Principles of risk management and insurance 12th by rejde mcnamara chapter 06

6-3 Rating and Ratemaking • Ratemaking refers to the pricing of insurance and the calculation of insurance premiums – A rate is the price per unit of insurance – An exposure unit is the

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Chapter 6

Insurance Company Operations

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Rating and Ratemaking

• Ratemaking refers to the pricing of

insurance and the calculation of insurance premiums

– A rate is the price per unit of insurance

– An exposure unit is the unit of measurement

used in insurance pricing

units exposure

rate

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Rating and Ratemaking

– Total premiums charged must be adequate for

paying all claims and expenses during the policy period

– Rates and premiums are determined by an

actuary, using the company’s past loss

experience and industry statistics

– Actuaries also determine the adequacy of loss

reserves, allocate expenses, and compile

statistics for company management and state

regulatory officials

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Underwriting

• Underwriting refers to the process of selecting,

classifying, and pricing applicants for insurance

• A statement of underwriting policy establishes

policies that are consistent with the company’s

– Forms and rating plans to be used

– Business that requires approval by a senior underwriter

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Underwriting Principles

• The basic principles of underwriting include:

– Attain an underwriting profit

– Select prospective insureds according to the

company’s underwriting standards

• Reduce adverse selection against the insurer

• Adverse selection is the tendency of people with a higher-than-average chance of loss to seek insurance

at standard rates If not controlled by underwriting, this will result in higher-than-expected loss levels.

– Provide equity among the policyholders

• One group of policyholders should not unduly subsidize another group

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Steps in Underwriting

• Underwriting starts with the agent

• Information for underwriting comes from:

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– Reject the application

• Many insurers now use computerized

underwriting for certain personal lines of

insurance that can be standardized

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• Production refers to the sales and marketing activities of insurers

– Agents are often referred to as producers

– Life insurers have an agency or sales department– Property and liability insurers have marketing

departments

• The marketing of insurance has been

characterized by a trend toward

professionalism

– An agent should be a competent professional

with a high degree of technical knowledge in a

particular area of insurance and who also places the needs of his or her clients first

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Production

• Several organizations have developed

professional designation programs for

insurance personnel:

– The American College: CLU, ChFC

– The American Institute for Chartered Property

and Casualty Underwriters: CPCU

– Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards, Inc.: CFP

– National Alliance for Insurance Education &

Research: CIC

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Claim Settlement

• The objectives of claims settlement include:

– Verification of a covered loss

– Fair and prompt payment of claims

– Personal assistance to the insured

• Some laws prohibit unfair claims practices, such as:

– Refusing to pay claims without conducting a

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Types of Claims Adjustors

• Major types of claims adjustors include:

– An insurance agent often has authority to settle small first-party claims up to some limit

– A company adjustor is usually a salaried

employee who will investigate a claim, determine the amount of loss, and arrange for payment

– An independent adjustor is an organization or

individual that adjusts claims for a fee

– A public adjustor represents the insured and is

paid a fee based on the amount of the claim

settlement

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Steps in Claim Settlement

• The claim process begins with a notice of

loss, typically immediately or as soon as

possible after a loss has occurred.

• Next, the claim is investigated

– An adjustor must determine that a covered loss has occurred and determine the amount of the

loss

• The adjustor may require a proof of loss

before the claim is paid

• The adjustor decides if the claim should be paid or denied

– Policy provisions address how disputes may be

resolved

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Reinsurance

• Reinsurance is an arrangement by which

the primary insurer that initially writes the insurance transfers to another insurer part

or all of the potential losses associated with such insurance

– The primary insurer is the ceding company

– The insurer that accepts the insurance from the ceding company is the reinsurer

– The retention limit is the amount of insurance

retained by the ceding company

– The amount of insurance ceded to the reinsurer

is known as a cession

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• Reinsurance is used to:

– Increase underwriting capacity

– Stabilize profits

– Reduce the unearned premium reserve, which

represents the unearned portion of gross

premiums on all outstanding policies at the time

of valuation

– Provide protection against a catastrophic loss

– Retire from business or from a line of insurance

or territory

– Obtain underwriting advice on a line for which

the insurer has little experience

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Types of Reinsurance Agreements

• There are two principal forms of

reinsurance:

– Facultative reinsurance is an optional,

case-by-case method that is used when the ceding

company receives an application for insurance that exceeds its retention limit

• Often used when the primary insurer has an application for a large amount of insurance

– Treaty reinsurance means the primary insurer

has agreed to cede insurance to the reinsurer,

and the reinsurer has agreed to accept the

business

• All business that falls within the scope of the agreement is automatically reinsured according to the terms of the treaty

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Methods for Sharing Losses

• There are two basic methods for sharing

losses:

– Under the Pro rata method, the ceding company and reinsurer agree to share losses and

premiums based on some proportion

– Under the Excess method, the reinsurer pays

only when covered losses exceed a certain level

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• Under a quota-share treaty, the ceding

insurer and the reinsurer agree to share

premiums and losses based on some

proportion

Example: assume that Apex Fire Insurance and

Geneva Re enter into a quota-share arrangement

by which losses and premiums are shared 50-50

If a $100,000 loss occurs, Apex Fire pays $100,000

to the insured but is reimbursed by Geneva Re for

$50,000

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• Under a surplus-share treaty, the reinsurer agrees to accept insurance in excess of the ceding insurer’s retention limit, up to some maximum amount

• Example: assume that Apex Fire Insurance has a

retention limit of $200,000 (called a line) for a single policy, and that four lines, or $800,000, are ceded to Geneva Re Assume that a $500,000 property

insurance policy is issued Apex Fire takes the first

$200,000 of insurance, or two-fifths, and Geneva Re takes the remaining $300,000, or three-fifths

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• If a $5000 loss occurs:

Apex Fire $200,000 (1 line) Geneva Re $800,000 (4 lines) Total Underwriting Capacity $1,000,000

$500,000 policy issued

Apex Fire $200,000 (2/5) Geneva Re $300,000 (3/5)

$5000 loss occurs

Apex Fire $2000 (2/5)

Geneva Re $3000 (3/5)

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• An excess-of-loss treaty is designed for

protection against a catastrophic loss

– A treaty can be written to cover a single exposure, a single occurrence, or excess losses

Example: Apex Fire Insurance wants protection for all

windstorm losses in excess of $1 million Assume

Apex enters into an excess-of-loss arrangement with Franklin Re to cover single occurrences during a

specified time period Franklin Re agrees to pay all losses exceeding $1 million but only to a maximum

of $10 million.

If a $5 million hurricane loss occurs, Franklin Re

would pay $4 million.

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• A reinsurance pool is an organization of

insurers that underwrites insurance on a

joint basis

• Reinsurance pools work in two ways:

– Each pool member agrees to pay a certain

percentage of every loss

– Each pool member pays for his or her share of

losses below a certain amount; losses exceeding that amount are then shared by all members in the pool

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Alternatives to Traditional

Reinsurance

• Some insurers use the capital markets as an

alternative to traditional reinsurance

• Securitization of risk means that an insurable risk is transferred to the capital markets through the

creation of a financial instrument, such as a

catastrophe bond or futures contract

• Catastrophe bonds are corporate bonds that permit the issuer of the bond to skip or reduce the interest payments if a catastrophic loss occurs

– Catastrophe bonds are growing in importance and are now considered by many to be a standard supplement to

traditional reinsurance.

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Investments

• Because premiums are paid in advance, they can

be invested until needed to pay claims and

expenses

• Investment income is extremely important in

reducing the cost of insurance to policyowners and offsetting unfavorable underwriting experience

• Life insurance contracts are long-term; thus, safety

of principal is a primary consideration

• In contrast to life insurance, property insurance

contracts are short-term in nature, and claim

payments can vary widely depending on

catastrophic losses, inflation, medical costs, etc

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Exhibit 6.1 Growth of Life Insurers’ Assets

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Exhibit 6.2 Asset Distribution of Life Insurers,

2010

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Exhibit 6.3 Investments, Property/Casualty

Insurers, 2010

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Other Insurance Company Functions

• Information systems are extremely

important in the daily operations of insurers.

– Computers are widely used in many areas,

including policy processing, simulation studies, market analysis, and policyholder services

• The accounting department prepares

financial statements and develops budgets

• In the legal department, attorneys are used

in advanced underwriting and estate

planning

• Property and liability insurers also provide

many loss control services

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