CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIZATION Focus: Paragraph Organization Aim: To recognize different main parts of a paragraph Assumed: Students are supposed to read the pages given belo
Trang 1COURSE TITLE: WRITING 3
COURSE DURATION: 60 PERIODS
COURSE BOOK : Oshima, A.& Hogue, A(1997) Introduction to ACADEMIC WRITING (2nd ed) Longman
REFERENCE: Blanchard, K & Root, C (1994) Ready to Write (2nd ed) Addition-Wesley Publishing Company
Smalley, R L………… (2007) Developing Writing Skills learners Publisher
Thanh, T M & Hoang, C T L.(2005) Academic Writing Tai Lieu On Thi National University of HCM Publisher
LECTURER : CHU THI KIM PHUONG
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Trang 2CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIZATION
Focus: Paragraph Organization
Aim: To recognize different main parts of a paragraph
Assumed: Students are supposed to read the pages given below before class
Duration: 12 periods
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The Parts of the Paragraph (See p 71)
The topic sentence (See p 71)
Supporting sentences (See p.75)
The concluding sentence (See p.80)
Practice
1 Narrowing subjects from general to specific (p 72)
2 Narrowing controlling ideas from general to specific (p72-73)
3 Writing topic sentences
A p73
B p.73
C In small group, write topic sentences on the following topics Ask questions to limit the topic and the controlling idea
Example
Camping
To set up camp requires a variety of special equipment,
1 famous people (who/in what field)
2 transportation (where)
3 music
4 movies
5 education system
4 Identifying supporting sentences (p76-78)
5 Writing supporting sentences ( p 78-79)
6 Brainstorming supporting sentences : Choose one of the topic sentences below Brainstorm for about four or five items to support it Then work with
a partner and review your lists Decide which supporting items should
remain
Example
Snow skiers must take extreme precautions on the slopes
List some of the precautions
a consider the weather conditions
b consider their ability
c obey warning signs
d consider the slope conditions
Topic sentences
1 Giving presents is an art
2 Jogging is beneficial to your health for several reasons
3 Learning English is not easy
4 Education is now available to everyone
Trang 37 Writing concluding sentences: Write a concluding sentence for each of the following topic sentences
1 Speaking English fluently is not easy if you follow these steps
2 Playing video games can be very harmful to children
3 Sapa is a perfect place to visit
HOMEWORK:
MAKING OUTLINE: Read carefully Part 2 (Prewriting- Outlining a paragraph) p 82-87 and do the exercises
Trang 4
CHAPTER 2 : UNITY
Focus: unity
Aim: to be aware of the characteristics of a paragraph: unity and learn how to
make a paragraph united by some ways such as: identifying key words in the topic sentence, brainstorming ideas that are related to the topic, selecting ideas that suit the topic sentence and summarizing the main points in the concluding sentence
Assumed: Students are supposed to learn the organization of a paragraph and
read the pages listed below beforehand
Duration: 12 periods
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Unity: See p.98
Practice
1 Find and cross out any sentences that do not belong in the paragraphs (p.98-99)
2 Read the following paragraphs Underline the topic sentence for each paragraph and cross out any sentence that does not belong in the paragraph There may be one or more irrelevant sentences
1 Cats make wonderful house pets They are very loving and friendly They are also clean They don’t eat much, so they are not expensive Many people are allergic to their hair They look beautiful
2 There are several reasons why many American women are waiting until they are thirty years old or older to have their
first baby Some women have good jobs and want to continue
their careers Many American couples have two children Other women don’t want the responsibility of having children until they are older Still others are waiting until they are financially secure before they start a family
3 Running has many positive effects on the body First of all, it increases the efficiency of the heart and lungs Running also helps the body develop greater physical endurance However, many people prefer swimming Finally, it helps the body becomes more mechanically efficient
4 The Japanese automobile industry uses robots in many phases
of its production process In fact, one large Japanese auto factory uses robots in all of its production stages Some Japanese universities are developing medical robots to detect certain kinds of cancer Another automobile factory in Japan uses robots to paint cars as they come off the assembly line Furthermore, most Japanese factories use robots to weld the parts of the finished car together
Trang 55 The packaging of many products is very wasteful Often the packaging is twice as big as the product Packaging is used to protect thing that are breakable Many food items, for
example, have several layers of extra packaging Most of these layers are absolutely useless
( Blanchard K & Root C Ready to Write P10-11)
6 Another problem facing a number of elderly people is living
on reduce income Upon retiring, old people may receive the pension from their company or Social Security from the government The amount of their monthly checks is often half the amount of the checks they received when they were employed Suddenly retirees find that they can no longer continue the life style that they had become accustomed to, even if that life stile was a modest one Many find, after paying their monthly bills, that there is no money left for a movie or a dinner out Of course, sometimes they can’t go out because of their health Maybe they have arthritis or
rheumatism and it is painful for them to move around This can also change their life style Some older people, however, discover that the small amount of money they receive will not even cover their monthly bills They realize with horror that electricity, a telephone, and nourish food are luxuries they can
no longer afford They resort to shivering in the dark, eating cat food in order to make two ends meet
( Smalley L R Developing Writing Skills p.22)
7 In our prison today, some people are falsely accused of crimes A solution to certain kinds of crime, restitution, is becoming more popular and rightly so It works like this If someone is convicted o defacing or destroying property, he or she is required to repaint or restore the property rather than simply sit in jail a certain length of time In another example, a person disabling a wage earner would be made partially
responsible for that wage earner’s dependents until the wage earner has recovered Another way of dealing with this criminal is to make him or her pay a fine In other words, restitution requires the criminal to restore the damage to the person who has been hurt The criminal will contribute something to society rather than imply sit in jail, being clothed and fed with the tax dollars of law-abiding citizens Perhaps, through contributing to society by restitution instead of being dependent on society by sitting in jail, criminals will be more likely to become useful, working members of society after they have paid for their crime
Trang 68 Despite their reputation, some workers in American factories take pride in helping their companies A good example of this
is the 14,000 employees of Locheed-Georgia Company who submit ideas to management to help reduce production costs In one year, these ideas, ranging from a new way to recharge a dead battery to a more efficient way to paint airplane wings, saved the company $57.5 million Since 1979, employee suggestions have resulted in savings of over $190 million While we might think that workers submit ideas in order to receive large rewards, this is not the case According to Executive Vice President Alex Lorch, the financial benefit is minimum The employee with the best idea each year receives only $100 the employees, Lorch says, submit ideas because they are motivated by a desire to do a good job Japanse workers, on the other hand, are generally considered the best example of workers who are loyal to their company
Thanh T M & Hoang C.T.L Academic Writing Tai lieu
on thi p.49-51)
More practice
Identifying key words in the topic sentence
Underline key words/phrases in the following topic
1 Reading books frequently brings a lot of benefits
2 It is difficult to learn a new language
3 There are many elements for a good paragraph
4 Smoking cigarettes can be an expensive habit
5 Eye contact plays n important role in public smoking
6 Examination should be abolished
7 Another way to reduce the rate of inflation is to balance the federal budget
8 Saving bonds are also a safe investment
9 Although bright, Maria is a very shy girl
10 Another problem for students is finding a part-time job
Brainstorming ideas
Topics:
1 superstitions
2 pollution
3 technology
4 a memorable teacher
5 an unforgettable event
6 music
7 fashion
8 future job
9 future life in 2050
Trang 710 Internet
Selecting ideas
From the list, choose an idea that interests you and write a topic sentence for each topic
Then sort out two ideas that suit the topic
Write the concluding sentence
Write the concluding sentence for each topic sentence -
Trang 8CHAPTER 3: COHERENCE
Focus: coherence
Aim: to be aware of another characteristics of a paragraph: coherence and learn
how to make a paragraph coherent
Assumed: Students are supposed to know paragraph organization and one feature
that makes a good paragraph: unity Duration: 12 periods
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Four ways to gain coherence
Repeating key nouns
Using pronouns which refer back to key nouns
Transitional signals
Logical orders
Repeating keys nouns
Practice
1 In the following paragraph, the key noun is never repeated Replace the
pronoun ”it” with the key noun “English” wherever you think doing so would make the paragraph more coherent
English has almost become an international language Except for Chinese, more people speak it than any other language Spanish is the official language of more
countries in the world, but more countries have it as their official or unofficial second language More than seventy percent of the world’s mail is written in it In international business, it is used more than any other language, and it is the language of airline pilots and air traffic controllers all over the world Moreover, although French used to be the language of diploma, it has displaced it throughout the world Therefore, unless you plan
to spend your life alone on a desert island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, it is a useful language to know
(Thanh T M & Hoang C.T.L Academic Writing Tai lieu on thi p.52)
KEY
English has almost become an international language Except for Chinese, more people speak it than any other language Spanish is the official language of more countries in the world, but more countries have it as their official or unofficial second language More than seventy percent of the world’s mail is written in it In international business, it is used more than any other language, and it is the language of airline pilots
and air traffic controllers all over the world Moreover, although French used to be the
Trang 9language of diploma, it has displaced it throughout the world Therefore, unless you plan
to spend your life alone on a desert island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, it is a useful language to know
2 In the following passage about dolphins, replace some f the pronouns with appropriate singular or plural nouns
Interest in dolphins has increased in the past few years They are interesting because they display almost human behaviour at times For example, they help each other when they are in trouble If one is sick, it sends out a message Others in the area swim to help it They stay with it for days or weeks- until it recovers or dies They have also helped trapped or lost whales navigate their way safely out to the open sea The are so intelligent and helpful, in fact, that the U.S Navy is training them to become underwater bomb disposal experts
(Thanh T M & Hoang C.T.L Academic Writing Tai lieu on thi p.52)
KEY
Interest in dolphins has increased in the past few years They (=> Dolphins) are interesting because they display almost human behaviour at times For example, they(=> Dolphins) help each other when they are in trouble If one is sick, it sends out a message Others in the area swim to help it (the sick dolphin) They (=> Dolphins) stay with it for days or weeks- until it recovers or dies They(=> Dolphins) have also helped trapped or lost whales navigate their way safely out to the open sea They(=> Dolphins) are so intelligent and helpful, in fact, that the U.S Navy is training them to become underwater bomb disposal experts
Using pronouns
Practice: p.108-110
In the following paragraph, the pronouns are not consistent Correct them to make this paragraph more coherent
An Olympic athlete must be strong both physical and mentally First of all, if you hope to compete in an Olympic sport, you must be physically strong Furthermore, an aspiring Olympian must train rigorously for many years For the most demanding sports, they train several hours a day, five or six days a week, for ten or more years In addition
to being physically strong, he or she must also be mentally tough This means you have to
be totally dedicated to your sport, often giving up a normal school, family, and social life Bing mentally strong also means that he or she must be able to withstand the intense pressure of international competition with its attendant media coverage Finally, not everyone can win a medal, so you must possess the inner strength to live with defeat
An Olympic athlete must be strong both physical and mentally First of all, if you
Trang 10(he or she)hope to compete in an Olympic sport, you (he or she)must be physically
strong Furthermore, an aspiring Olympian must train rigorously for many years For the most demanding sports, they train several hours a day, five or six days a week, for ten or more years In addition to being physically strong, he or she must also be mentally tough
This means you (he or she)have to be totally dedicated to your sport, often giving up a
normal school, family, and social life Bing mentally strong also means that he or she must be able to withstand the intense pressure of international competition with its
attendant media coverage Finally, not everyone can win a medal, so you(he or she) must
possess the inner strength to live with defeat
Using transitional signals :
Practice: Read p.100-108
More practice:
Using time order
1 Margaret read a gardening catalog and decided that she wanted to plant a
vegetable garden She has to do many things before she can enjoy the harvest Read the list and put the items in a logical order
Write a paragraph about steps she has to do Be sure to use signal words
Remember to begin with a topic sentence
- Plant the seeds
- Pick the vegetables from the garden
-1 - Order the seeds from the catalog
-Prepare the soil
- Keep the garden free of weeds
( Blanchard K & Root C Ready to Write P 19)
2 Vicky is having some friends over for dinner this evening She has no food in the house, and she has no cash, either Here is the list of things that she has to do, but they are not in the right order Number them so they are in a logical order Then write a paragraph
- Buy food for dinner
- Go to the bank
- Make dinner
- Return home
- Clean the house
- Go to the grocery store
( Blanchard K & Root C Ready to Write p.20)
3 The following timeline gives you information about the life of Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman doctor in the U.S Use this information to write a paragraph about her life
February 3,1821: born in Bristol, England
1832: emigrated to New York City 1949: graduated from Geneva Medical School in Geneva, New York 1853: opened the New York Infirmary because, as a woman, she could not get a job in a hospital