cung
ly cap bang he thdng chg: chg tet, chg xuan, chg phien, chg chieu, chg hdm, chg bop chg cdc, chg vd; ke ban, ngudi mua, trao qua ddi lai, chu yeu la mgt sd
thu: thiel yeu cho cudc sdng thudng nhat, hoac don gian la gom lien de di an cuci, de gdp gid, viec hg, viec lang Hang nam tren dat nude ta cd nhieu le
hoi mdi lan Id chirc le hdi thudng kem theo hoi chg bap dan ddng dao cac doanh
nghiep va ngudi dan Dgc dao nhat la cac chg tren nga ba sdng, theo kenh rach d
1 Ngo Doan Vjnh, Phdi Irien - Dieu ki' dieu vd hi dn, Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia Ha Noi, 2010
Trang 9VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QU6C T £ LAN THIJ TU
ddng blng sdng Cuu Long Dgc theo bien gidi vdi cac nude lang gieng cdn loai
cap chg ben nay/ben kia qudc gidi Lai cd ca chg mua may bdn rui dau xuan (Chg Vieng, Nam Dinh); chg tinh (Chg tinh Kbau Vai - Ha Giang; Sapa, Bac Ha - Lao
Cai; Mgc Chau - Son La)
Do dac diem thdi vy ciia nghe ndng la phai tap trung Idn ngudn lao ddn g vao
thdi ky gieo cay va thu hoach, ma xuat hien khai niem "ndng nhdn" sau viu cdy trudc vy gat, ddng thdi vdi nghe chan nudi, nghe thii cdng, budn ban nhd Tir dd
xuat bi^n cac lang nghe, lang chai ludi ciia sdng, ven bien Ndi chung cd the coi
Idng nghe la cdng ddng sinh ke Iruyen thdng ciia cu dan ndng thdn; ngay nay dien
m^o lang que dang thay ddi manh me theo hudng xay dung ndng thdn mdi
Do nang suai lao ddng thap, miia mang bap benh, thudng hi Ihien lai dich benh, trong khi dan sd ngay mgt ddng, ddi sdng khd khan, phan Idn hg ndng dan chua thoat ngheo ben viimg; mgt bd phan dan cu keo nhau vao thanh thi kiem thenn lien
bang lam Ihue, thu gom phe thai - cdn ggi la ddng ndt, mgt bd phan budn thung ban met Lai cdn chuyen ca lang keo nhau di dn may dau xuan de ghi an thanh hoang
lang xua lirng di an may ma lam nen ca nghiep (I)
- Sinh ke ciia cu ddn thanh thi
La mgt nude ndng nghiep, lai trai qua nhilu thang tram Hch su, ty Ig dian sd thanh thi nude ta tinh den ngay 1/4/2009, mdi chiem 29,6%, mac dii mong mudn nang ly 1? nay len 43-45% khoang nam 2020 Ty Ig nhd dan sd thanh thi, chire nang cdng nghiep, dich vy khdng dii Idn, khien cho bg mat sinh ke dd thi trd nen nhieu
mau ve Nhin tdng quan, cd the chia sinh ke ciia dan thanh thi thanh hai loai: Logi hinh sinh ke ca cau va Logi hinh sinh ke phi ca edu
+ Thudc logi hinh sinh ke ca edu, gdm:
Thir nhdt, boat ddng thuang mai dich vy la hinh thirc sinh ke cua dai bd phan
cu dan thanh thi, gom boat ddng budn ban, trao ddi hang hda dich vu giira do tlhi vdi
dd Ihi/dd thi vdi ndng thdn, vdi thi trudng qudc te, thdng qua he thdng dai Iw, cac chg ban budn/ban le Hau hel cac dd thi hanh chinh kinh le cap linh, thi xa deu cd mgt bd phan dan cu sdng bang nghe budn ban, ciing vdi hg la nhumg ngudi lam thue, lao cdng tap vy
Dilu dang chii y la mgt bd phan Idn dan cu lam thuang mai nhd le vdi v d van cira hang, cira hieu, sap hang, may va, sira chira nhd le, dich vu an udng Mgt bd phan nhd cdng nhan vien chirc luang thap, nhirng ngudi vc huu, nhung ngucri chd viec thudng phai kiem viec lam them nhu bao ve co quan, xi nghiep, chay xe 6m, ban nude/ban ve xd sd d ben xe, ben lau
Trang 10TAI OINH DANG DIA LY KINH TE - XA HOI V I ^ T NAM
Thir hai ngudn sinh kc chu \cu I a lir(Tng thang thudc ve tang Idp cdng chirc,
vier chirc nha nude Day la bg phan kha ddng, hien can bd cdng chirc nha nude cac cap an ninh, quan ddi, y te, giao due, djch vu cdng Ngudn sinh sdng chu yeu cua
hg li lam cdng an luimg Tuy nguon thu nhap dn dinh nhung ndi chung van rat thap, ciing kha chat vat de nudi gia dinh va chu cap cho con bgc hanh Do vay, ngoai sinh
ke 'chinh danh", hg van phai "Idm them", ddi khi chdn ngodi ddi han chdn trong,
kha lam lu, chiu nhieu rui ro Trong dieu kien khung hoang kinh le, ddi sdng ciia cu dan khu vuc nay khd khan, nhat la vdi nhimg ngudi lam viec lai cac xi nghiep qudc doanh lam an thua Id
Thir ba, dd la loai hinh sinh ke thudc thanh phan kinh te ca the, tu nhan, trudc
nay khdng lam viec trong cac co quan, xi nghiep qudc doanh Hg da quen va thich ling vdi CO che kinh te thi trudng Mdi gia nhap khu vyc sinh ke nay la mgt bd phan cdng chirc ve huu cdn sire khoe, nhirng ngudi that nghiep tam thdi chd xi nghiep ddi mdi cdng nghe; lai nira la, mgt bg phan thanh nien tir ndng thdn len dd thi tim kiln viec lam, mgt bd phan sinh vien Idl nghiep dai bgc, cao dang chua xin dugc
vi^c Dd la ngudn nhan luc Ire, ddng, Ihugc "ddn so vdng" boat ddng du mgi ITnh
vyc phye vy cac cOra hang an udng, tap hda, van pbdng cdng ty, lam thue, lap vy, Irdng Ire, lau don nha cua, rira xe, danh giay, ban hang rong; thu nhap ciing kha nhung bap benh, nhieu riii ro
Thir tu, do thanh thi nude ta thudng cd tinh nhi nguyen gdm hai bd phan cu
dan ngi thanh va cu dan ngoai thi/ven do Sinh ke ciia ciia cu dan ven dd/ngoai thi chu ylu la ndng nghiep, san xult luang thuc, thuc pham, cung d p rau, thil, sira, hoa qua cho khu vuc ndi thi Hoat ddng trao doi lip nap, sdi dgng ngay dem, lam xult
hi?rt cac hinh thuc dich vy dgc dao nhu "chg dem", "chg cdc", "chg chieu" Nhin
chung sinh kl cu dan khu vuc nay co thu nhap kha nhd sire tieu thy san pham ndng nghiep va nhu clu lao ddng cho cac dich vu sinh boat ndi dd Mgt bd phan ndng dan viir^ ven dd, bi thu hdi dll cho cac khu cdng nghiep, lam mil di nguon sinh kl ndng nghiep lau ddi, lai khdng cd co hdi chuyin ddi nghe nghiep, kbdng biet lam gi kha:, bg quay vl vdi sinh kl truyin thing: nudi Ign, gia cam, budn ban nhd; ndi
chung ddi sdng rll khd khan, keo theo nhilu vln dk xa bdi nhirc nhdi, birc xuc Thir nam, nIn kinh tl thi trudng dem lai ca hdi sinh ke mdi cho cu dan thanh
thi,dd la dich vu cho thue nha (cho ngudi nude ngoai, cho sinh vien, cdng nhan tir ndi^ thdn ra thanh thi lam viec ) D I tang them thu nhap mgt sd bd gia dinh md quan an udng trong xe qua ngay, qua dem ban xd sd
+ Thudc logi hinh sinh ki phi ca cau la mgt bd phan nhd cu dan sdng trdi dat
d cic thimh thi Gia nhap ddi quan vd nghl nghiep, vd gia cu dd cung cd mgt sd ngidi an bam khong chiu lao dgng, song dat deo, tham gia cac tieu cue xa hdi