General orrganic and biological chemistry structures off liffe 5th CH1 chemistry in our lives GOB structures 5th ed

Learning Goal Develop a study plan for learning chemistry.. My study plan for learning chemistry will include the following: reading the chapter before lectures going to lectures and be

Lecture Presentation

Chapter 1 Chemistry in Our Lives

Forensic scientists work in

crime laboratories where

they analyze bodily fluids

and tissue samples

collected by the crime

scene investigators.

Chapter 1 Chemistry in our Lives

Chemists working in laboratories test new products and develop new pharmaceuticals.

1.1 Chemistry and Chemicals

Chemistry

• is the study of composition,

structure, properties, and

reactions of matter.

• happens all around you

every day.

Antacid tablets undergo a

chemical reaction when dropped

in water.

What is Chemistry?

Matter is another word for all substances that make up

Chemicals are

• substances that have the

same composition and

properties wherever found.

• often substances made by

chemists that you use

every day.

Toothpaste is a combination

of many chemicals.

Chemicals

Chemicals in Toothpaste

Chemicals in the Kitchen

Which of the following contains chemicals?

A Sunlight is energy; it does not contain chemicals.

B Fruit is a type of matter; it contains chemicals.

C Milk is a type of matter; it contains chemicals.

D Breakfast cereal is a type of matter; it contains

chemicals.

Only B fruit, C milk, and D breakfast cereal

contain chemicals.

Solution

Learning Goal Describe the activities that are part of the

Thinking Like a Scientist

Linus Pauling won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1954.

1.2 Scientific Method

The scientific method is a set of general principles that

helps to describe how a scientist thinks

1 Make observations about nature and ask questions

about what you observe.

2 Propose a hypothesis, which states a possible

explanation of the observations.

3 Several experiments may be done to test the

hypothesis.

The Scientific Method

Suppose you visit a friend in her home and soon after

you arrive, you begin to sneeze.

• You observe that your friend has a new cat.

• You ask yourself why you are sneezing and form a

hypothesis that you are allergic to cats.

• You perform experiments to test your hypothesis by

visiting other friends with cats.

• If you sneeze after leaving the other homes with

cats, you come to the conclusion that your

hypothesis is correct.

Using the Scientific Method

Through your observations, you may determine that you

are allergic to cat hair and dander.

Using the Scientific Method

The scientific method

not support it.

Using the Scientific Method

Identify each of the following as an observation (O), a

hypothesis (H), an experiment (E), or a conclusion (C):

A During your visit to the gym, your trainer records that you

ran for 25 minutes on the treadmill.

B Scientific studies show that exercising lowers blood

pressure.

C Your doctor thinks that your weight loss is due to

increased exercise.

Study Check

Identify each of the following as an observation (O), a

hypothesis (H), an experiment (E), or a conclusion (C):

A During your visit to the gym, your trainer records that you

ran for 25 minutes on the treadmill Observation (O)

B Scientific studies show that exercising lowers blood

pressure Conclusion (C)

C Your doctor thinks that your weight loss is due to

increased exercise Hypothesis (H)

Studying in a group

can be beneficial to

learning.

Learning Goal Develop a study plan for learning chemistry.

1.3 Learning Chemistry: A Study Plan

1 Periodic Table - inside front cover

2 Tables - inside back cover

3 Looking Ahead - beginning of each chapter

4 Glossary and Index - end of text

5 Key Math Skills - icons in the margin

Text Features That Help You Study

At the beginning of each chapter are highlighted

• Key Math Skills from previous chapters to help you

understand chemical calculations in this chapter.

• Core Chemistry Skills from previous chapters related

to the current chapter concepts.

Chapter Readiness

Before you begin to read the chapter,

• obtain an overview of the chapter by reading

Looking Ahead.

• look at the section title and rephrase it as a question.

• review the Learning Goal that tells you what to expect in

that section.

Before Reading

As you read the chapter,

try to answer the question you made from the section title.

work through the Sample Problems and review the visual

Guide to Problem Solving.

an Analyze the Problem feature shows you how to organize

the data in some word problems.

try the Questions and Problems that allow you to apply

problem solving to the new concepts.

As You Read

Throughout the chapter, there are tools that help you

connect the chemical concepts you are learning to real life

Chemistry Link to Health

Chemistry Link to the Environment

Clinical Application Problems

Throughout the Chapter

Many figures and diagrams use micro-to-macro

illustrations to

depict the atomic level of organization.

illustrate the concepts in the text.

allow you to see the world in a microscopic way.

Figures and Diagrams

At the end of the chapter, there are study aids such as

Chapter Reviews, which provide a summary.

Concept Maps, which show connections between

important concepts.

Key Terms, which are listed with their definitions.

Understanding the Concepts, which help you visualize

concepts.

Additional Questions and Problems and Challenge

End of Chapter

Students that are active learners continually interact with

the chemical ideas while reading the text, working the

problems, and attending lectures

End of Chapter

My study plan for learning chemistry will include the

following:

reading the chapter before lectures

going to lectures and being an active learner in lectures

reviewing the Learning Goals

keeping a problem notebook

reading the text as an active learner

working Questions and Problems at the end of each

section and checking the answers

Making a Study Plan

organizing a study group

seeing the professor during

office hours

reviewing Key Math Skills

and Core Chemistry Skills

attending review sessions

organizing review sessions

studying often

Students discuss a chemistry problem with their professor during office hours.

Making a Study Plan (continued)

Which of the following activities should be included in

your study plan for learning chemistry?

A Skipping lectures

B Forming a study group

C Keeping a problem notebook

D Reading the text as an active learner

Study Check

Which of the following activities should be included in

your study plan for learning chemistry?

A Skipping lectures will not help you to understand the

concepts.

B Forming a study group will be helpful for learning

chemistry.

C Keeping a problem notebook will help you to

understand and organize the concepts.

D Reading the text as an active learner will help you

understand and remember the concepts.

Solution

Learning Goal Review math concepts used in chemistry:

place values, positive and negative numbers,

percentages, solving equations, interpreting graphs, and

writing numbers in scientific notation.

For any number, we can identify the place

value for each of the digits in that number.

The place values for two numbers are

listed below: A premature baby has a mass of 2518 grams. A silver coin has a mass of 6.407 grams.

A Identifying Place Values

A positive number is any number that is greater than

zero and has a positive sign (+) Often the positive sign

is understood and not written in front of the number

A negative number is any number that is less than zero

and is written with a negative sign (−).

Key Math Skill Using Positive and Negative Numbers in

Calculations

B Using Positive and Negative Numbers in Calculations

1 When two positive numbers or two negative

numbers are multiplied or divided, the answer is

positive (+).

2 When a positive number and a negative number

are multiplied or divided, the answer is negative (−).

Multiplication and Division: Positive and Negative Numbers

1 When two positive numbers are added, the answer is positive.

2 When two negative numbers are added, the answer is negative.

3 When a positive number and a negative number are

added, the smaller number is subtracted from the larger number and the result has the same sign as the larger number.

Addition: Positive and Negative Numbers

When two numbers are subtracted, change the sign of the

number to be subtracted and then follow the rules for addition.

Subtraction: Positive and Negative Numbers

On your calculator, there are four keys used

for basic mathematical operations

The change sign key is used to change the

sign of a number.

Calculator Operations

Calculator Operations—Example

To determine a percentage, divide the parts

by the total (whole) and multiply by 100%.

If the percentage of red balls is 5, it means

there are 5 red balls in every 100 balls.

Key Math Skill Calculating Percentages

C Calculating Percentages

Equations can be rearranged to solve for an unknown variable

1 Place all like items on one side.

2 Isolate the variable you need to solve for.

D Solving Equations

Solve the following equation for P 1

Study Check

Solve the following equation for P 1

To solve for P 1 , divide both sides by V 1

Solution

A graph

• represents the relationship between two variables.

• contains two perpendicular axes.

• has a horizontal axis, or x axis.

• has a vertical axis, or y axis.

Key Math Skill Interpreting Graphs

E Interpreting Graphs

In the following graph, the

• volume of a gas in a balloon is plotted

against its temperature.

• y axis represents the volume (L) of the gas

The line on the graph

People have an average of 1 × 10 5 hairs on

the scalp Each hair is about 8 × 10 −6 m

wide.

F Scientific Notation

Numbers written in scientific notation have two parts:

Some Positive Powers of 10

Some Negative Powers of 10

Diameter of chickenpox virus = 0.000

000 3 m

= 3 × 10 −7 m

Measurements in Scientific Notation

Some Measurements Written in Scientific Notation

Numbers in scientific notation can be entered into

a calculator using the EXP or EE key.

The calculator display shows a number between 1

and 10 followed by a space and the power of 10.

Scientific Notation and Calculators

Guide to Writing a Number in Scientific Notation

Write each of the following in correct

scientific notation:

A 64 000

B 0.021

Study Check

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e

Karen C Timberlake

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc

Write each of the following in correct scientific notation:

A 64 000

obtain a coefficient that is at least 1 but less than 10.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e

Karen C Timberlake

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc

Write each of the following in correct scientific notation:

B 0.021

obtain a coefficient that is at least 1 but less than 10.

2.1

moved as a power of 10.

10 −2

coefficient multiplied by the power of

10.

Solution

Concept Map