2007A PERSPECTIV E ON INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPM ENT AND INDUSTRY - UNIVERSITY COOPERATION IN VIETNAM 1.. Vietnam National University, Hanoi 11... A pcrspective on industrial dcvelopmcnt and..
Trang 1VNU JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ECONOMICS-LAW T.XXIII, NọỊ 2007
A PERSPECTIV E ON INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPM ENT AND
INDUSTRY - UNIVERSITY COOPERATION IN VIETNAM
1 O verview o f in d u s try in
V ietnam
1.1 T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f i n d u s t r y in
V i e t n a m
In d u s try p lay s a n im p o rta n t role in
econom ic d ev elo p m en t, esp ecially in the
process of in d u s tria liz a tio n ,
rn o d ern izatio n a n d in te g ra tio n in to th e
global econom y In V ie tn a m , th e volum e
of in d u s tria l a c tiv ity a s a p ro p o rtio n of
to ta l G D P h a s in c re a se d from 36.7% in
2000 to 38.1% in 2001; 38.5% in 2002
a n d 39.9% in 2003 T h e v a lu e of
in d u s tr ia l p ro d u c tio n h a s a lso in c re a se d
c o n siste n tly o v er th e la s t d ecade The
av e ra g e a n n u a l in c re a s e in th e v a lu e of
in d u s tr ia l p ro d u c tio n w as 13.9%
b etw een 1996 a n d 2000 F rom 2001 to
2003, th e v alu e of in d u s tr ia l p ro d u ctio n
h a s re g iste re d a n a v e ra g e a n n u a l
in c re a se of 14.9%, ex ceed in g th e ta r g e t
of 13% s e t fo rth for th e perio d b etw een
2001 a n d 2005
M ost in d u s tr ia l P r o d u c ts t h a t are
p rin c ip a lly u sed for p ro d u ctio n (oil and
g a s , e le c tr ic ity , c o a l, S te e l a n d c h e m ic a ls )
as w ell a s c o n su m p tio n a n d ex p o rt
(te x tile s a n d g a rm e n ts, shoes,
h a n d ic ra íts , a g ric u ltu ra l-ío re s try an d
a q u a tic Processing) h a v e in c re a se d in
P h u n g X u a n N h a '* '
o u tp u t T h e re h a s also b e e n co n sid e rab le new in v e s tm e n t in th e in d u s tr ia l sector,
w ith m a n y p ro je c ts u n d e r ta k e n in heav y
in d u s tr y su ch a s p e tro l, ele ctric ity , Steel,
p u lp , fe rtiliz e r, DA P fe rtiliz e r, m in in g
a n d m e ta llu rg y I n v e s tm e n t in labour-
in te n s iv e e x p o rt in d u s tr ie s h a s also
in c re a se d , in c lu d in g in te x tile s, footw ear
a n d g a rm e n ts , a n d food a n d d rin k
P ro c e s s in g
T h e g ro w th of th e in d u s tr ia l sector
h a s led to m a n y s tr u c tu r a l c h a n g e s in
th e V ie tn a m e s e econom y As a s h a re of
G D P, a g ric u ltu re , fo re s try a n d a q u a tic
P r o c e s s in g h a s c o n tin u o u sly decreased from 23.2% in 2001 to 23% in 2002 a n d 22.3% in 2003 T h is su g g e sts th a t th e
ta r g e t of 20-21% for th e p erio d 2001-
2005 w ill be íu líìlle d O n th e c o n trary ,
th e p ro p o rtio n of G D P raad e up of
in d u s tr y a n d b u ild in g h a s co n tin u o u sly
in c re a se d from 38.1% in 2001 to 38.5%
in 2002; ris in g f u r th e r to 39.9% in 2003
T h e size of th e se rv ic e s se c to r m ean w h ile
h a s a c tu a lly d eclin ed , from 38.6% of
G D P in 2001 to 38.5% in 2002 a n d th e n
ía lỉin g f u r th e r to 37.8% in 2003 T h is
su g g e sts t h a t in th e n e x t tw o y e a rs, th e
Service sector m ust rapidly develop if it
is to m e e t th e ta r g e t of 40-41% of G D P for th e p erio d 2001 to 2005
n Assoc Prof., Dr., College of Economics Vietnam National University, Hanoi
11
Trang 212 Phung Xuan Nha
R e g a rd in g th e a g e n ts of economic
a c tiv ity in V ie tn a m , th e role of th e State*
ow ned e n te r p ris e s secto r h a s decreased
co n sid e rab ly o v er th e la s t decade T his
secto r r e p re s e n te d over 50% of economic
a c tiv ity in 1995 a n d h a s since been
red u ced to 41.8% in 2000 a n d 36.8% in
2003 O v er th e second h a lf of th e 1990s,
th e size of th e p riv a te secto r in V ietnam
also fell, from 24.6% of G D P in 1995 to
j u s t 22.4% in 2000 T h is d isa p p o in tin g
p e ríb rm a n c e w a s d u e to th e low grow th
ra te of p riv a te secto r in d u stry , w hich
in c re a se d by o n ly 11.6% in th is period,
co m p ared w ith th e grovvth r a te of th e
to tal in d u s tr ia l secto r of 13,9% From
2000 to th e p r e s e n t d ay how ever, th a n k s
to th e im p le m e n ta tio n of th e Co-
o p e ra tiv e L aw a n d th e E n te rp ris e Law,
th e re la tiv e size of th e p riv a te sector in
V ietn am h a s in c re a se d , to m ak e up
25,5% of th e econom y in 2003 T he
grow th r a te of th e foreign capital*ow ned
secto r h a s a lso s tre n g th e n e d , a v erag in g
22.4% b e tw e e n 1996 a n d 2000 T h is h as
seen th e size o f th is secto r rise from
25.1% in 1995 to 35.9% in 2000 Largely
re íle c tin g th e policy t h a t lim its crude oil
e x p lo itatio n , th e g ro w th r a te of íoreign-
ow ned in d u s tr y for th e period 2001 to
2003 w a s n 't a s ra p id a s th e previous
y ears As su ch , th e re la tiv e size of th is
sector in c re a se d only m o d estly to 36.2%
of G D P in 2003
1.2 S t r e n g t h s a n d w e a k n e s s e s o f
V i e t n a m e s e i n d u s t r y in t h e
c o n t e x t o f i n t e g r a t i o n i n t o t h e
i n t e r n a t i o n a l e c o n o m y
In d u s tria l d e v e lo p m e n t over th e p a s t
y e a rs h a s ach iev ed fru itfu l re su lts, sig n iíìc a n tly c o n trib u tin g to V ietnarrTs econom ic grow th
In d u s tria l p ro d u c tio n h a s been
g ra d u a lly sta b iliz e d a n d developed T he
s tr u c tu r e of p ro d u c tio n h a s ch an g ed
co nsiderably; th e q u a lity of p ro d u ct h a s visibly im p ro v ed a n d th e a d v a n ta g e s of
in d u s tria l p ro d u c tio n h a v e been prom oted th ro u g h o u t th e co m m unity In
th e la s t y ear, th e grovvth r a te of in d u s try
v alu e-ad d ed ju m p e d to 10.3%; a fa s te r
ra te of grovvth th a n h a d b een ach iev ed in
re c e n t y ears T h is o u ts ta n d in g r e s u lt is larg ely d u e to a n in c re a se in effĩciency in
in d u s tria l p ro d u ctio n T h e s tru c tu re in
th e in d u s tria l s e c to r its e lf h a s changed
to w a r d s t h e P r o c e s s in g i n d u s t r y T h e Processing in d u s try re p re s e n te d 82.5% of
in d u s try v a lu e -a d d e d in 2003, u p 2.5% from 2000 In c o n tra st, d u rin g th is period th e size of th e m in in g sector fell 3.1% to 10.5% w hi)e th e size of th e electricity, w a te r a n d fuel sectors
d ecrease d 0.3% to 7.0%
S tro n g in v e s tm e n t in th e dev elo p m en t of V ie tn a m ’s m ain
in d u s trie s (oil a n d g as, electricity , coal,
Steel, fe rtilize r, m e ch an ics a n d cem ent.)
a n d In d u s trie s w h e r e V ie tn a m h a s a
VNU, Journal o f Science, EconomicS'Law, TJ0ŨII, N J , 2(X)7
Trang 3A pcrspective on industrial dcvelopmcnt and 13
agricultural-forestry-aquatic Processing,
tannery textiles, clothing and íootvvear,
rubber an d plastics, food Processing,
milk and vegetable oil.) have created
shifts in the industry composition of the
Vietnamese economy The relative size of
several key sectors in the economy
including Steel, cement, chemicals,
plastics, metallurgy, offìce equipments,
computers, electric and electronic
equipments, telecommunication have all
increased gradually
T h e in te rn a l c o n te n t of some
i n d u s t r i a l P r o d u c ts , in c lu d in g
a u to m o b iles a n d m otorcycles
m a n u fa c tu rin g a n d assem b ly , tex tiles
a n d g a rm é n ts a n d e q u ip m en t
m a n u í a c t u r i n g h a v e a lso c o n sid e ra b ly
in creased F u rth e rm o re , in m any
in d u strie s, such a s cotto n , cig arettes,
p a p e r a n d d a i r y co w b r e e d in g , d o m e s tic
in d u s tria l a c tiv ity now e n co m p asses all
th e diíTerent sta g e s of pro d u ctio n , from
p rim a ry to in te rm e d ia te to íìn a l goods
a n d services As su ch , in d u s try has
developed to m e e t th e d e m a n d s for
pro d u ctio n a n d for people’s lives The
positive ch a n g e s in th e in d u stria l
com position of th e V ie tn a m e se economy
h a v e led to a d iv e rsiíìc a tio n in th e scale
of p ro d u ctio n a n d th e u se a n d adoption
of technology T h e re is also now d iv ersity
in th e q u a lity of in d u s tr y o u tp u ts so as
to m e e t th e d iffe re n t d e m a n d s of all
classes of society
W hile th e in d u s tr ia l secto r in
V ietn am h a s erýoyed m an y positive
ach iev em en ts, m an y w e a k n e sse s in th is secto r rem ain T h e volum e of o u tp ư t by
t h e in d u s tr ia l a n d c o n stru c tio n sectors is
s till low b y I n t e r n a t i o n a l s ta n d a r d s
F u rth e rm o re , p rices in th is secto r are grow ing m uch fa s te r th a n th e volum e of
o u tp u t T h is larg ely re flects th e im pact
of th e risin g price of im p o rte d m a te ria ls
t h a t a re u sed in local pro d u ctio n To
c o u n te r th is in A atio n ary im pact,
V ietn am sh o u ld a tte m p t to red u ce its relia n ce on im p o rts by s te p p in g up
p ro d u ctio n of som e b a sic and
in te rm e d ia te goods P ro v iđ ed th e
p ro d u ctio n of th e s e goods re q u ire s some
d ev elo p m en t of sk ills in th e local
w orkforce a n d does n o t im p o se too high a cost on th e e n v iro n m e n t, th is ‘im port-
s u b s titu tio n ’ can p ro m o te a stro n g e r
q u a lity of dom estic econom ic grow th in
th e fu tu re In d eed , we a r e on th e rig h t tra c k T h e d e v e lo p m en t of local
industrial activity throughout the diíTerent stages of production has raised the ratio of domestic m aterials in íìnal production and has also promoted eữìciency in the industrial sector However, the proportion of domestic inputs in final Products is still low In the textile industry, domestic inputs make up only 10 to 15% of total inputs, while the ratio is around 30% in garm ents, 30 to 45% in the electronic
automobile production
industrial sector is the low level of export sales from this sector The export
YNU Jourtiai o f Scieĩưe, Economics-Law, T.XXIII N J , 2007
Trang 414 Phung Xu an Nìia
of V ietn am ese in d u s tr ia l P r o d u c ts h as
n o t b een ex ten d ed in to m an y large
p o te n tia l m a rk e ts in c lu d in g A írica, th e
M iddle E a s t a n d L a tin A m erica T his
sh o rtco m in g is d u e to se v era l reasons,
p rin c ip ally th e vveakness of com m ercial
prom otional a c tiv itie s, Ih e lack of a
sen se of in itia tiv e in local e n te rp rise s,
low levels of m a rk e t in fo rm atio n
am o n g st local íìrm s a n d a lack of
su p p o rt for in te rn a tio n a l p a y m e n t
procedures
Im p o rts to V ie tn a m a re c u rre n tly
a ro u n d 18% h ig h e r th a n e x p o rts from
V ietnam B esides th e h ig h volum e of
im p o rts of m ach in es a n d m a te ria ls for
production, th e price of im p o rted
m a t e r i a l s , e s p e c ia lly , S tee l P r o d u c ts , oil
an d gas, p lastic m a te ria ls , cotton, fibre,
an d cloth h a s ra p id ly in creased A t th e
sam e tim e, w ith th e exception of crude
oil, th e price of V ie tn a m e se ex p o rts h as
in c re a se d only slig h tly , a n d in m any
cases h a s n ’t in c re a se d a t all The
co m b in atio n of h ig h v olum es a n d risin g
prices of im p o rts a n d low volum es and
s ta b le p rices for ex p o rts h a s seen
V ietn am ru n a s u s ta in e d tra d e d eíìcit in
re c e n t y ears By p ro m o tin g ex p o rt
grow th an d local p ro d u ctio n of some
goods t h a t a re c u rre n tly im ported,
V ietn am should be ab le to t u r n th is d rag
on economic g ro w th a ro u n d
A n o th er d isa p p o in tin g íe a tu re of
V ietn am ese in d u s tria l secto r is t h a t th e
governm ent/s policy of c re a tin g
m o tiv atio n al econom ic secto rs, or
in d u s tria l zones, h a s no t tu rn e d o u t a s
p lan n ed T h e a r e a of la n d se t aside for
th e se zones w a s too sm a ll a n d w hile
th e s e secto rs a ttr a c te d a la rg e a m o u n t of
ío re ig n Capital, th e local im p le m e n ta tio n
of p rojects u n d e r th is policy w as n o t effícient As a re s u lt, th e s e in d u s tria l zones h a v e n o t b e e n successful in
a ttr a c tin g or d e v elo p in g ta le n te d labour,
a n d ex p o rts from th e s e secto rs h a s been low T h is policy th e re fo re , d esp ite th e
b e s t of in te n tio n s , h a s no t been
su ccessíu l in im p ro v in g n a tio n a l
c o m p e titiv e n e ss o r prom oting
s u s ta in a b le econom ic developm ent
In d u s try in V ie tn a m also needs to
s triv e for f u r th e r m o d ernization
P re se n tly , th e ra tio of in v e stm e n t in
re n o v a tin g e q u ip m e n t a n d technology in
s o m e I n d u s t r i e s is le s s t h a n in v e s t m e n t
in ex te n d in g a n d im p ro v in g capacity
T he speed of u p g ra d in g a n d replacing old e q u ip m e n t a n d technology is slow,
p a rtic u la rly in state-ovvned en terp rises
W hile th e technology level in production
in m ajor in d u s tr ia l zo n es su ch a s Ho Chi
M inh C ity, D ong N ai a n d H anoi is
im proving, it h a s b e e n a g ra d u a l process,
a n d th e ta k e -u p of new technology and
th e m o d e rn iz a tio n of th e ag ricu ltu ral process in r u ra l a r e a s re m a in s low High
r a te s of re n o v a tio n a n d rep lacem en t of
C a p ita l e q u i p m e n t is g e n e r a lly o n ly achieved in se c to rs t h a t h av e high levels
of ío reig n in v e stm e n t, la rg e ly due to the tra n sfe re n c e of technology from p aren t
co m p an ies to th e local operations As such, th e d e n sity of a d v a n c e d technology
in V ie tn a m 's in d u s tr ia l secto r is low and
VNU, Journal o f Science, Economics-Lnw, T.XXIII, AIJ , 2007
Trang 5A perspcctive on induslrial dcvclopment and 15
re q u ire s co n sid e ra b le im p ro v e m e n t if the
n a tio n is to c o n tin u e to im prove its
c o m p a ra tiv e a d v a n ta g e a s a producer
a n d e x p o rte r in th e global m a rk e t
In n o v atio n is a n o th e r a re a th a t
w a r r a n ts f u rth e r d ev elo p m en t in
V ietn am T h e c a p a c ity to design
p ro d u c ts is u n d erd ev elo p ed in m any
e n te rp ris e s , th e m odel of pro d u ctio n is
m onotonous, n o t m u ltiíb rm , and
conform s w ith in ea ch m a rk e t segm ent
C o m p e titiv e n ess in local m a rk e ts is also
n o t stro n g
T h e tra n s ío rm a tio n to a m odern and
d y n am ic la b o r force h a s also b een slow
T h e q u a lity of local lab o r g enerally
rc m a in s in su ffic ie n t, w ith th e m ajority
of em ployees u n sk ille d vvorkers in the
g a rm e n t, footw ear, b u ild ih g m ate ria ls,
a g ric u ltu re -íb re s try a n d a q u ic u ltu re
sccto rs As a re s u lt, th e v alu e-ad d ed of
m o st em ployees is n o t high W hile a
n u m b e r of em ployees h a v e b een tra in e d
by colleges a n d u n iv e rsitie s, th e re are
still few o p p o rtu n itie s to fìn d a job
suit-able for th e ir p ro fessio n in V ietnam ,
su ch t h a t m an y vvorkers a re y e t to have
an o p p o rtu n ity to p ro m o te th e ir full
ab ility
T h e level of asso ciatio n and
co o p eratio n betvveen e n te rp ris e s w ith in
and b etw een I n d u s t r i e s , as well as
b e tw e e n I n d u s t r i e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s and
o th e r re se a rc h in s titu tio n s also rem ain s
in s u ữ ìc ie n t in V ie tn a m M any
e n te r p ris e s o p e ra te in a closed
e n v iro n m e n t, p ro te c ted from an y outside
inílu en ce, so m etim es even from diíTerent seg m e n ts of th e sam e C o rp o ra tio n T his
m e a n s t h a t m an y firm s c a n n o t learn from th e a c tiv itie s of o th e r íìrm s,
c a u sin g in v e stm e n t co sts to in c re a se an d
u ltim a te ly vvasting th e g e n e ra l ab ility of
th e w hole in d u stry
A n o th e r w ea k n e ss of in d u stria l
a c tiv ity in V ie tn a m is th e unvvieldy
m a n a g e m e n t te c h n iq u e s in place in th e
m a jo r ity o f S ta te ovvned e n t e r p r is e s
In d eed , excess m a n a g e m e n t often m akes
u p b etw een 6 to 10% of to ta l
em p lo y m en t in e n te rp ris e s A n u m b er of oíTicials h av e n o t u n d e rta k e n tra in in g to
ad v an ce or even k eep th e ir sk ills up to
d ate As a re su lt, th e r e a re m any oíTícials t h a t a re n ot sk illed in m odern
b u sin e ss m a n a g e m e n t a n d th e re íb re lack
th e p re p a ra tio n to d e a l w ith th e
c h a lle n g e s p o s e d b y t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l
in te g ra tio n process F u rth e rm o re little
im p o rta n c e h a s b een a tta c h e d to th e
q u estio n of a rra n g in g a n d tra in in g for succeeding g e n e ra tio n s If V ietn am ’8 econom ic d ev elo p m en t is to co ntinue, it
is v ita l t h a t su ch ed u catio n a n d tra in in g
is u n d e rta k e n 1.3 O r i e n t a t i o n s a n d s o l u t i o n s fo r
d e v e l o p m e n t
V ietn am m u s t aim to b u ild up a
m o d ern in d u s try t h a t can w ith s ta n d a n d
in d eed lead th e p rocess of in te rn a tio n a l econom ic in te g ra tio n , a n d su sta in a b le developm ent
P ro m o tin g in v e s tm e n t in to key
In d u strie s, in c lu d in g n a tu r a l resources,
Vh'U Journal o f Science, Economìcs-Law, TJ0QII N J , 2007
Trang 616 Phung Xu an Nha
tim b e r, p e tro c h e m istry , electric a n d
electro n ic e q u ip m e n t, in fo rm a tio n a n d
co m m u n icatio n technologies, Steel an d
e q u ip m e n t m a n u fa c tu rin g m u s t ta k e
place T h e se Industries h a v e a high
c o n te n t of technology, involve a larg e
a m o u n t of v a lu e -ad d e d by local in d u stry
a n d w o rk ers a n d h a v e a larg e
in te rn a tio n a l a n d p o te n tia lly dom estic
m a rk e t size
P rio rity sh o u ld also be given to th e
f u rth e r d ev elo p m en t of a g ric u ltu ra l,
Industries R eílectin g V ie tn am ’s
co m p arativ e a d v a n ta g e , th e s e Processing
Industries have an ability to attract
investm ent Capital from economic agents
o u tsid e th e S tate-o w n ed sector, such as
local a n d in te rn a tio n a l p riv a te
e n te rp rise
T h e n a tu r a l re so u rce s sector,
in c lu d in g m e ta llu rg y , chem icals, oil a n d
g as a n d tim b e r, h a s m a in ta in e d its
grovvth ra te to m e e t th e basic needs of
econom y T h e gro w th in th is secto r h a s
so fa r been conducted in a s u sta in a b le
way, w ith a focus on th e ra tio n a l
ex p lo itatio n a n d p re se rv a tio n of n a tu ra l
reso u rces Policies h a v e also lim ited th e
ex p lo itatio n of n a tio n a l n a tu r a l
reso u rc e s for ex p o rt To e n s u re
V ie tn a m ’8 p a th tovvards economic
d ev elo p m en t re m a in s s u sta in a b le , th ese
policies m u s t co n tin u e
T h e d ev elo p m en t of th e
m a n u fa c tu rin g a n d d istrib u tio n
Industries of electricity, fuel and vvater
m u s t re m a in a focus in o rd e r to e n su re
su ííìc ie n t pow er co n su m p tio n for econom ic secto rs T h is d ev elo p m en t should occur in lin e w ith th e principle of
"electricity in ad v an ce", w hich should see policy d ire c te d tovvards th e prom otion of in v e s tm e n t in th e
d e v e lo p m e rt o f e le c tric ity a n d o th e r pow er so u rces a n d d istrib u tio n grids Policy sh o u ld also en co u rag e local
in d u s try to a d o p t n ew technologies a n d effícient m a n a g e m e n t in o rd e r to e n s u re
th a t lim ited p o w er su p p lie s are used eííìc ien tly a n d n o t vvasted
A t th e b ro a d e r level, th e go v ern m en t sector m u s t co n d u ct ongoing m onitoring
a n d re se a rc h so t h a t policy schem es a n d
p la n s for local in d u s tr y c a n be quickly
a d ju ste d in lin e w ith c h a n g e s in dem and from th e d o m estic a n d foreign m arkets,
a s well a s c h a n g e s in th e s tru c tu re of th e local a n d in te rn a tio n a l econom y Policy should p a rtic u la rly focus on encouraging
a f u rth e r e x p a n sio n of th e p riv a te sector
a n d in p ro v id in g a ro u te-m ap to
im p ro v in g th e co m p e titiv e n ess of each
p ro d u ct in each reg io n a n d local area To
e n su re t h a t th e V ie tn a m e se economy does n o t face ‘b o ttle n e c k s ’ in its
in d u s tria liz a tio n process, policy should
en co u rag e th e ongoing developir.ent of
th e elec tric ity a n d povver generation sectors
P rio rity sh o u ld also be given to the
d ev elo p m en t of s m a ll a n d m ed iu n -sized
in d u s trie s In p a rtic u la r, these
Industries m u s t be encouraged to
in c re a se in v e s tm e n t in new and
ad v an ced technology, a n d to diversiíy
VNU, Journaì o f Science, EconomicS’Law, TJOƠII, SỈJ, 2007
Trang 7A perspcclive on industrial dcvclopmcnt and 17
in to a b ro a d e r ra n g e of m a n u fa c tu rin g
p ro d u cts In c re a s e d in v e stm e n t in
technology a n d d iv e rsiíìc a tio n of th e
m a n u ía c tu rin g b a s e will n o t only b e tte r
m e e t local d e m a n d , b u t will also
fa c ilita te an e x p a n sio n in ex p o rts This
could also p lay a n im p o rta n t role in
p ro m o tin g m ore e n v iro n m e n ta lly
s u s ta in a b le m a n u fa c tu rin g p ractices
T h e re is a lso a n u rg e n t need in
V ietn am to c r e a te a lin k betw een
industry, university and scientiílc
re se a rc h S cience n e e d s a b ig g er role in
in d u s try T o g e th e r, th e s e secto rs can
bu ild a n u rs e ry g a rd e n of technology and
com bine re se a rc h a n d tra in in g vvith th e
đ ev elo p m en t of in d u s try L in k s m u st
also be c re a te d betvveen research
in s titu tio n s a n d th e m a n a g e m e n t and
d ep lo y m en t se c to rs w ith in e n te rp ris e s in
o rd e r to ap p ly th e r e s u lts of research
an d technology in to th e production
process U ltim a te ly , this will see Science
an d tech nology becom e a d ire c t em ployee
of in d u stry
C o o p e ra tio n in V ietnam
2.1 T h e b e n e í ĩ t s o f I n d u s t r y
-A c a d e m y C o o p e r a t i o n
T h e p ro m o tio n o f In d u s tr y - A cadem y
C o o p eratio n (U n iv e rsitie s - E n te rp rise s)
h a s d eliv ered m a n y b e n e íìts to both
p a rtie s:
F o r U n iv e rsitie s', e n te rp ris e s a re
c lie n ts w ho u se a b ro ad ra n g e of th e
university*s P r o d u c ts T h is includes
tr a in in g P r o d u c ts (b ach elo r dcgree,
m a s te rs deg ree a n d PhD ), research
Products (inventions, technological
so lu tio n s, ty p e s of m an a g e m e n t,), and
o th e r S e rv ic e P roducts (sh o rt-term tra in in g co u rses, conferences,
co n sultancy)
E n te rp ris e s h a v e also provided
co m p le m en ta ry íin a n c ia l reso u rces to
u n iv e rsitie s th ro u g h building
la b o ra to rie s a n d h ig h q u a lity research
c e n te rs F u rth e rm o re , e n te rp ris e s provide íìn a n c ia l s u p p o rt via research
c o n tra c ts, s u p p o rt for stu d e n t's sch o la rsh ip , p a y m e n t for sh o rt-te rm tra in in g co u rses by co n trac tin g
u n iv e rsitie s to tr a in h u m a n reso u rces for
e n te rp ris e s
B eside th e above in te re sts,
e n te rp ris e s also a c t a s c ritics to verify
th e a c tiv itie s of u n iv e rsitie s in te rm s of
th e q u a lity a n d ap p lic a b ility of tra in in g
a n d scientific re se a rc h a n d services By
p a rtic ip a tin g in tra in in g a n d scientiíic
re se a rc h a c tiv itie s, e n te rp ris e s also play
a n im p o rta n t role, by b rin g in g a severe
e n v iro n m e n t for s tu d e n ts to m ake
c o n ta c t w ith re a lity , a n d by gưiding
s tu d e n t’s e ssa y a n d re p o rt vvriting skilỉs
a s w ell a s th e ir a n d scien tiíìc research
in te re s ts a n d m eth o d s E n te rp ris e s can also provide a v ita l space for work
ex p erien ce w h e re s tu d e n ts c an develop
th e ir p ra c tic a l skills
T h e pro m o tio n of I n d u s try - Academ y
C ooperation also provides m a n y benefits
to e n te rp ris e s U n iv e rsitie s “produce”
a n d su p p ly h ig h q u a lity h u m an
VNU Joum aỉ o f Science, Economics-LưH\ T.XXIIÌ, AI J , 2007
Trang 81 8 Phung Xuan Nha
re so u rc e s, in v e n tio n s, tech n o lo g y and
m a n a g e m e n t pro cesses By u s in g th e se
‘p ro d u c ts1, e n te r p ris e s c a n th e re ío re
in c re a se la b o r p ro d u c tiv ity , u s e o th e r
reso u rces m ore effectively a n d efficiently,
a n d s tr e n g th e n th e ir c o m p e titiv e n e ss
As th e above discussion dem onstrates,
u n iv ersity - en te rp rise cooperation is a
m u tu ally beneíìcial relatio n sh ip (C hart 1)
E n h an cem en t of th is cooperation thereíore will prom ote th e stro n g developm ent of both un iv ersity an d in d u stry
Chart 1: Universities - Enterprises cooperation
Bachelors, Engineers Masters Doctors
Technology, íinance, human resources, innovations, Skills
Proíessional training
Employment
Regular training
2.2 T h e c u r r e n t s i t u a t i o n o f
I n d u s t r y - A c a d e m i c C o o p e r a t i o n
in V i e t n a m
In 2003, excluding th e defense sector,
V ietnam h ad 2 n a tio n a l un iv ersities
(N ational U n iv ersity in H anoi and
N ational U niversity in Ho Chi M inh City),
3 zone u n iv ersities (w ith 20 m em ber
universities), 76 u n iv e rsities an d in stitu te s
and 119 colleges W ithin this, th e re are 2
sem ipublic u n iv ersities, 16 private
universities, 4 sem ipublic colleges, 3
priv ate colleges In sum th e n th e re are
220 tra in in g u n iv ersitie s an d colleges'
including m em ber u n iv ersities
In th e above tra in in g cam puses, th ere
are over 38,608 lectu rers, in vvhich th ere
are 5,476 doctors (14.2%), 10,598 m asters
g ra d u a te s (27.4%), an d 21,239 university and colleges g ra d u a te s (55%) VVithin th a t,
th e re are 324 professors (0.84%) and l,330associate professors (3.4%) Almost
u n iv ersities and scientiíìc staff are
co n cen trated in H anoi an d Ho Chi Minh City
Every year, th ese tra in in g campuses supply a g reat q u a n tity of stu d en ts for the labor m arket The n u m b er of university and college stu d e n ts increased 4.53 times
in th e 10 years from 1993 to - 2003, from 225,274 stu d e n ts in 1993 to 1,020 667 stu d e n ts in 2003 (Table 1) These students
m et a t least th e basic dem and for labor by
e n te rp rise s in V ietnam
VNU, Journal o f Science, Ecoìư)mics-Law, TJ0QỊỊ, N J 2007
Trang 9A perspecỉive on industhal dcvclopmcnt and . 19
Table 1: Number of university and college students in Vietnam (1993-2003)
Total Regular and gathered tralnlng Other*
Note: (*) Including in-service train in g , crash course, second u n iv ersity degree training,
u n altered train in g , p a rt tim e, rem ote, associative tra in in g , selective tra in in g
Source: Education statistical data o f universities and colleges, M inistry of Education
and T raining, V ietnam , 2004
B esides s u p p ly in g lab o r re so u rc e s for
e n te rp ris e s , u n iv e rs itie s also took p a r t
in a p p lie d re se a rc h a c tiv itie s to a id th e
d e v e lo p m e n t of e n te rp ris e s In th e period
of 1996-2002, u n iv e rs itie s c a rrie d o ut
re se a rc h on o v er 3,800 su b je c ts an d
co n d u cted 90 tr ia l p ro d u c tio n projects
In re c e n t y e a rs, th e Science an d
tech nology re s e a rc h a c tiv itie s of
u n iv e rs itie s h a v e b ee n co n d u cted no t
only in la b o ra to rie s b u t h a v e also been
ap p lied fully in e n te rp ris e s By 2002,
u n iv e rs itie s h a d e s ta b lis h e d 167
c a m p u se s for u n d e r ta k in g scientific
re se a rc h in a sso c ia tio n w ith in d u stry
W ith in th is, th e r e a re 20 ap p lied
re s e a rc h in s titu te s a n d 147 executive
research centers and Consulting íĩrms
W ith m a n y a c h ie v e m e n ts of Science and tech n o lo g y re s e a rc h a p p lie d a n d ca rrie d
o u t in e n te r p ris e s , th e u n iv e rs itie s h av e
b e e n a b le to c o n trib u te sig n iíĩc a n tly to
th e a c h ie v e m e n ts of V ie tn a m e se ’s
e n te rp ris e s
W hile th e r e h a v e b e e n m an y
a c h ie v e m e n ts , co o p e ra tio n b etw een
u n iv e rs itie s a n d e n te r p ris e s in V ietn am still su ffe rs from som e w eak n esses
C o o p eratio n is s till n o t th e n o rm a n d is
th e r e is little policy, on b e h a lí of e ith e r
u n iv e rs itie s or e n te rp ris e s , th a t
a tte m p ts to s e t o u t lo n g -te rm objectives
o r fra m e w o rk s I n s te a d each cooperative
p ro je c t te n d s to be a s e p a ra te an d
VNU Journal oỊScience Ecoiiomics-Law, T.XXIII, N J 2007
Trang 1020 Phung Xuan Nha
sp o n ta n e o u s affair, b a se d m a in ly on th e
re la tio n sh ip of th e people involved
C ooperation is also n o t y e t a t a scale
vvhere th e full ad v an tag es, to universities
an d e n te rp ris e s, can be realized
M oreover, th e re la tio n s h ip betvveen
e n te rp ris e s an d u n iv e rs itie s is n o t yet
close en o u g h for th e s e o rg a n iz a tio n s to
fully d ev elo p m en t a n d d e liv e r the
re q u ire m e n ts t h a t each sid e req u ire s to
e n s u re m u tu a l b e n e íìts a r e realised
T h e tra in in g a n d Service P ro d u cts of
u n iv e rsitie s often d on’t m e e t th e labor
q u a lity re q u ire m e n ts of e n te rp rise s
Also, m an y scie n tiíìc re se a rc h re su lts
a n d technological developm ents
fo rm u lated in u n iv e rsitie s h a v e y e t to be
ap p lied to th e re a lity of V ie tn a m s
developing e n te rp ris e s F u rth e rm o re ,
V ietn am ese e n te rp ris e s h a v e n o t had a
custom of s u p p o rtin g th e tra in in g and
re se a rc h a c tiv itie s of u n iv e rsitie s and
th e s ta tu s of d ire c t asso c iatio n betvveen
u n iv e rsitie s a n d e n te r p ris e s is often not
recognized
C o o p eratio n in V ietnam
3.1 C r e a t e a m a r k e t f o r r e s e a r c h ,
S c i e n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y
U n iv e rsitie s a n d e n te rp ris e s a r e each
o th e r’s c u sto m e rs, so th e y m u s t have a
m a rk e t in w hich th e y c a n tra d e th e ir goods a n d services T h e d ev elo p m en t of
su ch a m a rk e t can h elp re p a ir th e
g e n e ra l s itu a tio n we face now , w hereby
e n te rp ris e s n eed tra in in g , re se a rc h or
S e rv ic e P roducts a c c o r d in g to t h e i r
d e v e lo p m e n t re q u ire m e n ts b u t do n o t know w h ere to find th e m , vvhile
u n iv e rsitie s m ain ly s till co n d u ct tra in in g
a n d re se a rc h in a coníìned academ ic
e n v iro n m e n t, n o t close to th e
r e q u ire m e n ts of e n te rp ris e s T h ro u g h tra d in g on a science-technology m a rk e t,
b o th sid es w ill b e tte r know each o th e r’s
r e q u ire m e n ts a n d a b ility to pay a n d provide T h e c re a tio n of su ch a m a rk e t
th e re fo re c a n d ire c tly lin k th e in p u ts
a n d o u tp u ts of u n iv e rsitie s a n d
e n te rp ris e s
C h a r t 2 shovvs t h a t th e tra in in g
p ro g ra m s (B achelor, M a s te rs degrees) of
u n iv e rs itie s m u s t be e s ta b lis h e d b ased
o n t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f e n te r p r is o s , so
t h a t g ra d u a tin g s tu d e n ts can
im m e d ia te ly m e e t th e lab o r q u ality
re q u ire m e n ts of e n te rp ris e s Likew ise,
re s e a rc h u n d e rta k e n in p o st-g ra d u a te
d o cto ral tra in in g p ro g ra m s m u st be
o rie n te d to w a rd s an ap p licatio n for
e n te rp ris e s C h a r t 2 also shovvs the role
t h a t e n te rp ris e s can p lay in directly
d e íìn in g th e p rio ritie s of u n iv e rsities
VNU, Journưl oỊScience, Economìcs-Law, T.XXIIỊ, Aụ t 2007