FIVE The SNV REDD+ programme has developed novel tools to mainstream multiple benefits into subnational planning for REDD+ and sustainable productive landscapes: spatial analysis throug
Trang 1Multiple benefits and risks
of REDD+ programmes REDD+ is an internationally agreed mechanism for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as conserving and enhancing forest carbon stocks in developing countries During the seven years of REDD+
negotiations, an international consensus has emerged that REDD+ must not only achieve climate change mitigation goals but also contribute to sustainable development by delivering socio-economic and environmental benefits Such benefits include protection of biodiversity,
sustained ecosystem services, jobs, income support for the poor, clarification
of land tenure and enhanced citizen participation in land-use and socio-economic development decision-making processes Box One categorises and summarises the multiple benefits of REDD+
Equally, it has been widely recognised that, if implemented for carbon-only objectives, REDD+ could also present significant environmental and social risks
In recognition that social and environmental risks associated with REDD+ must be addressed (REDD+ does
no harm) and that multiple benefits are important and must be achieved (REDD+ does good), Parties to the UNFCCC agreed
to a set of seven safeguards for REDD+ at COP 16 in Cancun
Maximising the multiple benefits and minimising the risks
This consensus that REDD+ should deliver multiple benefits builds on and converges with numerous other international policy
ONE
Three broad complementary strategies are available to
developing countries to meet, or exceed, international commitments on REDD+ safeguards: (1) strengthening country safeguards systems, (2) mainstreaming multiple benefit objectives into national subnational land-use planning and (3) introducing economic incentives for multiple benefits at the level
of activity implementation
TWO
Land-use planning at the subnational level presents an
opportunity to operationalise national REDD+ programmes including safeguard commitments at a scale large enough to address the governance, market and policy failures that typically underlie the forces driving deforestation and forest degradation
THREE
Four main types of methodological approaches can be used
to mainstream multiple benefits into subnational land-use planning: (1) spatial analysis, (2) economic analysis, (3) impact assessment and (4) multi-criteria analysis
FOUR
A sourcebook has been produced by the SNV REDD+
programme which identifies approaches and tools for mainstreaming multiple benefits into subnational planning, with the aim of consolidating the wealth of knowledge and practice that has been developed on the topic of land-use planning in developing countries for sustainable development and REDD+
FIVE
The SNV REDD+ programme has developed novel tools to
mainstream multiple benefits into subnational planning for REDD+ and sustainable productive landscapes: spatial analysis through an agricultural commodity siting tool (piloting in Indonesia with palm oil) and participatory impact assessment for provincial REDD+ action planning (piloting in Vietnam)
Conclusion REDD+ has the potential to deliver multiple benefits at multiple scales Globally, we can benefit from the mechanism’s contributions to mitigating climate change and biodiversity protection;
locally communities can benefit if REDD+ finances pro-poor rural development, sustains ecosystem services, improves forest governance, promotes human rights and facilitates adaptation
to climate change The local values of multiple benefits will endure irrespective of secure or substantial REDD+ financing Orienting landscape-level planning initiatives around the delivery of multiple benefits offers a no-regrets approach to REDD+
Land-use planning at the subnational level presents an opportunity to operationalise national REDD+ programmes - including safeguard commitments at a scale large enough to address the governance, market and policy failures that typically underlie the forces driving deforestation and forest degradation Land-use planning approaches and tools can be used for any sustainable development initiative – not just REDD+ REDD+ is, however, an important vehicle for catalysing robust land-use planning processes that engage stakeholders in the tough negotiations necessary for finding a balance between economic, social and environmental objectives across productive landscapes
Authors:
Kathleen Lawlor and Steve Swan
Kathleen Lawlor is an applied economist, specialising in REDD+ and the monitoring and evaluation of environment and development programmes’ social impacts
Steve Swan is a biodiversity conservationist leading the development of SNV REDD+ multiple benefits work
This policy brief is an output of the SNV project ‘Delivering Multiple Benefits from REDD+ in Southeast Asia’, which is part of the International Climate Initiative The German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety supports this initiative on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag
Contact:
Steve Swan sswan@snvworld.org SNV REDD+ Headquarters 5th Floor, Thien Son Building
5 Nguyen Gia Thieu, District 3
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Telephone: +84 8 39300668 Fax: +84 8 39300668 www.snvworld.org/redd
1 Rey D., Swan S and Enright A 2013 A country-led approach to REDD+ safeguards and multiple benefits SNV Netherlands
Development Organisation, Ho Chi Minh City Available from: http://www.snvworld.org/node/7485/z
2 Nepstad D.C., Boyd W., Stickler C.M., Bezerra T and Azevedo A.A 2013 Responding to climate change and the global land crisis:
REDD+, market transformation and low-emissions rural development Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 368: 1-14.
3 Randolph J 2004 Environmental land-use planning and management Island Press, Washington, D.C.
4 Lawlor K and Swan S.R 2014 Mainstreaming multiple benefits into subnational land-use planning: Sourcebook for REDD+ and
sustainable landscapes SNV Netherlands Development Organisation, Ho Chi Minh City
Key messages:
5
Mainstreaming Multiple Benefits into Subnational Land-use Planning:
for Programmatic REDD+ and Sustainable Landscapes September 2014
TOOLS
LAND-USE
PLANNING STEPS
1) Identify key land-use issues and
stakeholders
2) Set sustainable development goals
and identify problems to overcome
3) Formulate alternative scenarios for
achieving goals
4) Assess impacts of alternative
scenarios and select land-use plan
5) Select indicators for monitoring
impacts
6) Implement, monitor, evaluate and
adapt land-use plan
Commodity Siting T
IDRIS LUWES Marxan UN-REDD GIS ARIES InVEST Abacus SP OSPC PSIA PSP SBIA DEIA LUPIS SIA
Spatial analysis Economicanalysis assessmentImpact
Multi-criteria analysis
Table 2: Comparison of land-use planning tools’ required inputs
Table 1: Approaches and tools to mainstream multiple benefits and where they can be
applied in a land-use planning process
REQUIRED
INPUTS
Spatial analysis Economicanalysis assessmentImpact Multi-criteriaanalysis
Finances a
Time
Spatially-explicit data
Technical
expertise
Stakeholder
participation
Facilitation
expertise
IDRISI LUWES Marxan UNREDD GIS ARIES InVEST Abacus SP OSPC PSIA PSP SBIA LUPIS SIA DEIA
High (Red), Medium (Orange), Low (Yellow), Not Required (Grey), and Flexible (Blue)
a Assessment of finances required considers both cost of tool software (if any) as well as costs of technical expertise, stakeholder participation
and facilitation
Trang 2Three such strategies have been identified for minimising risks and maximising multiple benefits
from REDD+:1
(1) Strengthening country-led safeguard systems
(2) Mainstreaming multiple benefit objectives into subnational planning
(3) Incentivising multiple benefits at the site/project level of activity implementation
This brief focuses on the second strategy
Mainstreaming multiple benefits into subnational
land-use planning
Land-use planning at the subnational level presents an opportunity to operationalise international
and national safeguard policy commitments which otherwise would remain principles on paper
only A planning approach to implementing national REDD+ programmes, at the scale of
subnational administrative units, affords a scale large enough to address the governance, market
and policy failures that typically underlie the forces driving deforestation and forest degradation,
not to mention marginalisation of the rural poor and biodiversity loss Integrating climate change
mitigation objectives into land-use planning at the subnational level presents an opportunity for
stakeholders to negotiate a triple bottom line – economic, environmental and social returns -
across the productive landscape
Operationalising national REDD+ programmes through land-use planning is increasingly viewed as
a means to contribute to, if not catalyse, low-emissions development strategies at the landscape
level REDD+ is converging with parallel efforts that seek to transform markets for food, fuel and
fibre by engaging large corporate drivers of forest loss in initiatives to transform the way
agriculture does business2 (Nepstad et al 2013) The synergies between REDD+’s climate change
mitigation potential and sustainable commodity initiatives may best be realised by harmonising
these efforts at the subnational or landscape level
BOX ONE
Multiple benefits of REDD+
• Climate change mitigation: greenhouse gas emission reductions and enhanced
removals from forestry and other land uses
• Pro-poor rural development: REDD+ could provide financial flows to poor rural areas
and contribute to sustainable development
• Improved forest governance: the REDD+ mechanism’s emphasis on transparency
and results could drive changes in governance
• Protection of human rights: attention to safeguards places increased pressure on
states to respect the human rights of indigenous peoples and local communities
• Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services: protecting forests for carbon
can also yield a cascade of other forest benefits
• Climate change adaptation: sustaining forests’ food, water and health benefits could
help local communities adapt to climate change
BOX TWO
Approaches and tools for mainstreaming multiple benefits into land-use planning
commitments and initiatives to promote sustainable development – not to mention countries’ own
national socio-economic, environmental and green growth policies Irrespective of secure or
substantial REDD+ finance, countries’ own policy goals and international commitments regarding
sustainability, biodiversity and human rights will persist Therefore, focusing on multiple benefit
strategies should be seen as a no-regrets approach to REDD+
Figure 1: A best-practice land-use planning process3
The sourcebook aims to consolidate and make accessible in reference format the wealth of knowledge and practice that has been built on the topic of sustainable land-use planning in developing countries It provides overviews of specific tools that can be used to conduct a land-use planning process for multiple benefit objectives (Box Two)
Approaches and tools for mainstreaming multiple benefits Land-use planning is the process of setting sustainable development goals and figuring out where and what conservation and development activities should be implemented to achieve them Land-use planning is an iterative process with goals revised and steps repeated as new information is gained through consultation and negotiation with stakeholders (Figure 1) Planners can use a variety of tools to generate the analytical products needed to assess land-use issues, compare alternative land-use scenarios and carry out the various steps in a land-use planning process
Four major types of methodological approaches are frequently used in land-use planning: (1) spatial
analyses, (2) economic analyses, (3) impact assessment and (4) multi-criteria analyses.
Spatial analyses focus on mapping and modelling the biophysical (including forest carbon), ecological and
demographic features of landscapes to understand multiple benefits and compare options The economic
analysis methods include ecosystem services valuation methods as well as tools for opportunity cost analysis Both of these methods are useful for conducting cost-benefit analyses Ecosystem services valuation is an approach for quantifying nature’s contributions to human welfare Opportunity cost
analysis quantifies the value of economic activity that would be lost under various land-use scenarios
Impact assessment approaches are processes that predict the social and environmental impacts of specific
policy options and land-use choices in order to compare alternatives and mitigate risks Multi-criteria
analysis is a type of decision analysis that explicitly considers multiple outcomes when considering what
decision should be made It also looks to the preferences of stakeholders to determine which criteria are the most important
The SNV REDD+ programme has developed a sourcebook,4 which aims to provide guidance on approaches and tools that can be applied to mainstream multiple benefits into subnational land-use planning
Some of these tools offer both an overall framework for structuring an entire planning process, while other tools are narrower in scope and used to produce discrete analytical products that are considered by planners and stakeholders at specific steps in the planning process (Table One) Each tool has different requirements in terms of (1) finances, (2) time, (3) spatially-explicit data, (4) technical expertise, (5) stakeholder participation and (6) facilitation expertise (Table Two)
Piloting new tools Under the UN-REDD Programme in Vietnam, SNV has been testing participatory impact assessment methodologies for Provincial REDD+ Action Planning in Vietnam In the southern coastal province of Binh Thuan, Participatory Subnational Planning methods have been applied to assist stakeholders identify drivers, solutions to those drivers and possible social and
environmental benefits and risks of implementing these interventions In the Central Highlands province of Lam Dong, similar participatory impact assessment and monitoring methods are being piloted to facilitate a more detailed multi-stakeholder analysis of environmental and social benefits and risks of the province’s draft Provincial REDD+ Action Plan
In the Indonesian provinces of North Sumatra and West Kalimantan, SNVs REDD+ Energy and Agriculture Programme (REAP) is testing spatial analysis approaches to land-use planning through
an innovative commodity siting tool Province-wide zoning for sustainable expansion of oil palm has been achieved through defining risk categories corresponding with different types of agricultural production systems and forest landscapes Risk indicator mapping identified priority areas for sustainable agricultural expansion which were verified through field assessments SNV is now engaging with smallholder farmers, communities, businesses and local authorities to support interventions, identified through this spatial analysis, to help raise incomes, increase agricultural output and protect forests
Spacial analysis
• Commodity Siting Tool
• IDRISI Land Change Modeler
• Land-Use Planning for Low Emission Development Strategy (LUWES)
• Marxan
• UN-REDD GIS toolbox
Economic analysis
• Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services (ARIES)
• Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Trade-Offs (InVEST)
• RDD Abacus SP
Impact Assessment
• Open Standards for the Practice
of Conservation
• Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (PSIA)
• Participatory Subnational Planning for REDD+ and other Land-Use Programmes (PSP)
• Social and Biodiversity Impact Analysis for REDD+ Projects (SBIA)
Multi-criteria analysis
• Disaggregated Economic Impact Analysis
• LUPIS Sustainability Impact Asssessment
ONE
Identify key land-use issues and stakeholders
FOUR
Assess impacts of alternative scenarios
and select land-use plan
THREE
Formulate alternative scenarios for
achieving goals
FIVE
Select indicators for monitoring impacts
TWO
Set sustainable development goals and identify problems
to overcome
SIX
Implement, monitor, evaluate and adapt land-use plans
LAND-USE PLANNING PROCESS
Trang 3Three such strategies have been identified for minimising risks and maximising multiple benefits
from REDD+:1
(1) Strengthening country-led safeguard systems
(2) Mainstreaming multiple benefit objectives into subnational planning
(3) Incentivising multiple benefits at the site/project level of activity implementation
This brief focuses on the second strategy
Mainstreaming multiple benefits into subnational
land-use planning
Land-use planning at the subnational level presents an opportunity to operationalise international
and national safeguard policy commitments which otherwise would remain principles on paper
only A planning approach to implementing national REDD+ programmes, at the scale of
subnational administrative units, affords a scale large enough to address the governance, market
and policy failures that typically underlie the forces driving deforestation and forest degradation,
not to mention marginalisation of the rural poor and biodiversity loss Integrating climate change
mitigation objectives into land-use planning at the subnational level presents an opportunity for
stakeholders to negotiate a triple bottom line – economic, environmental and social returns -
across the productive landscape
Operationalising national REDD+ programmes through land-use planning is increasingly viewed as
a means to contribute to, if not catalyse, low-emissions development strategies at the landscape
level REDD+ is converging with parallel efforts that seek to transform markets for food, fuel and
fibre by engaging large corporate drivers of forest loss in initiatives to transform the way
agriculture does business2 (Nepstad et al 2013) The synergies between REDD+’s climate change
mitigation potential and sustainable commodity initiatives may best be realised by harmonising
these efforts at the subnational or landscape level
BOX ONE
Multiple benefits of REDD+
• Climate change mitigation: greenhouse gas emission reductions and enhanced
removals from forestry and other land uses
• Pro-poor rural development: REDD+ could provide financial flows to poor rural areas
and contribute to sustainable development
• Improved forest governance: the REDD+ mechanism’s emphasis on transparency
and results could drive changes in governance
• Protection of human rights: attention to safeguards places increased pressure on
states to respect the human rights of indigenous peoples and local communities
• Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services: protecting forests for carbon
can also yield a cascade of other forest benefits
• Climate change adaptation: sustaining forests’ food, water and health benefits could
help local communities adapt to climate change
BOX TWO
Approaches and tools for mainstreaming multiple benefits into land-use planning
commitments and initiatives to promote sustainable development – not to mention countries’ own
national socio-economic, environmental and green growth policies Irrespective of secure or
substantial REDD+ finance, countries’ own policy goals and international commitments regarding
sustainability, biodiversity and human rights will persist Therefore, focusing on multiple benefit
strategies should be seen as a no-regrets approach to REDD+
Figure 1: A best-practice land-use planning process3
The sourcebook aims to consolidate and make accessible in reference format the wealth of knowledge and practice that has been built on the topic of sustainable land-use planning in developing countries It provides overviews of specific tools that can be used to conduct a land-use planning process for multiple benefit objectives (Box Two)
Approaches and tools for mainstreaming multiple benefits Land-use planning is the process of setting sustainable development goals and figuring out where and what conservation and development activities should be implemented to achieve them Land-use planning is an iterative process with goals revised and steps repeated as new information is gained through consultation and negotiation with stakeholders (Figure 1) Planners can use a variety of tools to generate the analytical products needed to assess land-use issues, compare alternative land-use scenarios and carry out the various steps in a land-use planning process
Four major types of methodological approaches are frequently used in land-use planning: (1) spatial
analyses, (2) economic analyses, (3) impact assessment and (4) multi-criteria analyses.
Spatial analyses focus on mapping and modelling the biophysical (including forest carbon), ecological and
demographic features of landscapes to understand multiple benefits and compare options The economic
analysis methods include ecosystem services valuation methods as well as tools for opportunity cost analysis Both of these methods are useful for conducting cost-benefit analyses Ecosystem services valuation is an approach for quantifying nature’s contributions to human welfare Opportunity cost
analysis quantifies the value of economic activity that would be lost under various land-use scenarios
Impact assessment approaches are processes that predict the social and environmental impacts of specific
policy options and land-use choices in order to compare alternatives and mitigate risks Multi-criteria
analysis is a type of decision analysis that explicitly considers multiple outcomes when considering what
decision should be made It also looks to the preferences of stakeholders to determine which criteria are the most important
The SNV REDD+ programme has developed a sourcebook,4 which aims to provide guidance on approaches and tools that can be applied to mainstream multiple benefits into subnational land-use planning
Some of these tools offer both an overall framework for structuring an entire planning process, while other tools are narrower in scope and used to produce discrete analytical products that are considered by planners and stakeholders at specific steps in the planning process (Table One) Each tool has different requirements in terms of (1) finances, (2) time, (3) spatially-explicit data, (4) technical expertise, (5) stakeholder participation and (6) facilitation expertise (Table Two)
Piloting new tools Under the UN-REDD Programme in Vietnam, SNV has been testing participatory impact assessment methodologies for Provincial REDD+ Action Planning in Vietnam In the southern coastal province of Binh Thuan, Participatory Subnational Planning methods have been applied to assist stakeholders identify drivers, solutions to those drivers and possible social and
environmental benefits and risks of implementing these interventions In the Central Highlands province of Lam Dong, similar participatory impact assessment and monitoring methods are being piloted to facilitate a more detailed multi-stakeholder analysis of environmental and social benefits and risks of the province’s draft Provincial REDD+ Action Plan
In the Indonesian provinces of North Sumatra and West Kalimantan, SNVs REDD+ Energy and Agriculture Programme (REAP) is testing spatial analysis approaches to land-use planning through
an innovative commodity siting tool Province-wide zoning for sustainable expansion of oil palm has been achieved through defining risk categories corresponding with different types of agricultural production systems and forest landscapes Risk indicator mapping identified priority areas for sustainable agricultural expansion which were verified through field assessments SNV is now engaging with smallholder farmers, communities, businesses and local authorities to support interventions, identified through this spatial analysis, to help raise incomes, increase agricultural output and protect forests
Spacial analysis
• Commodity Siting Tool
• IDRISI Land Change Modeler
• Land-Use Planning for Low Emission Development Strategy (LUWES)
• Marxan
• UN-REDD GIS toolbox
Economic analysis
• Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services (ARIES)
• Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Trade-Offs (InVEST)
• RDD Abacus SP
Impact Assessment
• Open Standards for the Practice
of Conservation
• Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (PSIA)
• Participatory Subnational Planning for REDD+ and other Land-Use Programmes (PSP)
• Social and Biodiversity Impact Analysis for REDD+ Projects (SBIA)
Multi-criteria analysis
• Disaggregated Economic Impact Analysis
• LUPIS Sustainability Impact Asssessment
ONE
Identify key land-use issues and stakeholders
FOUR
Assess impacts of alternative scenarios
and select land-use plan
THREE
Formulate alternative scenarios for
achieving goals
FIVE
Select indicators for monitoring impacts
TWO
Set sustainable development goals and identify problems
to overcome
SIX
Implement, monitor, evaluate and adapt land-use plans
LAND-USE PLANNING PROCESS
Trang 4Three such strategies have been identified for minimising risks and maximising multiple benefits
from REDD+:1
(1) Strengthening country-led safeguard systems
(2) Mainstreaming multiple benefit objectives into subnational planning
(3) Incentivising multiple benefits at the site/project level of activity implementation
This brief focuses on the second strategy
Mainstreaming multiple benefits into subnational
land-use planning
Land-use planning at the subnational level presents an opportunity to operationalise international
and national safeguard policy commitments which otherwise would remain principles on paper
only A planning approach to implementing national REDD+ programmes, at the scale of
subnational administrative units, affords a scale large enough to address the governance, market
and policy failures that typically underlie the forces driving deforestation and forest degradation,
not to mention marginalisation of the rural poor and biodiversity loss Integrating climate change
mitigation objectives into land-use planning at the subnational level presents an opportunity for
stakeholders to negotiate a triple bottom line – economic, environmental and social returns -
across the productive landscape
Operationalising national REDD+ programmes through land-use planning is increasingly viewed as
a means to contribute to, if not catalyse, low-emissions development strategies at the landscape
level REDD+ is converging with parallel efforts that seek to transform markets for food, fuel and
fibre by engaging large corporate drivers of forest loss in initiatives to transform the way
agriculture does business2 (Nepstad et al 2013) The synergies between REDD+’s climate change
mitigation potential and sustainable commodity initiatives may best be realised by harmonising
these efforts at the subnational or landscape level
BOX ONE
Multiple benefits of REDD+
• Climate change mitigation: greenhouse gas emission reductions and enhanced
removals from forestry and other land uses
• Pro-poor rural development: REDD+ could provide financial flows to poor rural areas
and contribute to sustainable development
• Improved forest governance: the REDD+ mechanism’s emphasis on transparency
and results could drive changes in governance
• Protection of human rights: attention to safeguards places increased pressure on
states to respect the human rights of indigenous peoples and local communities
• Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services: protecting forests for carbon
can also yield a cascade of other forest benefits
• Climate change adaptation: sustaining forests’ food, water and health benefits could
help local communities adapt to climate change
BOX TWO
Approaches and tools for mainstreaming multiple benefits into land-use planning
commitments and initiatives to promote sustainable development – not to mention countries’ own
national socio-economic, environmental and green growth policies Irrespective of secure or
substantial REDD+ finance, countries’ own policy goals and international commitments regarding
sustainability, biodiversity and human rights will persist Therefore, focusing on multiple benefit
strategies should be seen as a no-regrets approach to REDD+
Figure 1: A best-practice land-use planning process3
The sourcebook aims to consolidate and make accessible in reference format the wealth of knowledge and practice that has been built on the topic of sustainable land-use planning in developing countries It provides overviews of specific tools that can be used to conduct a land-use planning process for multiple benefit objectives (Box Two)
Approaches and tools for mainstreaming multiple benefits Land-use planning is the process of setting sustainable development goals and figuring out where and what conservation and development activities should be implemented to achieve them Land-use planning is an iterative process with goals revised and steps repeated as new information is gained through consultation and negotiation with stakeholders (Figure 1) Planners can use a variety of tools to generate the analytical products needed to assess land-use issues, compare alternative land-use scenarios and carry out the various steps in a land-use planning process
Four major types of methodological approaches are frequently used in land-use planning: (1) spatial
analyses, (2) economic analyses, (3) impact assessment and (4) multi-criteria analyses.
Spatial analyses focus on mapping and modelling the biophysical (including forest carbon), ecological and
demographic features of landscapes to understand multiple benefits and compare options The economic
analysis methods include ecosystem services valuation methods as well as tools for opportunity cost analysis Both of these methods are useful for conducting cost-benefit analyses Ecosystem services valuation is an approach for quantifying nature’s contributions to human welfare Opportunity cost
analysis quantifies the value of economic activity that would be lost under various land-use scenarios
Impact assessment approaches are processes that predict the social and environmental impacts of specific
policy options and land-use choices in order to compare alternatives and mitigate risks Multi-criteria
analysis is a type of decision analysis that explicitly considers multiple outcomes when considering what
decision should be made It also looks to the preferences of stakeholders to determine which criteria are the most important
The SNV REDD+ programme has developed a sourcebook,4 which aims to provide guidance on approaches and tools that can be applied to mainstream multiple benefits into subnational land-use planning
Some of these tools offer both an overall framework for structuring an entire planning process, while other tools are narrower in scope and used to produce discrete analytical products that are considered by planners and stakeholders at specific steps in the planning process (Table One) Each tool has different requirements in terms of (1) finances, (2) time, (3) spatially-explicit data, (4) technical expertise, (5) stakeholder participation and (6) facilitation expertise (Table Two)
Piloting new tools Under the UN-REDD Programme in Vietnam, SNV has been testing participatory impact assessment methodologies for Provincial REDD+ Action Planning in Vietnam In the southern coastal province of Binh Thuan, Participatory Subnational Planning methods have been applied to assist stakeholders identify drivers, solutions to those drivers and possible social and
environmental benefits and risks of implementing these interventions In the Central Highlands province of Lam Dong, similar participatory impact assessment and monitoring methods are being piloted to facilitate a more detailed multi-stakeholder analysis of environmental and social benefits and risks of the province’s draft Provincial REDD+ Action Plan
In the Indonesian provinces of North Sumatra and West Kalimantan, SNVs REDD+ Energy and Agriculture Programme (REAP) is testing spatial analysis approaches to land-use planning through
an innovative commodity siting tool Province-wide zoning for sustainable expansion of oil palm has been achieved through defining risk categories corresponding with different types of agricultural production systems and forest landscapes Risk indicator mapping identified priority areas for sustainable agricultural expansion which were verified through field assessments SNV is now engaging with smallholder farmers, communities, businesses and local authorities to support interventions, identified through this spatial analysis, to help raise incomes, increase agricultural output and protect forests
Spacial analysis
• Commodity Siting Tool
• IDRISI Land Change Modeler
• Land-Use Planning for Low Emission Development Strategy (LUWES)
• Marxan
• UN-REDD GIS toolbox
Economic analysis
• Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services (ARIES)
• Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Trade-Offs (InVEST)
• RDD Abacus SP
Impact Assessment
• Open Standards for the Practice
of Conservation
• Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (PSIA)
• Participatory Subnational Planning for REDD+ and other Land-Use Programmes (PSP)
• Social and Biodiversity Impact Analysis for REDD+ Projects (SBIA)
Multi-criteria analysis
• Disaggregated Economic Impact Analysis
• LUPIS Sustainability Impact Asssessment
ONE
Identify key land-use issues and stakeholders
FOUR
Assess impacts of alternative scenarios
and select land-use plan
THREE
Formulate alternative scenarios for
achieving goals
FIVE
Select indicators for monitoring impacts
TWO
Set sustainable development goals and identify problems
to overcome
SIX
Implement, monitor, evaluate and adapt land-use plans
LAND-USE PLANNING PROCESS
Trang 5Multiple benefits and risks
of REDD+ programmes REDD+ is an internationally agreed mechanism for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as conserving and enhancing forest carbon stocks in developing countries During the seven years of REDD+
negotiations, an international consensus has emerged that REDD+ must not only achieve climate change mitigation goals but also contribute to sustainable development by delivering socio-economic and environmental benefits Such benefits include protection of biodiversity,
sustained ecosystem services, jobs, income support for the poor, clarification
of land tenure and enhanced citizen participation in land-use and socio-economic development decision-making processes Box One categorises and summarises the multiple benefits of REDD+
Equally, it has been widely recognised that, if implemented for carbon-only objectives, REDD+ could also present significant environmental and social risks
In recognition that social and environmental risks associated with REDD+ must be addressed (REDD+ does
no harm) and that multiple benefits are important and must be achieved (REDD+ does good), Parties to the UNFCCC agreed
to a set of seven safeguards for REDD+ at COP 16 in Cancun
Maximising the multiple benefits and minimising the risks
This consensus that REDD+ should deliver multiple benefits builds on and converges with numerous other international policy
ONE
Three broad complementary strategies are available to
developing countries to meet, or exceed, international commitments on REDD+ safeguards: (1) strengthening country safeguards systems, (2) mainstreaming multiple benefit objectives into national subnational land-use planning and (3) introducing economic incentives for multiple benefits at the level
of activity implementation
TWO
Land-use planning at the subnational level presents an
opportunity to operationalise national REDD+ programmes including safeguard commitments at a scale large enough to address the governance, market and policy failures that typically underlie the forces driving deforestation and forest degradation
THREE
Four main types of methodological approaches can be used
to mainstream multiple benefits into subnational land-use planning: (1) spatial analysis, (2) economic analysis, (3) impact assessment and (4) multi-criteria analysis
FOUR
A sourcebook has been produced by the SNV REDD+
programme which identifies approaches and tools for mainstreaming multiple benefits into subnational planning, with the aim of consolidating the wealth of knowledge and practice that has been developed on the topic of land-use planning in developing countries for sustainable development and REDD+
FIVE
The SNV REDD+ programme has developed novel tools to
mainstream multiple benefits into subnational planning for REDD+ and sustainable productive landscapes: spatial analysis through an agricultural commodity siting tool (piloting in Indonesia with palm oil) and participatory impact assessment for provincial REDD+ action planning (piloting in Vietnam)
Conclusion REDD+ has the potential to deliver multiple benefits at multiple scales Globally, we can benefit from the mechanism’s contributions to mitigating climate change and biodiversity protection;
locally communities can benefit if REDD+ finances pro-poor rural development, sustains ecosystem services, improves forest governance, promotes human rights and facilitates adaptation
to climate change The local values of multiple benefits will endure irrespective of secure or substantial REDD+ financing Orienting landscape-level planning initiatives around the delivery of multiple benefits offers a no-regrets approach to REDD+
Land-use planning at the subnational level presents an opportunity to operationalise national REDD+ programmes - including safeguard commitments at a scale large enough to address the governance, market and policy failures that typically underlie the forces driving deforestation and forest degradation Land-use planning approaches and tools can be used for any sustainable development initiative – not just REDD+ REDD+ is, however, an important vehicle for catalysing robust land-use planning processes that engage stakeholders in the tough negotiations necessary for finding a balance between economic, social and environmental objectives across productive landscapes
Authors:
Kathleen Lawlor and Steve Swan
Kathleen Lawlor is an applied economist, specialising in REDD+ and the monitoring and evaluation of environment and development programmes’ social impacts
Steve Swan is a biodiversity conservationist leading the development of SNV REDD+ multiple benefits work
This policy brief is an output of the SNV project ‘Delivering Multiple Benefits from REDD+ in Southeast Asia’, which is part of the International Climate Initiative The German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety supports this initiative on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag
Contact:
Steve Swan sswan@snvworld.org SNV REDD+ Headquarters 5th Floor, Thien Son Building
5 Nguyen Gia Thieu, District 3
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Telephone: +84 8 39300668 Fax: +84 8 39300668 www.snvworld.org/redd
1 Rey D., Swan S and Enright A 2013 A country-led approach to REDD+ safeguards and multiple benefits SNV Netherlands
Development Organisation, Ho Chi Minh City Available from: http://www.snvworld.org/node/7485/z
2 Nepstad D.C., Boyd W., Stickler C.M., Bezerra T and Azevedo A.A 2013 Responding to climate change and the global land crisis:
REDD+, market transformation and low-emissions rural development Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 368: 1-14.
3 Randolph J 2004 Environmental land-use planning and management Island Press, Washington, D.C.
4 Lawlor K and Swan S.R 2014 Mainstreaming multiple benefits into subnational land-use planning: Sourcebook for REDD+ and
sustainable landscapes SNV Netherlands Development Organisation, Ho Chi Minh City
Key messages:
5
Mainstreaming Multiple Benefits into Subnational Land-use Planning:
for Programmatic REDD+ and Sustainable Landscapes August 2014
TOOLS
LAND-USE
PLANNING STEPS
1) Identify key land-use issues and
stakeholders
2) Set sustainable development goals
and identify problems to overcome
3) Formulate alternative scenarios for
achieving goals
4) Assess impacts of alternative
scenarios and select land-use plan
5) Select indicators for monitoring
impacts
6) Implement, monitor, evaluate and
adapt land-use plan
Commodity Siting T
IDRIS LUWES Marxan UN-REDD GIS ARIES InVEST Abacus SP OSPC PSIA PSP SBIA DEIA LUPIS SIA
Spatial analysis Economicanalysis assessmentImpact
Multi-criteria analysis
Table 2: Comparison of land-use planning tools’ required inputs
Table 1: Approaches and tools to mainstream multiple benefits and where they can be
applied in a land-use planning process
REQUIRED
INPUTS
Spatial analysis Economicanalysis assessmentImpact Multi-criteriaanalysis
Finances a
Time
Spatially-explicit data
Technical
expertise
Stakeholder
participation
Facilitation
expertise
IDRISI LUWES Marxan UNREDD GIS ARIES InVEST Abacus SP OSPC PSIA PSP SBIA LUPIS SIA DEIA
High (Red), Medium (Orange), Low (Yellow), Not Required (Grey), and Flexible (Blue)
a Assessment of finances required considers both cost of tool software (if any) as well as costs of technical expertise, stakeholder participation
and facilitation
Trang 6Multiple benefits and risks
of REDD+ programmes REDD+ is an internationally agreed mechanism for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as conserving and enhancing forest carbon stocks in developing countries During the seven years of REDD+
negotiations, an international consensus has emerged that REDD+ must not only achieve climate change mitigation goals but also contribute to sustainable development by delivering socio-economic and environmental benefits Such benefits include protection of biodiversity,
sustained ecosystem services, jobs, income support for the poor, clarification
of land tenure and enhanced citizen participation in land-use and socio-economic development decision-making processes Box One categorises and summarises the multiple benefits of REDD+
Equally, it has been widely recognised that, if implemented for carbon-only objectives, REDD+ could also present significant environmental and social risks
In recognition that social and environmental risks associated with REDD+ must be addressed (REDD+ does
no harm) and that multiple benefits are important and must be achieved (REDD+ does good), Parties to the UNFCCC agreed
to a set of seven safeguards for REDD+ at COP 16 in Cancun
Maximising the multiple benefits and minimising the risks
This consensus that REDD+ should deliver multiple benefits builds on and converges with numerous other international policy
ONE
Three broad complementary strategies are available to
developing countries to meet, or exceed, international commitments on REDD+ safeguards: (1) strengthening country safeguards systems, (2) mainstreaming multiple benefit objectives into national subnational land-use planning and (3) introducing economic incentives for multiple benefits at the level
of activity implementation
TWO
Land-use planning at the subnational level presents an
opportunity to operationalise national REDD+ programmes including safeguard commitments at a scale large enough to address the governance, market and policy failures that typically underlie the forces driving deforestation and forest degradation
THREE
Four main types of methodological approaches can be used
to mainstream multiple benefits into subnational land-use planning: (1) spatial analysis, (2) economic analysis, (3) impact assessment and (4) multi-criteria analysis
FOUR
A sourcebook has been produced by the SNV REDD+
programme which identifies approaches and tools for mainstreaming multiple benefits into subnational planning, with the aim of consolidating the wealth of knowledge and practice that has been developed on the topic of land-use planning in developing countries for sustainable development and REDD+
FIVE
The SNV REDD+ programme has developed novel tools to
mainstream multiple benefits into subnational planning for REDD+ and sustainable productive landscapes: spatial analysis through an agricultural commodity siting tool (piloting in Indonesia with palm oil) and participatory impact assessment for provincial REDD+ action planning (piloting in Vietnam)
Conclusion REDD+ has the potential to deliver multiple benefits at multiple scales Globally, we can benefit from the mechanism’s contributions to mitigating climate change and biodiversity protection;
locally communities can benefit if REDD+ finances pro-poor rural development, sustains ecosystem services, improves forest governance, promotes human rights and facilitates adaptation
to climate change The local values of multiple benefits will endure irrespective of secure or substantial REDD+ financing Orienting landscape-level planning initiatives around the delivery of multiple benefits offers a no-regrets approach to REDD+
Land-use planning at the subnational level presents an opportunity to operationalise national REDD+ programmes - including safeguard commitments at a scale large enough to address the governance, market and policy failures that typically underlie the forces driving deforestation and forest degradation Land-use planning approaches and tools can be used for any sustainable development initiative – not just REDD+ REDD+ is, however, an important vehicle for catalysing robust land-use planning processes that engage stakeholders in the tough negotiations necessary for finding a balance between economic, social and environmental objectives across productive landscapes
Authors:
Kathleen Lawlor and Steve Swan
Kathleen Lawlor is an applied economist, specialising in REDD+ and the monitoring and evaluation of environment and development programmes’ social impacts
Steve Swan is a biodiversity conservationist leading the development of SNV REDD+ multiple benefits work
This policy brief is an output of the SNV project ‘Delivering Multiple Benefits from REDD+ in Southeast Asia’, which is part of the International Climate Initiative The German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety supports this initiative on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag
Contact:
Steve Swan sswan@snvworld.org SNV REDD+ Headquarters 5th Floor, Thien Son Building
5 Nguyen Gia Thieu, District 3
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Telephone: +84 8 39300668 Fax: +84 8 39300668 www.snvworld.org/redd
1 Rey D., Swan S and Enright A 2013 A country-led approach to REDD+ safeguards and multiple benefits SNV Netherlands
Development Organisation, Ho Chi Minh City Available from: http://www.snvworld.org/node/7485/z
2 Nepstad D.C., Boyd W., Stickler C.M., Bezerra T and Azevedo A.A 2013 Responding to climate change and the global land crisis:
REDD+, market transformation and low-emissions rural development Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 368: 1-14.
3 Randolph J 2004 Environmental land-use planning and management Island Press, Washington, D.C.
4 Lawlor K and Swan S.R 2014 Mainstreaming multiple benefits into subnational land-use planning: Sourcebook for REDD+ and
sustainable landscapes SNV Netherlands Development Organisation, Ho Chi Minh City
Key messages:
5
Mainstreaming Multiple Benefits into Subnational Land-use Planning:
for Programmatic REDD+ and Sustainable Landscapes August 2014
TOOLS
LAND-USE
PLANNING STEPS
1) Identify key land-use issues and
stakeholders
2) Set sustainable development goals
and identify problems to overcome
3) Formulate alternative scenarios for
achieving goals
4) Assess impacts of alternative
scenarios and select land-use plan
5) Select indicators for monitoring
impacts
6) Implement, monitor, evaluate and
adapt land-use plan
Commodity Siting T
IDRIS LUWES Marxan UN-REDD GIS ARIES InVEST Abacus SP OSPC PSIA PSP SBIA DEIA LUPIS SIA
Spatial analysis Economicanalysis assessmentImpact
Multi-criteria analysis
Table 2: Comparison of land-use planning tools’ required inputs
Table 1: Approaches and tools to mainstream multiple benefits and where they can be
applied in a land-use planning process
REQUIRED
INPUTS
Spatial analysis Economicanalysis assessmentImpact Multi-criteriaanalysis
Finances a
Time
Spatially-explicit data
Technical
expertise
Stakeholder
participation
Facilitation
expertise
IDRISI LUWES Marxan UNREDD GIS ARIES InVEST Abacus SP OSPC PSIA PSP SBIA LUPIS SIA DEIA
High (Red), Medium (Orange), Low (Yellow), Not Required (Grey), and Flexible (Blue)
a Assessment of finances required considers both cost of tool software (if any) as well as costs of technical expertise, stakeholder participation
and facilitation