World off art 8th edtion by henry m sayre chapter 17

Describe the principal architectural and decorative features of early Christian and Byzantine places of worship.. Early Christian and Byzantine Art1 of 4 • With the conversion of Cons

by Pearson Education, Inc or its affiliates.

All rights reserved.

The Age of Faith

17

Learning Objectives

1 of 2

1 Describe the principal architectural

and decorative features of early

Christian and Byzantine places of

worship.

2 Explain the origins of the mosque and

describe its chief features.

3 Describe the chief characteristics of

the Carolingian, Romanesque, and

Gothic styles.

Learning Objectives

2 of 2

4 Describe how Indian art and

architecture reflect the Hindu religion, and how the Buddhist faith is evident

in the arts of China and Japan.

5 Describe some of the characteristic

works of the Ife, Shona, and Zagwe

cultures.

• The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

marks the intersection of Judaism,

Christianity, and Islam.

 It marks the original site of the Temple

of Solomon.

 Its circular ambulatory is an early

example of Muslim architecture.

 The influence of these three religions marked an age of faith.

The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem.

Founded 3rd century BCE, enlarged ca 150–50 BCE Shrine height 50', diameter 105'

© Ivan Vdovin/Alamy [Fig 17-1]

Early Christian and Byzantine Art

1 of 4

• With the conversion of Constantine to

Christianity, Christian places of worship were designed to be as different from

Classical temples as possible

 The basilica plan used for public

buildings provided a base.

• Santa Costanza was a mausoleum built

in a circular shape with a dome

supported with a barrel vault.

Santa Costanza, Rome.

ca 354 CE

© 2015 Photo Scala, Florence [Fig 17-2]

Early Christian and Byzantine Art

2 of 4

• Emperor Justinian assumed the throne

in 527 and commissioned the church of Hagia Sophia.

 Its shape is a dome supported by four

curved pendentives.

 The interior features mosaics, tiles or

glass arranged in an image or pattern.

• Many of these were destroyed when

iconoclasts scourged Byzantine art.

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, and plan.

532–37

Photo: Ayhan Altun/Altunimages [Fig 17-3a]

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Plan of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul.

532–37

Photo: Ayhan Altun/Altunimages [Fig 17-3b]

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Interior, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul.

532–37

Photo: Ayhan Altun/Altunimages [Fig 17-4]

Early Christian and Byzantine Art

3 of 4

• Mosaics are made of small pieces of

stone called tesserae.

 They were a popular decorative element for Roman villa floors, but the Romans rarely used it on walls.

 Byzantine mosaics such as the Christ

pictured were created as symbolic, mystical art and not for naturalism.

Christ, from Deësis mosaic.

13th century Hagia Sophia, Istanbul.Photo: Ayhan Altun/Altunimages [Fig 17-5]

Early Christian and Byzantine Art

4 of 4

• Justinian built a new church in Ravenna

called San Vitale.

 Though its exterior is octagonal, its

interior is circular, similar to churches in Constantinople.

 Two elaborate mosaics depict Justinian

and the empress Theodora bearing gifts for the Church.

• Naturalism is lost in their body-obscuring robes and standardized faces.

Plan and exterior, San Vitale, Ravenna.

Dedicated 547

[Fig 17-6a]

San Vitale, Ravenna.

Dedicated 547

Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy [Fig 17-6b]

Theodora and Her Attendants, San Vitale.

ca 547. Mosaic, each 8' 8" × 12'.CAMERAPHOTO Arte, Venice [Fig 17-7]

Justinian and His Attendants, San Vitale.

ca 547. Mosaic, each 8' 8" × 12'.CAMERAPHOTO Arte, Venice [Fig 17-8]

The Rise of Islam

1 of 5

• Islam began with Muhammad's writing

down "recitations" from God into the

Qur'an.

"surrender," as in to all-powerful God.

• Muhammad was forced to flee Mecca to al-Medina in a journey known as the

hijra.

The Rise of Islam

 Covered porches featuring many columns

became known as the hypostyle space.

 The qibla indicates the direction of

Mecca and hosts the minbar and

mihrab.

The Rise of Islam

3 of 5

• In Damascus, a Byzantine church was

torn down for a mosque in 705.

• Calligraphy is a prominent feature in Islamic culture.

 The mosaic mihrab from a teaching

college in Iran contains three different inscriptions from the Qur'an.

Courtyard of the Great Mosque of Damascus.

705–16

Photo: Christopher Rennie, Robert Harding World Imagery [Fig 17-9]

Tile mosaic mihrab, from the Madrasa Imami, Isfahan, Persia (Iran).

ca 1354 (restored) Glazed and cut ceramic, 11' 3" × 7' 6" Metropolitan Museum of Art,

New York

Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 19.20 © 2015 Image copyright Metropolitan Museum of

Art/Art Resource/Scala, Florence [Fig 17-10]

The Rise of Islam

4 of 5

• The spread of Muslim impacted

trans-Saharan Africa, where Islamic traders

began to change the dominant religion

of regions such as West Africa.

• Mansa Moussa became king of Mali and

built the Djing-areyber Mosque in

Timbuktu.

 He embarked on his own pilgrimage to Mecca, spreading gold as he traveled.

Djingareyber Mosque, Timbuktu.

ca 1312

© Danita Delimont/Alamy [Fig 17-11]

The Rise of Islam

Interior, Sanctuary of the mosque at Córdoba, Spain.

786–987

© Bednorz-images, Cologne [Fig 17-12]

Christian Art in Europe

1 of 2

• Efforts to establish the authority of the

church began in the papacy of Rome

and extended to pagan tribes.

• The fusion of Celtic design and Christian

art fused into an "animal style," which featured abstract, non-naturalistic

representation.

Christian Art in Europe

2 of 2

• The best examples are from the Sutton

Hoo burial site, such as the purse cover.

• Two pairs of animals and birds face each

other with great symmetry.

• Ribbons of decoration are inspired by

common Scandinavian motifs.

• A mission of St Augustine to convert

Anglo-Saxons brought Roman religious and artistic traditions directly to the Germanic world.

Purse cover, from the Sutton Hoo burial ship.

ca 625 Gold with Indian garnets and cloisonné enamels, originally on an ivory or bone

background (now lost), length 8" The British Museum, London

1939,1010.3 © The Trustees of the British Museum [Fig 17-13]

Carolingian Art

• A fusion of Germanic and

Mediterranean styles characterized

Carolingian art, or art produced

during the reign of Charlemagne.

 Compared to a Celtic copy of an Italian

original, the page from the Gospel Book

of Charlemagne shows interest in

restoring the glories of Roman

civilization: realism and perspective.

St Matthew, from the Lindisfarne Gospels.

ca 700 Manuscript page, approx 11 × 9" British Library, London

© British Library Board, Cotton Nero D IV, f.25v [Fig 17-14]

St Matthew, from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne.

ca 800–810. Manuscript page, 12-3/4 × 9-7/8" Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

Inv SK XIII18 [Fig 17-15]

Romanesque Art

1 of 2

• Architecture from this period, beginning

about 1050, is characterized by easily recognizable geometric masses.

 Flat roofs were replaced by vaulted

ceilings, which required massive walls

for support and few windows.

• During this period, monasteries

flourished, particularly at Cluny.

Romanesque Art

2 of 2

• While sculpture largely declined with

the fall of the Roman Empire, it

reemerged, particularly in the

tympanum on the facades of churches.

 Gislebertus's Last Judgment shows a

popular subject with figures of humans and animal forms combined.

Gislebertus, Last Judgment, tympanum and lintel, west portal, cathedral, Autun, France.

ca 1125–35. Stone, approx 12' 6" × 22'

© Bednorz-images, Cologne [Fig 17-16]

Gothic Art

1 of 3

• The Gothic era began in 1137 with the

rebuilding of the choir of the abbey

church of Saint-Denis, Paris.

 Abbot Suger designed it to be flooded with light as though from heaven itself.

• Stained glass windows were abundant.

• French craftsman replaced massive

stonework of the Romanesque with

thing columns and ribs.

West facade, Chartres Cathedral, France.

ca 1134–1220; south spire, ca 1160; north spire 1507–13

© Bednorz-images, Cologne [Fig 17-17]

Gothic Art

2 of 3

• Germany's Cologne Cathedral features

a narrowed nave width that, combined with slender stonework and glass, lends

to a sense of weightlessness.

• Italian Gothic style on the interior of

Florence Cathedral contrasted its

exterior.

 However, the overall sense of tranquility prevails.

Choir of Cologne Cathedral, Germany.

13th and 14th centuries Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historiques

© Svenja-Foto/Corbis [Fig 17-18]

Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore).

Begun by Arnolfo de Cambio, 1296; dome by Filippo Brunelleschi, 1420–36

© Vanni Archive/CORBIS Photo: Ruggero Vanni [Fig 17-19]

Gothic Art

3 of 3

substitutes a stained-glass rose window for the Romanesque tympanum.

much more naturalistic than those of the Romanesque period, almost appearing in-the-round.

generalized "types" and a step toward individualization.

Central portal of the west facade, Reims Cathedral, France.

ca 1225–90

© Art Archive/Gianni Dagli Orti [Fig 17-20]

Annunciation and Visitation (detail), west portal, Reims Cathedral, France.

ca 1225–45

© Angelo Hornak/Alamy [Fig 17-21]

Developments in Asia

• Buddhism spread to China in the first

century CE.

• It reached Southeast Asia in the

thirteenth century, where it met

resistance from Hinduism.

1 of 4

• Aryan tribesman brought traditions of

the Vedas to India as early as 1500 BCE

 The Upanishads was a book of mystical

and philosophical texts that along with

the Vedas, formed the basis for

Hinduism.

• Vishnu, god of benevolence, was the

most popular of the gods.

2 of 4

• Brahma was seen as the world's

creator, and Shiva was the destroyer.

 The large bronze edition of Shiva would have been commissioned as an icon for

a temple.

• Villages often recognize goddesses as

their protectors.

 In a miniature carving, Devi can be seen

in her 16-armed manifestation, Durga.

Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), Tamil Nadu, India.

Chola period (880–1279), ca 11th century. Bronze, 44-1/2 × 40 × 3/4" The Cleveland

Museum of Art

Purchase from the J H Wade Fund, 1930.331 Photo © Cleveland Museum of Art

[Fig 17-22]

The Goddess Durga Killing the Buffalo Demon, Mahisha (Mahishasuramardini), Bangladesh

3 of 4

• Hindu respect for sexuality is apparent

in its architecture.

 The Kandariya Mahadeva features a

garbhagriha, "womb chamber" housing

a cult image of Brahman.

Kandariya Mahadeva temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Chandella dynasty, ca 1025–50

© Neil Grant/Alamy [Fig 17-24]

4 of 4

• Hinduism spread to present-day

Cambodia by the twelfth century.

 The Khmer monarch Suryavarman II

created a large temple, Angkor Wat.

• Five central towers represent the center

of the Hindu cosmos.

Angkor Wat, Cambodia.

Early 12th century

Andrew Gunners/Digital Vision/Getty Images [Fig 17-25]

1 of 4

• Zhu Shixing of Hunan province was the

first Buddhist monk to seek Buddhist

texts to translate, journeying around

260 CE

• Early Buddhist art the Buddha was

never shown; but by the fourth century, certain standards for the depiction of

Buddha were implemented.

2 of 4

• Two massive Buddhas that were carved

into the rock at Bamiyan were

destroyed by the Taliban in 2001.

 They would have held up the

Dharmachakra mudra, a teaching pose.

• In about 618, the Tang dynasty

established peace and prosperity in

China.

Colossal Buddha, Bamiyan, Afghanistan.

ca 3rd century CE Stone, height 175'

© Ian Griffiths/Robert Harding World Imagery/Corbis [Fig 17-26]

3 of 4

• The pagoda became a favored

architectural form, understood as

offering a form of protection.

 The Great Wild Goose Pagoda was built for the monk Xuanzang and represents the essence of Tang architecture with its simplicity and symmetry.

Great Wild Goose Pagoda at Ci'én Temple, Xi'an, Shanxi.

Tang dynasty, first erected 645 CE

© Jean-Pierre De Mann/Robert Harding World Imagery [Fig 17-27]

4 of 4

• The Chinese valued landscape painting

as the highest form of artistic endeavor, seeking to understand the "principle"

upon which the universe is founded.

 Guo Xi's Early Spring contained hidden

meaning, such as the central peak

symbolizing the emperor.

Guo Xi, Early Spring.

Northern Song dynasty, 1072 Hanging scroll, ink, and slight color on silk, length 60"

Collection of the National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C

© Corbis [Fig 17-28]

1 of 3

• Japanese society practiced Shinto until

the sixth century CE , when the cultural influence of China and Korea brought Buddhism to the fore.

 Many temples and monasteries were

constructed.

 Todaiji temple, the largest wooden

structure in the world when it was built, houses the bronze Great Buddha.

Todaiji temple, Nara, Japan.

752, reconstructed 1709

© Sakamoto Photo Research Laboratory/Corbis [Fig 17-29]

2 of 3

• The Heian period marked an era of

elegance as well as a secular court.

• Samurai clans became more and more powerful until they established the

Kamakura period during the twelfth

century.

3 of 3

• In 1557, Go Shirawaka recruited the

Minamoto clan to stage a coup against the

emperor, an event recorded in Night

Attack on the Sanjo Palace.

 Chaos and violence are depicted through sweeping linear ribbons.

• Warriors wore yoroi of iron and leather

scales that were decorated with

multicolored designs.

Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace (detail), from the Scrolls of Events of the Heiji Period.

Kamakura period, late 13th century Handscroll, ink and colors on paper,

16-1/4" × 22' 11-1/2" Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Fenollosa-Weld Collection, 11.4000 Photo © 2015 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

[Fig 17-30]

Armor (yoroi).

Late Kamakura period, early 14th century Lacquered iron and leather, silk, stenciled leather, copper-gilt, height 37-1/2", weight 38 lb 3 oz Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.Gift of Bashford Dean, 1914.100.121 Image copyright Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art

Resource/Scala, Florence [Fig 17-31]

The Cultures of Africa

1 of 3

• The Ife culture produced naturalistic

brass sculptures of its rulers by the

mid-twelfth century.

of scarification along with other

adornment emphasizing the head as the home of a person's spirit.

Head of a King (Oni), Ife culture, Nigeria.

ca 13th century Brass, height 11-7⁄16" Museum of Ife Antiquities, Ife, Nigeria

Photo © Dirk Bakker/Bridgeman Images [Fig 17-32]

The Cultures of Africa

2 of 3

African coast built a civilization about

1100 that traded copper and gold for goods from Asia and the Middle East.

Great Zimbabwe covered one square mile and included several ceremonial platforms decorated with geometric

patterns, as well as carved bird

monoliths.

Bird carved from soapstone, Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe.

ca 1200–1400. Height 13-1/2", atop a stone monolith, total height 5' 4" Great

Zimbabwe Site Museum, Zimbabwe

© Colin Haskins/Alamy [Fig 17-33]

The Cultures of Africa

3 of 3

• In East Africa, the Zagwe dynasty was

responsible for carving massive

churches into soft rock.

 The church at Lalibela was conceived ahead of time by engineers who had to consider decorative designs.

 The inside was hollowed into rooms for the use of Christian worship and study.