DSpace at VNU: Ứng xử của người dao vùng Tây Bắc với rừng, nước và phát triển bền vững

DSpace at VNU: Ứng xử của người dao vùng Tây Bắc với rừng, nước và phát triển bền vững tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , lu...

UNG Xir CUA NGUOI DAO VUNG TAY BAC vOl R I T N G ,

NUdC VA PHAT TRIEN BEN VtTNG

Trdn HCru San

Nghien euu ve ngudi Dao d Viet Nara trude nara 1945 da duge radl sd hgc gia nuac ngoai quan lam Trong dd ndi bat la cac lac phim cua A.Bonifacy (1904,

1905, 1906, 1907 ) vilt vl cac nganh Dao dudi dang "dan toe chi" Sau nam 1975,

viec nghien euu vl ngudi Dao a Viet Nara it duge cac nha khoa hgc nude ngoai chu

y Mot sd nha khoa hgc Viet Nara bude diu dh cap din mot sd vin dl vl nhan hgc

sinh thai ciia ngudi Dao voi mdi trudng ty nhien nhu: Trin Hdng Hanh (2002), Trin Van Ha (2007), Td Xuan Phiic (2006, 2007), Nguyin Trudng Giang (2011),

Tran Hiiu Son (2010, 2011) Tuy nhien, nhijng vin dh ea ban trong ling xu ciia

ngudi Dao vdi tai nguyen dit va nude lai ehua duge dl cap sau, nhit la chua ed edng trinh nao gin viec nghien euu dac dilm ung xu vdi radi truang ty nhien, vdi viec khae phuc thien tai, dinh hudng phat triln bin virng

Hiu bet cac Iran IQ quel, lii dng trong thap ky qua ehii ylu xay ra a vung ngudi

Dao a hien tugng dac biet Ly giai vin dl nay ein fim hilu v l ung xu ciia ngudi Dao 7di radi trudng rung, nude fiong truyin thing va hien tai Dae dilra ling xu

nay fhan anh dara net a phuong each ehgn noi eu tni, lara nha, lap thdn lang din

cac piuong thue su dung, quan ly tai nguyen rirng, nude

Dia ban cu tni la ylu td phan anh rd net each ung xu ciia ngudi Dao voi mdi trudrg rimg va nude Chgn noi o, ehgn dit lam nha, lap lang la nhiem vu quan trgng nhit Cac ylu td chgn noi cu tni se anh hudng din euge sing, radi trudng Ddn^ thai eung chiu sy tac dgng raanh me ciia mdi trudng ty nhien Ngudi Dao ed

ten tv ggi la "'kirn mun" hay '"klem mlin" dIu ed nghTa philm chi la "ngudi a rung"

Ten 13c danh da phan anh mdi quan he cua ngudi Dao vdi rimg

Dia ban cu tni cua ngudi Dao chu ylu d cac khe, ngdi Khi di cu din Lao Cai, Yen 3ai, ngudi Dao deu di cu theo dudng sdng Hdng nguge len cac con ngdi (chi

luu) ;ila sdng Hdng va filp tuc ngugc len diu nggn sudi 6 vung Yen Bai, ngudi

TS.,Sd Van hoa The thao va Du lieh finh Lao Cai

VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU^

Dao Quan Chet (Nga Hoang) nguge sdng Hdng cu tni d thugng ngudn ngdi Lau,

eon ngudi Dao Hg (Dao Quan Trang) lai ngugc sdng Chay eu tni a cac xa ven sdng thude huyen Yen Binh, Lye Yen Thdng ke 21 ban gia pha tieng Dao ggi la ''Chd phin sad' hoae 'Try chdng sdu'' ciia ngudi Dao Dd d cac huyen Bat Xal, Sa Pa, Van

Ban thude linh Lao Cai; Than Uyen, Sin Hd thude linh Lai Chau, huyen Lye Yen tinh Yen Bai cho Ihay cac ddng hg deu tir Quang Ddng, Quang Tay di cu den Van Nara vao Viet Nara tu thugng ngudn cac con sdng Hdng, sdng Chay, sdng Nam Na Ddng bao xudi theo ddng sdng, ngugc cac eon ngdi, ddng sudi, cu Iru d cac khe sau, sudn cac nui cao d cac linh Tay Bac Vi vay, ten cac lang ngudi Dao deu mang ten la khe, sudi, hd, ngdi Trong sd 466 lang ngudi Dao eu trii d Lao Cai hien nay, ed Idi 151 lang ed dia danh lien quan den ngudn nude, nhu 48 lang cd ten

"Nara" (nhu Nara Xay, Nara Bd, Nara Siu ), 25 lang cd ten khe (nhu Khe My, Khe Chiu, Khe Quyt, Khe Bde), 21 lang cd ten sudi, hd (nhu Sudi Thau, Can Hd ) d huyen Sin Hd, tinh Lai Chau, trong sd 60 lang cua ngudi Dao thi ed tdi 22 lang cd dia danh lien quan den sudi, khe, hd, nude

Ngudi Dao Tuyin (Dao Ao Dai) khi lap lang deu ehgn 1 eon khe dan nuoe ehung ciia lang Cac gia dinh deu d ven cac khe Moi khe la radl lang, du lang dd chi cd vai ba hd gia dinh nhu d thdn Khe Diing, xa Thai Nien, huyen Bao I'hang, linh Lao Cai cd tdi 5 lang nhd la Khe Thanh, Khe Lge, Khe Mai, Khe Ma, Khe Ao Hoae d thdn En, xa Tri Quang cd 6 lang cu Iru theo 6 con khe Mdi lang dd deu cd

bg may ty quan rieng, cd mot ngdi milu thd Thanh hoang lang rieng ggi la "giang man" Cd the Ihiy, dii eu tni d nhirng do cao khae nhau nhung cac nhdin Dao deu

cd dac dilm ehung khi chgn dia ban cu tni la gan rimg, can ke ngudn nude

Quan niem ciia ngudi Dao la d gan rung nhung khdng bao gid ngudi Dao d sat cac khu rirng Ngudi Dao ihudng d each cac khu rirng khoang 300m den 500m Tuy nhien, trong khudn vien cua cae lang ngudi Dao Dd d cac huyen Sa Pa, Bat Xat linh Lao Cao dIu ed nhilu cay Mdi gia dinh cd 5 den 7 cay to, nhd khae nhau Cay to Ihudng rage d ng5 va phia sau nha, each nha khoang 20in den 30in

Vi vay, lang ngudi Dao Ihudng mat quanh nara nhung khdng am udt, khdng ed hien tugng cay bi do vao nha Nhin tii xa lang ngudi Dao Dd nhu an minh trong

tan rimg Lang ngudi Dao ciing a gin cac mach nuoe, khe sudi Lang d gan khe

sudi nhung nhirng ngdi nha cd truyen ciia ngudi Dao bao gid cung each xa sudi 300m din 500m Cac ngdi nha dya lung vao sudn nui Hai ben lang deu cd niii bao bgc, ehd che Vi vay, mot dac dilm ndi bat ciia cae lang ngudi Dao Dd la Ihudng nim d vi tri giao nhau ciia 2 qua niii lao thanh cac khe nhd Ddng ba) cu tni d ven khe, ed nui chd che, Ihuan lien gan ngudn nude Quan nigra na} trd thanh kinh nghiera chgn dat lara nha:

LTNG XLT QUA NGLTQI DAO VUNG T A Y BAG

"Lam nha trong khe, hem radi giau

Dal rag tren cao, ngudi ngudi hanh phiie"

Nhu vay, lang cua ngudi Dao Dd thip Ihoang trong lura cay, in rainh ben khe sudi Lang cua ngudi Dao TuyIn, Dao Hg lai dya lung vao sudn ddi, trude raat cd ddng sudi chay qua Phia sau va cao hon lang la rung xanh Trude raat la khe nude, rudng bac thang

Ngudi Dao cdn lao ra ea radl he thdng ung xu vdi rimg, ngudn nude hieu qua nham bao ve radi trudng ty nhien, bao ve euge sdng, phdng chdng thien tai Dilm ndi bat trong he thing ung xu vdi ty nhien cua ngudi Dao la tao dyng cac khu rimg

cam, xay dyng ea chi thieng hda ve rung va nude, ed luat tuc va chi tai xu phat

nghiera khae ngudi vi phara

Trong xa hdi ndng nghiep cd truyin, vin dl thieng hda sy vat, hien tugng ludn

cd lac dyng dinh hudng du luan, quan ly xa hdi Vi vay, raudn bao ve rung ngudi Dao xay dyng ea chi thieng hda nilra tin vl cae loai rung thieng, rimg cim Nguoi Dao phan chia thanh cae loai rung khae nhau, dinh hinh cac khu rirng rieng biet vdi chuc nang rieng

Rimg thieng la khu rirng thd thin lang, tugng trung cho linh bin thieng lieng ciia lang Mdi lang ngudi Dao dIu ed mot khu rung thieng nim each xa lang tir 0,5kra trd len Khu rimg thieng nay ngudi Dao TuyIn, Dao Hg ggi la "kilra giang" Khu rung nay khi xua la rirng nguyen sinh (nay la rimg tai sinh hoae ehi cdn ragt vai cay to, la xanh) Khu rirng thieng ciia ngudi Dao Dd ggi la "pudng kilm", cd

dien fich khoang tir 2 din 5ha, a each xa lang tir 1km din 2km Rirng thieng la noi dat milu thd thin lang (ngudi Dao TuyIn ggi la "tang man", ngudi Dao Hg ggi la ''gldng man", cdn ngudi Dao Dd ggi la ''To tang dng"' hoae "Tang mien" Day la vi

than thd dia cai quan vung dit nay Milu thd ed thI dyng thanh ngdi milu nhd ed raai che (nhdm Dao TuyIn, Dao Hg) nhung ciing cd khi ehi la ba hdn da xip theo hinh raai nha dudi gde cay to, la ludn xanh (cay da, cay si, cay gao ) Loai cay nay phai cdn nguyen canh, khdng cd sau due than Ngudi Dao coi day la ea mot kho

tang huyen thoai ve cac loai ma Theo quan nigra cua ngudi Dao Dd a cac khu riing

huyen Bat Xat cd tdi 6 loai ma; quan nigra cua ngudi Dao TuyIn d huyen Bao Yen, tinh Lao Cai ed tdi 11 loai ma rung vdi cac sy fich huyin bi linh thieng Hang nara, lang dIu td chuc cung rung thieng radi nam 1 lin vao cae ngay Thin thang 2 am fich hoae ngay 6/6 (ngay cung Than Ndng) L I ciing nay ngudi Dao Dd ggi la ll "sip raien", ngudi Dao TuyIn ggi la "Tit giang man" Ngay ciing thin lang la ngay hgp mat cua ea lang Thay cung va trudng lang chu tri ll eting Thiy ciing radi ggi cac

vi thin vl dy ll ciing (ngudri Dao Hg radi 9 thin, ngudi Dao TuyIn radi tit ea cac

VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU

than duge thd cung trong raieu gan 100 vi thin gdra he thing cac thin thd dia, cac than thanh hoang lang, Nggc Hoang, Ban Vuong, Thien Ldi) Thiy cung dgc bai cung eau raong thai liel thuan hda, ngudi yen, vat Ihinh, khdng xay ra chay rung, thien tai Trudng thdn nhae lai cae quy ude bao ve rung Cac quy ude nay dirge dgc trude sy chiing giara cua than linh, trong khdng khi khae Ihudng nen eang dirge thieng hda Cac quy ude bao ve rung dudng nhu deu duge cae vi thin bao trg, nghiera cam ngudi vi phara Thye hien quy ude, nguoi Dao kien quyet khdng vao

rung thieng, khdng lay cui, san ban, hai lugra a rimg thieng

Rung cam dau ngudn la loai rung nguyen sinh nam o sau lang, phia tren cao Ngudi Dao Dd a lang Tung Chin xa Trinh Tudng, huyen Bat Xal ggi rimg cam la

"khoal kem soong" hoae "klem on" Ngudi Dao Dd d huyen Sa Pa, linh Lao Cai, Van Yen finh Yen Bai lai ggi rirng cam dau ngudn la "kem cd" Ngudi Dao Tuyen d Lao Cai, Yen Bai ggi rirng cam dau ngudn nude la "kem vodrn zdu di ghui" Rung

cara dau ngudn ed dac diera ehung la rirng ed mach nude dan ve lang Khu rung nay

ed chuc nang bao ve ngudn nude, bao ve lang Ciing nhu khu rirng thieng, khu rirng cam dau ngudn thude sd h&u cua ea edng ddng lang va duge quan ly nghiera ngat Trong khu rirng, ngudi Dao chgn radl cay ed la xanh quanh nam, than xii xi lam cay thieng dat mieu da thd nhu d rirng thieng Nhung khae vdi rirng thieng - noi ngudi Dao thd than ban raenh ciia lang thi d rimg cam dau ngudn ngudi Dao lai thd vi

than cai quan ca mdi vimg Cac vi than nay ngudi Dao Dd ggi la "tay chleu mien" Khu rung cam "kiem on" la noi Id chuc nhieu nghi le ciing trong nam va theo chu

ky hang chuc nam Chu tri le cung la ngudi thay mat edng ddng quan ly rung "cun ken" Mot nam trude day ngudi Dao Ihudng cung vao cac ngay let ed truyin" d

nhieu lang ngudi Dao Dd cdn giu duge cudn sach cd ggi la "khoai ken sau" hudng dan cac nghi le ciing rirng, cae phep Ihual, nghi thue bao ve rung Trong dd ed nhilu nghi le md cua rung, khai mach nude, lam phep eau mong cho rimg cd nhieu cay to xanh lot Sach cdn hudng dan each bao ve cay non, bao ve hoa riing, Iain phep cho rimg phat trien nhanh

Trong nghi thue ciing ragt nam ngudi Dao Dd cd le "khoi kin" vao ngay 2/2

Day la le cung rad cua rirng Trong nghi le cd nhieu trd dien mdi than linh ve dy, bao ve rimg Dac biet thay cung cdn dien xudng, phat rung, trong rirng, le nude bin

phuong eau mong rirng xanh Idt Sau nghi le khai rimg "khoi kin", ngudi dan trong

lang duge vao rimg 7 ngay khai Ihac gd, cac lam thd san khae theo quy ude cua edng ddng Mot nam khu rimg cam chi rad cua rung trong 7 ngay, cdn nhfing ngay thirdng khdng ai duge vao rimg cara Ngudi Dao d lang Ngai Chd, xa Den Sang cdn

1 Ngay 1/1 (ciing nhan dip dau nam mdi), ngay 2/2 (le ciing md ciia rung), ngay 3/3 (le ciing khai rung, trong rung), ngay 6/6 (le ciing dong cua rung), ngay 9/9 (le ciing ta on than rung)

IJ'NG XLT CUA NGLTQl DAO VUNG TAY BAC

ed nghi ll "phiing van" - le lien dich, liln bd til ea cae loai raa lara hai, cac tai nan Ihuang xay ra d rung, cac hanh vi ung xu xiu vdi rung Trong ll "phiing van" cac

lhi>- cung dien xudng ggi til ca cae loai raa xiu, cac vy xara hai rirng din dy ll liln

ma Sau khi dung kiem phep don cac raa xau pha hoai rung vao ehiec thuyin bing

be chudi ca lang danh trong, thdi ken, danh chieng xua duoi la ma ra khoi lang va tha thuyen chua ma xau xudng sudi vdi niem fin cac loai raa xiu xa pha hoai rung

se xudng sdng xudng be khdng quay lai

d viing ngudi Dao Dd huyen Bat Xat va Sa Pa tinh Lao Cai, theo chu ky 50 nam ngudi Dao td chiire le cung "chia on" la on thin rirng Toan bd nghi ll ciing nay nhu radl ngay hdi, ed nhieu canh dien, trd dien khae nhau, trong dd cd cae trd dien la lai nghi le trdng rung voi sy thara gia ciia cac thiy phu ll va cae thanh nien trai trang Hg trdng 12 cay thanh vdng trdn bilu tugng cho rirng mdi CJ day diln

ra cac nghi le tudi cay, trdng cay, phat cd, chara sdc cay, ganh phan gia siie bdn cho cay Trong le eiing cung cd raan dien xudng diln la sinh boat khai thae rung ciia ngudi Dao nhu canh di san ban, hai lugra, bit ea sudi Phin eudi eiia ll

"chia on" la cae nghi le, trd dien rad la canh ddng cua rung Trong dd ed cac canh viet sd eau mong than linh bao ve rung Dae biet trong cac nghi ll ed 3 ll ddn thin

"lin chieu" la vi than cai quan rirng xudng dy le, lara raua lara rirng, di ngya xera rirng, dang hoa qua, cae san vat ciia rirng cho thin Dd dang cung thin "lin chilu" phai la cac radn thit chudt, iMl sdc, thit chira, hoa rirng Trong budi ll cd cae man dien xirong dien la cay rung duge trdng ra sao, dom hoa kit trai the nao va lara bua phep bao ve rirng

Nhu vay, ngudi Dao da diing nhieu hinh thue thieng hda rirng Trude bet la chgn 2 khu rirng: rirng thieng, rirng cam de bao ve nghiera ngat Nham bao ve rirng ngudi Dao ciing sang lao ra ca mot he thdng than linh (ca he thdng raa ae) tni ngu d trong riing Cac vi than linh da tang thera sue raanh huyen bi cimg vdi cae eau chuyen c6 raang tinh chat ran de ke xiie phara den than rirng va y thue bao ve rirng da lara tang chat thieng cua rirng Nhung chat thieng do cdn duge thang hoa bing nhirng nghi le, trd dien ma ea edng ddng deu thara gia vdi y niem bao ve rirng Thdng qua cac nghi le eau ciing bao ve rirng hang nam, ca edng ddng deu thye hanh niera tin vao than rirng Cae nghi le nhu nhirng bai hgc nhae nhd edng ddng ve cae hanh ddng trdng rirng, bao ve rimg, chdng nan khai thae rirng bua bai, pha hoai rirng

Ca che bao ve rimg cua edng ddng ngudi Dao cdn duge phan anh dam net d viec xay dimg quy ude va bg may quan ly rung Mdi lang ngudi Dao deu cd quy ude rieng ve bao ve rimg theo dac thii ciia tirng lang Nhung nhin ehung, ndi dung quy ude deu hudng den viec td chuc bao ve rimg, xu phat nhung hanh vi vi phara

VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TCT

Quy uoc quy dinh rd rung thieng phai duge bao ve nghiem ngat, raoi nara chi duge phep vao rung trong le ciing than bao ve lang "giang man" Ddi vdi rirng cini, rirng

gia nguyen sinh a dau ngudn, radi nara lang ehi rad cua rimg radl lin (ed thdi ban 3

ngay, hoae 7 ngay) Chi trong nhung ngay rad cua rung nay ngudi dan mdi duge vao rimg lay gd, lay cui, hai nam, hai rau Cdn nhirng ngay khae ai vao rung kliai thae deu bi lang phat 6 thdn Pd Sin Ngai, xa Trung Chai, huyen Sa Pa quy dinh ai

vi phara chat 1 cay vau phat 30 bat gao, 30 bat rugu, 30 kg Ign cho lang de Id chuc

le cung rimg nam sau Ai lay raang non ciing hi phat 30 bat gao, 30 bat rugu Quy ude ciia thdn Den Sang, xa Den Sang, huyen Bat Xat quy dinh ai tha rdng gia siic vao rimg cara, rung thieng thi ngudi quan ly rung cd quyen bat giir eon vat dd de lam le ciing rimg 0 lang Tung Chin, xa Trinh Tudng, huyen Bat Xat lai quy dinh ai chat 1 cay trong rimg dau ngudn phai nop 1 con ga, 1 chai rugu lara le la loi thin rimg ngay tai raieu ciia than Ai vi phara lara chay rirng cua edng ddng ngudi do phai buy ddng ca ddng hg trdng lai rirng

Nhiing quy ude bao ve rung cua ngudi Dao dya tren eo sd lap quan phap truyen raieng, ddng thoi cdn dya tren yeu eau cy the eiia timg lang Nhfing quy ude nay lac ddng den mgi thanh vien ciia lang dii ngudi dd la chuc dich hay dan Ihudng,

la ngudi ciia ddng hg nay hay ddng hg khae Quy ude cua lang da tao ra sy euang che cua ca edng ddng vdi ragi thanh vien trong lang Dac biet khi thdng qua quy ude trong le ciing rung dau nam thi mgi thanh vien deu duge ban bac dan chii, thdng nhat ndi dung quy ude Quy ude lai duge thdng qua trong nghi 16 ciing thin,

cd sy ehung dam cua than linh nen cd sue raanh eiia ca thin linh Quy ude thye sy duge thieng hda va trd thanh radl sgi day vd hinh nhung lai ben chat ed kit mgi thanh vien trong lang thye hien viec bao ve rimg Sire raanh eiia quy ude, sue manh ciia sy thieng hda quy dinh bao ve rirng lai eang tang eudng thdng qua du luan edng ddng Du luan edng dong lang la edng cu ciia ca edng ddng nham bao ve tap quan phap va quy ude ve rung 0 cac lang ngudi Dao vimg cao radi trudng giao fiep hi khudn chat trong cac mdi quan he giira ngudi lang vdi nhau thi du luan cua lang

eang ddng vai trd ndi trdi Du luan lang lac ddng den y thue cua tiing thanh vien,

ehi phdi y chi ca nhan, dieu chinh no phu hgp vdi cac quy ude, chuan myc bao ve rimg Du luan lang cdn gdp phan cd vii, khieh le cae thanh vien chap hanh quy ude, ddng thai cdn cd lac dung ran de, ngan ngira nhirng ngudi ed hanh ddng vi pham quy ude Du luan lang eang duge thieng hda bang cac chuyen ke, cac huyen Ihoai huyen bi ve lye lugng sieu nhien trimg phat nhirng ke vi phara quy ude bao ve rung

Nd cd tac dung biing nd nhanh, bao vay chat cae ddi tugng vi phara Sue manh ciia

du luan lang eang duge lang eudng khi duge thieng hda, khi duge nhiing nguoi lao ngudn du luan lai la nhung ngudi cd uy tin trong lang nhu gia lang, trudng lang, trudng hg

LTNG XLT CIJA NGL/Cd DAO VUNG TAY BAC

Mdi lang ciia ngudi Dao Tuyen, Dao Quan Chet deu ed 2 ngudi lam nhiem vu quan ly rung O vung nguoi Dao Dd lye lugng bao ve rirng duge tang eudng nhieu hon Khao sat lang Tung Chin 1 d xa Trinh Tudng, huyen Bat Xat ehiing tdi thay dii lang chi cd 20 hd gia dinh nhung ed tdi 2 ngudi bao ve rimg Trong dd ed dng "cun ken" phai la ngudi thude ddng hg dau lien lap ra lang, cd uy tin, due do Chirc vu nay Ihudng la cha truyen con ndi Giiip viec cho dng "cun ken" ed tir 1 den 2 ngudi phy viec thude cac ddng hg khae O cac xa Den Sang, xa Nam Pung huyen Bat Xat,

xa Ban Phiing huyen Sa Pa cd 4 ngudi quan ly rimg Trong do ehi cd dng "cun ken" theo che do cha truyen eon ndi khdng phai bau, cdn 3 ngudi khae deu do edng ddng ban trong ll "khoi kin" hang nam Nhiing ngudi bao ve rimg cd nhiem vu quan ly rung, xu phat nhiing hanh vi vi phara bao ve rung theo quy ude ciia lang Dii khdng duge che do "bdi duong" nhung nhiing ngudi bao ve rung trong xa hdi truyen thdng eiia ngudi Dao deu rat tan tuy vdi edng viec va coi bao ve rimg ciing la hanh ddng duge cac lye lugng sieu nhien phii hg

Nhu vay, cac thanh vien trong lang ngudi Dao khdng chi chiu sy dieu hanh, hudng dan ciia bg may bao ve rimg ma cdn hi giam sat chat che ciia he thdng tap quan phap, quy ude thdng qua du luan lang Bg may quan ly rimg ciia lang quan ly cac thanh vien bang cae raenh lenh xu phat nghiera khae Cdn tap quan phap, quy

ude lai la lye lugng chii yen de eudng che thanh vien bang du luan D6 chinh la ea

chi quan ly, bao ve rung ciia lang ngudi Dao cd truyen

Ngudi Dao cdn xay dyng ragt he thdng ung xu raem vdi viec khai thae tai nguyen rimg va ngudn nude nham dap ung nhu eau sinh ke Trong canh tac ngudi Dao da sang tao ra phuong phap "huu canh" hieu qua vdi viec canh tac nuong riy Mdi gia dinh ngudi Dao dIu c6 5 din 7 manh nuong khae nhau Ngudi Dao Ian lugt

r

canh tac timg manh nuong theo mot chu ky 3 nam lai bd hda va canh tac tiep raanh nuong khae Manh nuong bd hda van thude quyen sd huru ciia gia dinh ngudi Dao nhung thdng Ihudng ddng bao bd hda khoang 10 nam Sau khi dat bd hda duge phuc hii (nhd cay rimg tai sinh), ngudi Dao lai tiep tuc canh tac Ngudi Dao cdn cd

he thing ung ySi thieh hgp trong viec lya ehgn, bd tri cay trdng phu hgp vdi timg

loai dit Loai dit lit "dau chun" la loai dit khai thae tren nuong napi diu ngudi Dao

uu lien trdng cae loai cay luong thye, thye phara chinh (liia, dau, bau, bi, khoai ) Nam thu hai, thiir ba dit xiu "dau che" ngudi Dao lai trdng ngd, san sau do bd hda

CI nhilu vung nguoi Dao TuyIn huyen Bao Thang, finh Lao Cai, ngudi Dao Dd huyen Van Yen, tinh Yen Bai ngudi Dao da xay dyng duge he thing ling xu vdi timg loai dia hinh khae nhau Tren dinh niii va sudn niii ngudi Dao trdng rimg tai sinh va bao ve rimg nguyen sinh nham phdng hd giir nude O cac sudn niii cd do die tren 25 do ngudri Dao tia rimg trdng qui dudi tan rung Rimg qui ban che ddng

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chay eiia nude, bao ve dat khdng hi xdi radn 0 chan cac day niii va sudn dii thip

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rl, ngudi Dao trdng bi xanh, bi dd, mudp, dau dua Din khi thu hoach ngd, ngudi Dao lai trdng cac loai rau cai, bau, ca ghera d nuong lua, ngudi Dao trong quanh Ian nuong ragt sd cay gia vi nhu hanh, tdi d hai ben ldi di vao nuong fiii trdng nghe, gimg, gieng; d nhiing khu dat am lai trdng xen canh khoai sg C) nhung nai nuong ddc lai trdng cac cay an qua quanh nuong nhu ehudi, du dii, cam, dao, man Cae kien thue ve gieo trdng, ung xu phii hgp vdi thai liel khi bau ciia ngudi Dao da duge due ket trong he thdng tuc ngir, ldi ran day va dac biet la cudn sach

Thung sdu Trong cudn sach nay ngudi Dao da long ket nhiing ngay mua, nang sau

benh, gid bao anh hudng den mua mang giiip cho viec lya chgn ngay, thang, thdi vu gieo trdng lung loai cay phii hgp Vi du: ngay gieo trdng nuong thi Iranh nhung ngay vudng sau, khd ban

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ling xu ciia con ngudi Ngudi Dao d Sa Pa ed each chia nude vao rudng khae nhau

d hai vung sinh thai diln hinh

Viec chia nude vao rudng ciia ngudi Dao d cae xa Tmng Chai, Ta Phin, Ban Khoang (thude vung sinh thai dai nui trung binh) duge thye hien theo 2 each ap dung vdi 2 kieu rudng khae nhau Vdi nhiing thua rudng moi khai pha, hg liy dng

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va thuan lien trong khau van chuyen

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Phuong thue urng xu vdi rirng va ngudn nude cdn mang tinh chit he thong Khdng chi bao ve nghiem ngat rirng diu ngudn, tao ra eo chi thieng hda ma nguai Dao cdn tao ra cac tieu he thdng ung xu vdi dit, vdi nude, vdi rung mang ;inh chit thieh ung chu khdng ddi chgi Dae biet nhu phin tren da phan lieh, nguai Dao eQng tao ra cac he thing lya ehgn phan loai dit va su dyng edng cy lam dit phu hgp, bd tri cay trdng thieh hgp vdi tirng loai dit, xay dyng he thdng ehliig xoi mdn, rua trdi va duy tri do man rad ciia dit, iing xu ea trong viec lya chgn Vc xu

ly gidng cay trdng phu hgp vdi tirng loai dia hinh Mdi filu he thing diu cdeae ung xu raang tinh chit thieh nghi, thieh ung chu khdng raang tinh chit "ddi clgi", khai thae kiet cung

Suit mot thdi gian dai tir thap ky 60, 70 din eudi thap ky 80 eua thi ky CX,

ung xir eiia nguoi Dao vdi radi trudng ty nhien da biln ddi Cac ll ciing rung Cage

cho la rae tin di doan nen cac lang ngudi Dao d dgc sdng Chay va sdng Hong eiia

finh Lao Cai, Yen Bai deu bai xich, khdng td chuc ll ciing rirng Phdng vin ht\ co ngudi gia a cae Lang En (xa Tri Quang), Nam Xiu (xa Ban Phiet), Lang Siin (xa

Ban Phiet) huyen Bao Thing; Ban Trang (xa Dien Quang), Mai Dao va Vai Sieu (xa Thugng Ha) ehung tdi nhan thay chinh quyin co sd d day nhiing niim 70 80 cua the ky XX deu cam le eting rimg cim Diu nhirng nara 80, chinh quyIn ca: xa Cdc Ly, Nam Del d huyen Bac Lla ciing nghiera cim cac nghi ll ciing rimg cim ciia

ngudi Dao 0 hau hel cac xa ddng nguoi Dao eu tru cua huyen Bao Yen, 3ao

Thang tinh Lao Cai nghi ll ciing rimg thieng hi bai bd din den finh trang cac ichu rung thieng bi giai thieng va mil thieng Ddng thdi d cac huyen Mudng Khutng, Bat Xat finh Lao Cai; huyen Phong Thd, finh Lai Chau do chiln Iranh bien gidi Ian pha nen cac khu rimg cam, rimg thieng bi xam hai Mat khae do sip xIp lai dar: eu, nhieu tgc nguoi khae den cu tni d viing ngudi Dao da ty do khai thae rung lam nuong ray ciing la nguyen nhan tan pha ca rimg thieng, rirng cam Do mat do dai sd tang nhanh (ca ve tang ty nhien va eo hgc) nen di?n lieh rimg d cac huyen Bao 'r'en, Bao Thang cua tinh Lao Cai, Van Yen cua finh Yen Bai diu bi suy giam nghiem trgng Hau bet cae lang ngudi Dao TuyIn, Dao Hg dgc theo sdng Hdng va King Chay ciia tinh Lao Cai va Yen Bai deu khdng cdn rimg cim, rirng thieng 1 ronr sd

97 lang ngudi Dao d huyen Bao Yen ehi ed 3 lang cdn rimg cam d khu runj tai sinh Dan lang phai td chuc raieu thd d ragt vai cay hip xiip, lo tha each lang vai tram met Trude day cac raieu thd o rung thieng va riing cam deu to chuc d cac canh rimg gia Theo quan nigra cua ngudi Dao, chi rimg nguyen sinh cd nhieu cay

to cd thu mdi la dia dilm duge chgn lam riing cim, rimg thieng Dilu Ira 20 ang ngudi Dao Dd o hai huyen Sa Pa va Bat Xat thi cd 6 lang cdn rung cam la rung gia,

7 lang khong cdn rimg gia nen rimg cam, raieu thd phai dyng a rung tai sinh Con 7

lang nhu cac lang Ngai Chd, xa Den Sang, huyen Bat Xat; lang Chanh, xa >uan