May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part... May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
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Nature of Merchandising Businesses
o These differences are reflected in the operating cycles of a service and merchandising
business as well as in their financial statements.
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Operating Cycle
(slide 1 of 2)
• The operating cycle is the process by which a company spends cash, generates revenues, and receives cash either at the time the revenues are generated or later
by collecting an accounts receivable.
merchandising business must purchase merchandise for sale to customers.
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Operating Cycle
(slide 2 of 2)
merchandise businesses.
o For example, many grocery items, such as milk, have a short operating cycle and must be
sold within their expiration dates of a week or two.
o In contrast, jewelry stores often carry expensive items that are often displayed months
before being sold to customers.
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Financial Statements
(slide 1 of 3)
customers.
reported as fees earned.
fees earned to arrive at operating income.
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Financial Statements
(slide 2 of 3)
• In contrast, the revenue activities of a merchandising business involve the buying and selling of merchandise.
o A merchandising business first purchases merchandise to sell to its customers.
o When this merchandise is sold, the revenue is reported as sales , and its cost is recognized as an expense
called cost of goods sold or cost of merchandise sold.
The cost of goods sold is subtracted from sales to arrive at gross profit , which is the profit before deducting
operating expenses.
– The operating expenses are subtracted from gross profit to arrive at operating income.
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Financial Statements
(slide 3 of 3)
inventory or merchandise inventory
o Inventory is reported as a current asset on the balance sheet.
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Merchandising Transactions
(slide 1 of 3)
• Merchandise transactions are recorded in the accounts, using the rules of debit and credit;
however, the accounting system for merchandising businesses is often modified to more
efficiently record transactions.
o A large number of individual accounts with a common characteristic can be grouped together in a separate
ledger, called a subsidiary ledger
o The primary ledger, which contains all of the balance sheet and income statement accounts, is then called the
general ledger
o Each subsidiary ledger is represented in the general ledger by a summarizing account, called a controlling
account
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Merchandising Transactions
(slide 2 of 3)
• Common subsidiary ledgers are the:
o Accounts receivable subsidiary ledger
The controlling account in the general ledger is Accounts Receivable.
o Accounts payable subsidiary ledger
The controlling account in the general ledger is Accounts Payable.
o Inventory subsidiary ledger
The controlling account in the general ledger is Inventory.
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Merchandising Transactions
(slide 3 of 3)
generate purchase, sales, and inventory reports.
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Purchases Transactions
(slide 1 of 3)
• There are two systems for accounting for merchandise transactions: perpetual and periodic.
o In a perpetual inventory system , each purchase and sale of merchandise is recorded in the inventory account and related
Instead, a listing of inventory on hand, called a physical inventory , is prepared at the end of the accounting period.
– This physical inventory is used to determine the cost of inventory on hand at the end of the period and calculate the cost of goods sold during the period.
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Purchases Transactions
(slide 2 of 3)
the seller sends the buyer.
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Purchases Transactions
(slide 3 of 3)
terms
o If payment is required on delivery, the terms are cash or net cash.
o Otherwise, the buyer is allowed an amount of time, known as the credit period , in which to
pay.
The credit period usually begins with the date of the sale as shown on the invoice.
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Purchases Discounts
(slide 1 of 2)
offer a discount
o For example, a seller may offer a 2% discount if the buyer pays within 10 days of the invoice
date If the buyer does not take the discount, the total invoice amount is due within 30 days.
The terms are expressed as 2/10, n/30 and are read as “2% discount if paid within 10 days, net amount due within 30 days.”
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Purchases Returns and Allowances
(slide 1 of 3)
• A buyer may request an allowance for merchandise that is returned (purchases return) or a price allowance (purchases allowance) for damaged or defective merchandise From a buyer’s
perspective, such returns and allowances are called purchases returns and allowances
o In both cases, the buyer normally sends the seller a debit memorandum , often called a debit memo , to notify
the seller of reasons for the return (purchase return) or to request a price reduction (purchase allowance).
A debit memo also informs the seller of the amount the buyer proposes to debit to the account payable due the seller
and states the reasons for the return or the request for the price allowance.
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Purchases Returns and Allowances
(slide 2 of 3)
allowance or wait for approval from the seller (creditor).
o In either case, the buyer debits Accounts Payable and credits Inventory.
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Purchases Returns and Allowances
(slide 3 of 3)
allowance for an invoice with a purchase discount
o In this case, the amount of the return is recorded at its invoice amount less the discount.
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Sales Transactions
o Sometimes a business may use the title Sales of Merchandise.
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Cash Sales
(slide 1 of 3)
inventory are also recorded.
o In this way, the inventory account indicates the amount of inventory on hand (not sold).
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Cash Sales
(slide 2 of 3)
o Such sales are recorded as cash sales
This is because these sales are normally processed by a clearinghouse that contacts the bank that issued the card The issuing bank then electronically transfers cash directly to the retailer’s bank account Thus, the retailer normally receives cash within a few days of making the credit card sale.
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Customer Discounts
(slide 1 of 2)
incentives to encourage customers to act in a way benefiting the seller.
o For example, a seller may offer customer discounts to encourage customers to purchase in
volume or order early.
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Customer Discounts
(slide 2 of 2)
• A sales discount encourages customers to pay their invoice early
o For example, a seller may offer credit terms of 2/10, n/30, which provides a 2% sales
discount if the invoice is paid within 10 days.
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Cash Refunds and Allowances
(slide 1 of 3)
refund or grant a customer allowance that reduces the accounts receivable owed
on the original selling price.
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Cash Refunds and Allowances
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Cash Refunds and Allowances
(slide 3 of 3)
receivable balance
o Instead of paying a cash refund, the seller may grant the customer an allowance against the
customer’s account receivable
When this is done, the seller normally sends the buyer a credit memorandum , or credit memo , indicating its intent to credit the customer’s account receivable.
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Customer Returns
• Estimated returns inventory is a current asset that is reported on the balance sheet after Inventory.
o It represents an estimate of merchandise that will be returned by customers.
o It is recorded at the end of the accounting period as part of the adjusting process.
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Freight
(slide 1 of 4)
passes from the seller to the buyer.
o This point determines whether the buyer or the seller pays the freight costs.
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Freight
(slide 2 of 4)
the merchandise to the freight carrier.
o In this case, the terms are said to be FOB (free on board) shipping point .
This term means that the buyer pays the freight costs from the shipping point to the final destination.
– Such costs are part of the buyer’s total cost of purchasing inventory and are added to the cost of the inventory by debiting Inventory.
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Freight
(slide 3 of 4)
the merchandise.
o In this case, the terms are said to be FOB (free on board) destination .
This term means that the seller pays the freight costs from the shipping point to the buyer’s final destination.
– When the seller pays the delivery charges, the seller debits Delivery Expense or Freight Out.
Delivery Expense is reported on the seller’s income statement as a selling expense.
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Freight
(slide 4 of 4)
The seller will then add the freight to the invoice
o The buyer debits Inventory for the total amount of the invoice, including the freight.
o Any discount terms would not apply to the prepaid freight.
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Dual Nature of Merchandise Transactions
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Illustration of Inventory Transactions
for Seller and Buyer
(slide 1 of 2)
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Illustration of Inventory Transactions
for Seller and Buyer
(slide 2 of 2)
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Sales Taxes
o At the time of a cash sale, the seller collects the sales tax.
o When a sale is made on account, the seller charges the tax to the buyer by debiting
Accounts Receivable.
o The seller credits the sales account for the amount of the sale and credits the tax to Sales
Tax Payable.
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Trade Discounts
(slide 1 of 2)
to the public
o Many wholesalers publish or upload sales catalogs online.
o Wholesalers often offer special discounts to government agencies or businesses that order
large quantities.
Such discounts are called trade discounts
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Trade Discounts
(slide 2 of 2)
discounts in their accounts.
o For example, assume that an item has a list price of $1,000 and a 40% trade discount The
seller records the sale of the item at $600 [$1,000 less the trade discount of $400 ($1,000 × 40%)] Likewise, the buyer records the purchase at $600.
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Financial Statements for a
Merchandising Business
they primarily affect the income statement.
either a multiple-step or single-step format.
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Multiple-Step Income Statement
• The multiple-step income statement contains several sections, subsections, and subtotals, including the following:
o Sales
o Cost of Goods Sold
o Gross Profit
o Income from Operations
o Other Revenue and Expense