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THirC HIEN QUYEN CON NGlTdl -YEU TO QUAN TRONG TRONG VIEC DAM BAO

SU^ PHAT TRIEN BEN VU NG CUA XA HOI

Vu Thi Thu ITdng*

1 Cac khai nif m ca ban

1.1 Quyen con ngu&i

Trong suit thI ky XX, quyin eon ngudi da phat triln nhu mot khudn khd dao due, chinh tri, phap ly va nhu mot hudng din nhlm phat triln mot thI gicVi ty do khdi sg hai va ty do lam dilu mong mudn Viee ton trgng va bao ve nhan phani cua con ngudi la van dl cot loi trong khai niem quyIn eon ngudi Khai niem nay eoi ea nhan con ngudi la Irung lam ciia sy quan tam, no duge xay dyng dya tren mot he thing gia tri loan eau, mot khuan khd quy pham qudc tl dl bao ve cac h? thing quyIn con ngudi Dilu 1, Tuyen ngdn thI gidi vl quyIn eon ngudi (UDHR, 1948)

da de cap den cac try cot chinh cua he thing quyIn eon ngudi nhu: ty do, binh ding

va doan ket Sy ty do tu tudng, fin ngudng va Ion giao eung nhu ty do quan dilm va

ty do bieu dat deu duge quyIn eon ngudi bao ve QuyIn eon ngudi eung bao dam

sy binh ding, chang han nhu bao ve quyIn binh ding chdng lai mgi hinh Ihuc phan biet ddi xu trong hudng thy tit ea cac quyIn con ngudi, bao gdm quyIn binh ding day du giua nam va nOr Sy doan kit thI hien trong cac quyIn kinh tl va xu hoi, nhu quyen duge hudng an ninh xa hoi, duge tra cdng, va cd mot muc song dii, quyIn vl sue khoe va tiep can giao dye Tit ea mgi ngudi sinh ra diu ty do va binl; ding vl phim gia va cac quyIn, hg can ddi xu vdi nhau trong tinh bac ai

Ve thye chit, quyen con ngudi la vin dh cd ngi dung rgng Idn va phtic lap

Day la khai niem vira mang tinh triru tugng vdi y nghTa nhu mgi quan niem, xu hudng, khat vgng, lai vira cd y nghTa cy thI vdi nhung ngi dung xac dinh Cd nhilu each phan loai cac quyIn nhung each phan loai phd biln nhit hien nay ma dang

duge cac nha nghien ctim su dyng la chia thanh 5 chii dh chinh: quyIn chinh tri, dan

sy, kinh te, xa hoi va van hda Ngay nay, eQng cd rit nhilu y kiln la cin bd sung quyIn phat triln vao mot chii dl chinh ciia quyln Cae chii dl quyIn nay duge ghi

* ThS., Nghien ciiu vien phong Trill hoc Chinh tri, Vien Trilt hoc

THaC H I ^ N QUYEN CON NGUCl

nhan phap ly trong hai Cdng ude cd quan he tuomg duomg eung vdi UDHR de hinh thanh nen Bg lual vl quyln eon ngudi "Tat ea cac quyen eon ngudi danh cho mgi ngudi' Ben canh do, Quyen eon ngudi edn duge biet den vdi y nghTa la cac quyen ciia nhom, vi du: nhu quyln ciia phy nir Ire em, ngudi khuyet tat, ngudi thieu so, ngudi ban dia

Quyen eon ngudi Irao quyen cho cac ea nhan eiing nhu cae cdng ddng, nham tim kilm sy biln ddi xa hoi, hudng tdi viee thye hien day du tit ea cae quyen con ngudi Tuy nhien, cac quyln eon ngudi cd thI gay can trd lan nhau, chiing bi gidi ban bJi cae quyln va ly do cua ngudi khae hay bdi cac yeu eau ve dao due, Irat ty cong cdng va phiie Igi chung trong mot xa hoi dan chii (Dieu 29 ciia UDHR) Quyln con ngudi ciia nhiJng ngudi khae can duge Idn trgng chu khdng chi khoan dung Ouyin eon ngudi khdng duge su dyng de vi pham quyen ciia ngudi khae (Dilu 30 ciia UDHR) Do vay, tit ea cae xung dot phai duge giai quy el ma van phai ton trong quyln eon ngudi kl ca vao nhiimg liie khan cap va trong trudng hgp can

ap dai nigt vai han che

1.2 Thye hien quyen con ngu&i

Lheo UNDP (Chuomg trinh phat triln Lien hgp qudc) thye hien cac quyln con ngud: nhu la mot phin ciia sy phat triln eon ngudi ben vtimg, mot each fiep can dat eon ngirdi d trung tam cua til ea cac boat ddng phat triln' Day la viee ciia mdi ea nhan Id chue, nhGng cdng ddng ngudi va cae qudc gia tuan thii cac tuyen ngdn nhan quyen quoe te va sang kiln ciia liing nude, cac t l chirc nhini tang cudng sy ton trgng nhan quyln va ngan chan sy vi pham nhan quyen Viee thye hien quyen con rgudi duge chia lam hai cap do: d cap qudc gia va cap qudc te O cap do qudc gia la viee thye hien phap lual vl quyln eon ngudi tren ea sd y chi chinh tri ciia qudc gia do va viee ngi lual hda phap luat qudc te vao luat qudc gia Con d cap do qudc tl la viee thye hien quyln eon ngudi nhin manh sy hgp lac giira cac qudc gia,

hd IrJ lln nhau, phan anh nhiimg hanh vi vi pham ciia nhau de dam bao cho cae cdng ude qudc tl v l quyln con ngudi duge tuan thii, duge thye thi

1.3 Phat triin bin vieng

Cae ly thuylt phat triln da chip nhan phat triln bin vumg nhu la mot phuomg lien Jl dat duge myc lieu chung ciia nhan loai nhu hanh phiie, sinh thai va cdng bang xa hoi Phat triln bin vumg cd ngudn gde tir nhumg nam 1970 khi ma hau qua cda cuge tang trudng kinh tl qua nhanh chdng keo theo nhirng mdi lo ngai ve mdi

1 htto://mirror.undp.org/magnet/Does/policy5.html

2 ht.p://www.humanrights.is/the-human-rightsproject/humanrightscasesandmalerials/human rigitsconceptsideasandfora/theconceptsofhumanrightsanintroduction/implementadon/

VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU

trudng Trong thap nien 80, tilp lye nhimg cuge tranh luan vl mdi trudng sinh thai ben vOng, dilu nay da dSn den mot sy thay đi trong tu duy vl viee phat triln kinh

tl, đ la liy eon ngudi chu khdng phai hang hda lam trung tam nhu trudc kiạ Hiu bet cac nude dIu tan thanh quan dilm liy eon ngudi la trung tam ciia sy phat triln Song viee hgp nhat van hda thanh qua trinh phat triln vin ehua rd rang va chua cd

md hinh thong nhit diln la vl nd va dua no vao trong nhirng chinh sach cy Ihl Nam 1987, trong ban bao cao ciia Uy ban ThI gidi vl Mdi trudng va Phat triln, khai niem nay duge neu ra mot each ro rang Ban bao cao cho ring: viee su dung mot each thai qua ngudn lai nguyen d cac nude cdng nghiep da de dga din sy trong lanh ciia hanh tinh chiing ta va gdp phin lam cho cae vin dl đi ngheo va sy phat triln khdng bin viJng tren thI gidị Vi thI cin dua ra nhung chinh sach phat triln

ben vimg "phat triin dap irng cac nhu edu cua hien tgi md khdng dnh hirang t&i

khd ndng dap irng nhirng nhu edu cua thi hi tirang lai"' Nhung, dl danh gia tinh

ben vimg ve sy phat triln ciia mot xa hoi la hit sue khd khan vi nd lien quan din nhieu mat: ben viimg ve mat kinh te duge thI hien qua cac chi lieu phat triln kinh tl nhu: GDP (tdng san pham trong nude), GNP (tdng san phim qudc gia), tang trudng GDP, CO eau GDP; ben vixng ve mdi trudng thI hien d ehd nguon lai nguyen tai lao duge, khdng gian sdng ciia con ngudi tai mot khu vyc nhit dinh khdng vugl qua kha nang tai cua khu vyc đ vl mat do dan so, chit lugng dan sd, khdng khi, dil, nude, canh quan va trong qua trinh su dung khdng duge lam giam bdt chit lugng ciia cac yeu to nay xudng dudi gidi ban nha nude cho phep; bin viTmg vl mat xa hoi duge danh gia qua mot sd sd do nhu chi so phat triln eon ngudi, he sd binh ding thu nhap, cac chi lieu ve giao dye, djeh vy y tl, boat dgng van hdậ Cae ylu Id đ ciia phat triln bin vung chung quy lai eung lap trung d sy phat triln bin vOmg ciia eon ngudị Ma dieu nay lai quay ve vdi viee thye hien cac quyln con ngudi duge hudng Do do, giua phat Irien xa hoi ben viJng va quyln con ngudi ed mdi quan he chat che vdi nhau lam nen tang cho nhaụ

2 Moi quan h | gifra thuc hien quyen con ngudi va phat trien ben viriig

2 L Tic dgng cua phat trien kinh te - xa hoi den viee dam bao quyen con ngu&i

Khi xem xet sy phat trien xa hoi qua sy thay doi ve khdng gian va thai gian tu Ijeh su den hien tai, ta se thay mot qua trinh biln đi khdng ngirng nghi, nhanh

1 http://vịwikipediạorg/wiki/Ph%C3%A 1 t_tri%E 1 %BB%83n_b%El%BB%81 n_v%E 1 %BB

%AFng

2 Tran Van Toan (2011), "Phat trien ben vimg thach thiic va hy vong doi vdi loan nhan loai", http://gis-clim.blogspot.com, ngay 20/3

TH^C H I E N Q U Y ^ N CON NGaCl

ebng, manh liet eiia nhiJng ylu Id duge lay lam cdng cy ciia phat trien nhu la thj Irrdng, liln te, cae ylu Id san xuit, giao dye, cac ky nang, cac chien luge, cac hinh thii kinh tl xa hoi gin nhu, nd lam la hilu ring phat triln gidng nhu la sy tang Irrdng, ma cai dl dang thiy nhit do chinh la tang trudng ve kinh tl Nhung thye elil sy phat triln ciia nhirng cdng cy dd dIu duge lao nen bdi eon ngudi Hg lao ra e<ng nghe, dyng len cac ea sd ha ting, thill lap cac chinh sach, xay dyng cae thI eil phyc vy nhu eiu va nguyen vgng ciia ban than, hg la ehii thI ciia sy sang lao K3l qua cua qua trinh dd da lam nen sy phat triln Do vay, nhin sy phat trien khdng eii thiy nhdng gia tri vat chit dang ed ma cin phai thiy ban than eon ngudi duge niirng gi, cac gia tri ciia hg duge nang niu ra sao, hay ndi each khae la quyen ciia hg drgc thye hien nhu Ihl nao Liie do, sy phat triln mdi dat duge gia tri, mdi duge hlu nhilu horn nhu la phat trien con ngudi ben viing

Dilu nay duge lam rd horn khi ma thI gidi ngay nay da va dang ed nhung thay d)i to Idn, dan sd da len din eon sd 7 ty ngudi, kinh tl tang trudng vdi tie do chdng nat, qua trinh loan eiu hda lan rgng, anh hudng den tat ea cac qudc gia tren the gdi Kit qua nay da phin nao dap ung duge cac myc lieu phat trien Thien nien ky mu: giiim ly le ngudi ngheo ciing eye, gin hoan thanh phd cap giao dye lieu hge, cii thien sue khde ba me, tre em, kilm soat duge tang cudng cac quan he doi lac l.an eiu Va sy phat triln nay eung md ra nhilu ea hoi bom bit eu thdi gian nao tudc do, cluing la cd nhilu thong fin horn, khoa hge ky thuat phat triln bom, mgi rgudi dl dang bill din nhau ban vi Ihl nhiimg vin dl Ihl gidi se duge chia se ciing ihau, dien mao Ihl gidi ciing se thay ddi tich eye nhild horn so vdi nhiimg thap ky tudc Chiing ta bill din nhiimg ngudi d nhung nude ngheo, d cae vung xa xdi, ihung ngudi mu ehii, khdng hilu bilfva sdng trong hoan canh tdi tai, benh tat, suy dnh dudng ngheo ddi, xung dot va bao lye Tir dd, cae hoi nghi, cac dien dan, cae

d chirc quoe tl da dat ra myc lieu thay doi cuge ddi ciia nhirng ngudi ngheo ddi, dat ]him gia cua eon ngudi la nin tang cua filp can phat triln, gitip dd hg tao ra hy

^gng cho luang lai ciia hg Cd Ihl ndi, nhd qua trinh loan eiu hda ma "nhung van (I nhan van duge dua len hang diu Cuge each mang khoa hge da trd thanh mot lien thye nhd phat buy duge cac lye lugng ban chit cua con ngudi, din lugt minh

ai lao dilu kien giai phdng eon ngudi, giai phdng nang lugng tri tue cua con igudi dilu do cho thiy cd sy phy thuge trye tilp, ty le thuan giira sy tham gia eila oan Ihl gidi trong liln bg chung va cac quyln ty do cua eon ngudi, mot sy phy huge ma bit ky mot he tu tudng nao hay nIn chinh tri cd sue sdng nao eung khdng

hi khdng tinh din."'

Pham Khiem Ich, Hoang Van Hao (Dong ehii bien), 1995, Quyin Con ngudi trong the giai

hien dgi, Nxb Vien Thong tin Khoa hoe Xa hoi, tr 540

VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT T U

Nhung qua trinh phat trien nay eung keo lheo nd la nhUng cuge khiing hoang kinh tl tai chinh, khung hoang luang thye, biln doi khi hau da lao nen sy bit binh ding vl Igi ich va thu nhap giira cac nude hay trong mot nude, sy dau kho va tinh trang bit on xa hoi, pha hiiy eon dudng hudng tdi phat triln bin virng Va cd le

dang lo ngai horn ea la y chi chinh tri loan eiu dk giai quyll cac vin dh tren chua nhan duge sy ddng thuan Liie dd, viee dam bao cac quyln eon ngudi la khdng Ihl

hoae khdng diy dii Day la nhumg ganh nang dat len vai xa hoi loan eiu

Nhu vay, lheo nhilu each khae nhau, Nhan quyln da trd thanh mot phin khdng Ihl lach rdi ciia qua trinh loan eiu hda Khai niem nay da duge Lien hgp qudc chap nhan trong cac chuomg trinh tai trg ciia minh va cac diln dan qu6c tl Hg khuyen nghi cae nude phat trien dua cac yeu eiu vl nhan quyln vao trong viee su dyng cae khoan vay, cae dy an tai trg doi vdi cac nude dang phat triln, cae nude ngheo Dieu nay thay rd trong boat ddng eiia Cao liy Lien hgp qudc va Ngan hang the gidi trong nhCmg nam qua Flang loat nhung rang buge vl quyln eon ngudi da duge thong qua, va mot mang cua cac ca che dl giam sat viee tuan thii cae lieu ehuin nhan quyen d cap qudc gia da duge thanh lap Mot trong nhirng uu lien ciia Cao Uy Lien hgp qudc cho Quyen eon ngudi la de tang cudng cdng tac ITnh vyc ciia minh va hgp tac ky thuat cua nd cac chuang trinh, nhim myc dich dl xem cac tieu chuan qudc te va tieu ehuan phan anh trong luat phap qudc gia va thye hanh Con Ngan hang The gidi, thong qua cac boat ddng cua nd va cam kit doi mdi vl quyln con ngudi, se ddng mot vai trd quan trgng trong viee thue diy nhan quyln va trong viee xay dyng va tang cudng te ve quyln con ngudi nang lye d cae nude ma no boat ddng Muc tieu boat ddng eiia Ngan hang the gidi la tiln hanh cac boat ddng cho

vay ddi vdi cae nude ngheo, nude dang phat triln dh thiic day kinh tl, xoa ddi giam

ngheo, tao ra mot mdi tnrdng cho sy hudng thy ca nhan va thye hien cac quyln Do vay, viee dat quyen con ngudi d trung tarn eiia sy phat triln bin vung khong chi la nham ton trgng cac quyen, ma edn ed nghTa la tao ra cac ca chi trach nhiem nhim cho phep ngudi dan tham gia gian fiep vao viee Id chue cdng ty, chinh va xa hoi Dieu nay ed nghTa la viee ton trgng va thye thi cae quyln con ngudi la mot dieu kien fien quyll cho phat trien ben viimg NIU khdng duge thira nhan va hanh dgng

' ^ 7 1 f

de bao ve quyen eiia ngudi dan, thi ph.at trien ben vimg la khdng the

Qua do, can mot chien luge tich hgp cac chinh sach lien quan din quyen con ngudi va phat trien ben virng Tai Hoi nghi thugng dinh Irai dit 1992, d nguyen tac

1, nhan quyen da duge ghi nhan trong phat trien ben viing, trong do, eon ngudi la trung tam eiia nhiimg mdi quan tam ve sy phat trien lau dai; eon ngudi ed quyen duge hudng mot cuge sdng him ich va lanh manh, hai hoa vdi thien nhien

THUC HIEN QUY&N CON NGL/Cfj

2.2 Thue hien quyen con ngu&i vl muc tieu phat trien ben vitng cua xa hoi

The gidi hien nay chap nhan rang sy phat trien ben virng la khdng the neu kidng ed nhan quyen Nhirng gi da va dang xay ra cho thay rang quyen con ngudi

vi phat trien ket ndi vdi nhau va thye hien quyen eon ngudi vi myc lieu phat trien

bin vung cua xa hoi Dieu nay duge the hien qua Quyen phat triln eiia eon ngudi,

eich tiep can dya tren quyen de phat trien, va cac nhan to thye hien quyen

2.2.7 Vi quyin phat triin

Trong Tuyen bd ve quyen duge phat trien Lien hgp qudc GA Res 41/128, Lieu 1/1, ngay 4 thang 12 nam 1986 da khang djnh mot each ro rang quyln phat liien con ngudi Quyen phat trien la mot quyen phd qual va bat kha xam pham, la mot phan khdng tach rdi cac quyen ea ban eiia eon ngudi Quyen nay ddi bdi viee thye hien tat ea cac quyen dan sy, van hda, kinh te, chinh tri va xa hoi Ddng thdi,

no xem xet qua trinh phat trien loan dien bao gdm phan bd tai chinh va cae uu lien trong quan he qudc te Quyen phat trien duge xay dyng tren quan diem eon ngudi la Imng tam eiia sy phat trien' Cdng bd nay duge ciing cd horn d Hoi nghi thugng dinh The gidi nam 1993 tai Vienna cdng nhu d cae Hoi nghi the gidi khae nira do Lien hgp qudc tai trg Dinh cao cua tuyen bd nay la Tuyen bd Thien nien ky va cac myc lieu phat trien Thien nien ky vdi xac djnh rd rang bom quyen con ngudi la nen tang ciia qua trinh phat trien kinh le - xa bdi Tir quan diem nay, vai trd eiia cac quyln con ngudi, trao quyen cho cac ea nhan va cdng ddng la hien nhien Bang each bao

ve nhiing quyen, chung ta ed the giiip ngan ngira nhieu cuge xung dot do ngheo ddi,

ky thi qudc gia sinh ra Do dd, cd the thay, hien nay, phat trien eon ngudi ben viimg

da va dang trd thanh hien thye thong qua viee thye hien dan dan cae quyen ca ban

va cac quyen ty do eiia eon ngudi, nd da trd thanh sy phat trien duge bieu hien tren

ca mo hinh, qua trinh thye hien va ket qua Mot each dam bao thye hien quyen con ngudi cho phat trien ben virng dd la van dyng phuomg phap tiep can dya tren quyen

de phat trien ben viimg

2.2.2 Phuang phap tlip can dua tren quyin de phat trien bin virng

Phuomg phap nay nhan manh viee thye hien quyen con ngudi lam ca sd dl danh gia cac chuomg trinh, chinh sach phat trien Cach tiep can nay duge dya tren cae leu ehuan nhan quyen qudc te va la hudng ve quang ba, thye thi va bao ve sy hien dien eiia quyen con ngudi Ve ly thuyet, phuang phap tiep can dya tren quyen nhan muc dich de tich hgp cac tieu ehuan nhan quyen vao cae cuge thao luan

1 htto://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_developmenl

2 htp://www.fao.org/righttofood/kc/downloads/vl/does/HR%20and%20devlopment_the%20r ole/o20ofyo20the%20WB.pdf

VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU H Q I THAO QUOC TE LAN THtT TU

chinh sach, cdng ude, va cac quy trinh nham giai quyel phat triln ben viing Y nghTa Idn nhat eiia phuang phap nay la thong qua xa bdi dan sy, cdng chiing, cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach xem xet cac van de phat trien trong bdi canh eiia cac quyen eon ngudi chinh sach cdng va cac boat dgng eiia yeu to tu nhan Sir tham gia

ed y nghTa va thong bao, trao quyen, trach nhiem giai trinh, minh bach, binh dang, khdng phan biet ddi xu, sy binh dang giiia gidi tinh, tinh ben viimg, hgp lac qudc tl

va sy chu y ben le nhat cae nhdm de bj ton thuomg la cac tinh nang trung tam cua phuang phap tiep can dya tren quyen con ngudi de phat triln Cu fill lheo UNHCHR (Van phdng Cao liy nhan quyen Lien hgp qudc), phuang phap tiep can nay bao gdm cac yeu Id sau':

- Lien ket vdi quyen trong tat ca cae he thong

- Trach nhiem cua cac ea quan ra quyel dinh cho nhirng ngudi duge hudng cae quyen

- Nang cao nang lye lanh dao cho nhirng ngudi phy trach cae chuang trinh phat trien

- Sy tham gia eiia cdng chiing vao tat ea cac ITnh vyc

- Khdng phan biet ddi xir vdi cae nhdm de bj ton thuomg

each tiep can nay da duge Lien hgp qudc neu ra va ihyc hanh rgng rai trong

cac chuang trinh phat trien eiia minh nhu quan diem eiia Mary Robinson - C-yu Cao

liy vien eiia Lien hgp qudc ve nhan quyen"Xda ngheo md khdng trao quyin Id

khdng bin vitng xd hoi, tich hgp cac quyin md khong c6 quyen cho nhirng ngudi thliu so Id khdng thi tuang tugng duge Binh ddng glal tinh md khong cd quyin Igl ciiaphu ntt Id do tudng Viee lam ddy du md khong cd quyin cua ngudi lao dgng cd the Id khdng han mot lai hua ciia cac xi nghiep khai thdc, bdc lot vd chi dg no le '"• 2.2.3 Cac nhan to thuc hien quyin con ngiral

Nhu chung ta biet rang, quyen phat trien, each tiep can dya tren quyen mdi chi

la cdng cy ly thuyet de thye hien quyen con ngudi, y nghTa thye sy ciia van de nay

la d tinh thye le cua nd Dieu nay the hien d viee thye hien quyen eon ngirdi lheo hai cap do

Thu nhat, d cap qudc gia viee thye hien phap luat ve quyen con ngu(/i phy

thuge phan Idn vao y chi chinh tri eiia qudc gia do O day, cd the bieu quyen eon ngudi la nhumg quyen ty nhien ciia con ngudi va khdng bi tudc bd bdi bat cii ai va

1 http://www.unae.org/youth_sd/youth_e/HRandSD_FlNAL.doe

2 http://www.unae.org/youth_sd/youth_e/HRandSD_FINAL.doc

THUC HIEN QUYEN CON NGL/Cl

bat cu chinh the nao Tuy nhien, liiy moi chinh the ma viee thye hien cac quyen cd day du hay khdng, nhu cae xa bdi dan chu ddng thdi thira nhan cac quyen kinh te xa hoi va cac quyen dan sy nhu quyen duge xet xu cdng bang, va con lap nen cac qu>§r chu ehol ma bat ky chinh phii dan chu nao ciing phai duy tri (vi cac quyln nay ten tai khdng phy thuge vao chinh phii, do dd chiing khdng Ihl hi luat phap hai

bd ciiig nhu khdng phy thuge) Nhung nguge lai, ciing cd mot vai chinh Ihl khae lai kl dng Ihira nhan mot sd quyen dan sy vi lo ngai den an ninh qudc gia hg Nhu d nuce ta, viee dam bao quyen eon ngudi hien la mot trong nhiimg van de quan tam hang iau Myc lieu cao nhat, ddng thdi eung la bieu hien cy the ve quyln con ngudi

d \ ie: Nam la phan dau bet sue minh de xay dyng "dan giau, nude manh, xa hoi cdng 3ang, dan chii, van minh".' Cy the, Dieu 15 trong Hien phap nam 1992 quy djnh ' 6 nude Cong boa xa hoi chii nghTa Viet Nam, cae quyln chinh tri, dan sy, kinh e, xa hoi va van hda duge ton trgng va duge Ihl hien trong Hiln phap va Luat" Nhan quyen da trd thanh mot nguyen tac hien phap ciia Nha nude Viet Nam^

Fiep den, viee ndi luat hda nhiimg quy djnh qudc te la cdng cy ea ban dh mdi

quoe gia bao dam quyen con ngudi Tuy nhien, ngay ca khi cae dilu ude qudc tl vl qu}er eon ngudi da khong duge chinh thue dua vao phap luat qudc gia, cac tda an quoe gia va cac nha su dung quy pham phap luat ed Ihl xem xet cac cdng ude nhan quyer qudc te va cam ket nhan quyen trong khu vyc khi giai thich va phat triln luat phap qudc gia, va hg ed the su dyng cac cdng ude nhan quyen qudc te nhu la lieu ehuar tdi thieu ma luat qudc gia can dat duge khi bao v? nhan quyln Dilu quan trgng can nhan manh rang, viee thye hien trong nude eiia cae ehuin myc nhan quyet ddi hoi mot nd lye chung va phdi hgp ciia tat ca cac nganh cua chinh phii (lap phap tu phap va hanh phap) Vi dy, d nude ta hien nay, vdi khai niem mdi vl quyei eon ngudi, Viet Nam da sua ddi Hien phap 1992 va duge thye hien mot doi mdi tr phap hudng tdi mot nha nude xa hoi ehii nghTa ciia phap luat cQng nhu ban hanh va sua ddi mot sd lugng Idn cae van ban quy pham phap luat Cho den nay, da

ed kloang 13.000 van ban quy pham phap luat duge ban hanh, trong dd ed 40 luat quan trgng nhu Bd luat hinh sy, luat hinh sy to tyng, Luat Dan sy, Luat Lao ddng, Luat Chieu nai, Luat bau ctr Qudc hoi, Luat Giao dye va Luat Cham sdc sue khoe

Da CO ban 4000 phap lenh va quy dinh cua Chinh phii va cac ca quan thuge Chinh phu rheo nhUng tai lieu nay, cac quyen dan sy, quyen chinh tri, kinh te, xa hoi va van 16a 1 a phu hgp vdi ngudi dan phu hgp vdi cac cdng ude ca ban ve quyen con ngud da duge ngi luat hda va nhan ra trong cae bai bao cy the Hoat dgng ciia Qudc

1 Thr trudng Bg ngoai giao Pham Binh Minh phat bilu tai Hoi dong nhan quyen Lien hgp qu(C ngay 10/5/2005, www.vietnamnet.vn ngay 10/5/2009

2 httj://www.china.org.en/english/features/bjrenquan/l90897.htm

VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU

hoi da duge cai tao dang ke theo hudng dan ehii va quyen ban thye sy Chinh phii dieu chinh ciia phap luat va da duge day manh cai each hanh chinh de giam bdt quan lieu va nang ne vao eon ngudi Vai trd cua cac Id chue chinh trj - xa hoi ciing

da duge day manh Nhieu nguyen tac ca ban bao dam cac quyen eon ngudi da duge the che boa trong phap lual Viet Nam: sy binh dang trudc phap luat va bao ve theo quy dinh ciia phap luat trong cac ITnh vyc dan sy va chinh trj, binh dang gidi va ngan chan ed bieu lye hoi to ciia Luat Hinh sy'

Ngoai ra, viee thanh lap cac to chue nhan quyen qudc gia, tang cudng su tham gia eiia ngudi dan trong chinh phu se gdp phan dam bao viee thye hien nhan quyen duge nang cao va bao ve ben virng ban Ddng thdi, chinh phu phai cd nhiem vy giiip ngudi dan nang cao nhan thuc ve quyen eiia minh thong qua viee tang cudng dao tao, giao dye, thong tin ve quyen eon ngudi; cai thien cac lieu ehuan y le tdi thieu; eung la nhirng cdng cy ed tam quan trgng sdng edn ddi vdi vice thye hien quyen con ngudi d tam qudc gia

Thic hai, a cap do qudc te viee thye hien quyen con ngudi nhan manh sy hgp

tac giira cac qudc gia, hd trg lan nhau, phan anh nhirng hanh vi vi pham eiia nhau de dam bao cho cac cdng ude qudc te ve quyen eon ngudi dirge tuan thii, duge thye thi Cy the, de hien thye hda cac dieu tren, mot loat cac Id chue nhan quyen quoe le duge thanh lap nhu de xiic lien va thye hien cac lieu ehuan nhan quyen duge thye hien bdi cac ca quan ciia Lien hgp qudc cd lien quan: Hoi ddng nhan quyen Lien hgp qudc (UNI IRC), Uy ban sy that va hda giai - ODIHR; Van phdng cho cae to chue dan chii va nhan quyen (ODIHR), Van phdng thiic day cae the che dan chu d cae nude (OSCE), To chue Lao ddng qudc te (ILO), To chue Y te The gidi (WHO),

To chue luang thye va thye pham (FAO), Quy Phat trien eiia Lien hgp quoe cho Phy nir ( UNIFEM), UNICEF va UNDP Giam sat nhan quyln duge giao phd cho

Uy ban nhan quyen (HRC) va cac ca quan hiep ude khae nhau (cd nghTa la, cac liy ban duge thanh lap theo dieu ude qudc te ve quyen con ngudi bi tra tan, phy niJ, Ire

em, phan biet chiing toe, quyen dan sy va chinh tri, kinh te, xa hoi va van hda) Con Trung tam Nhan quyen (nay Van phdng Cao liy nhan quyen Lien hgp quoe (OHCHR) duge tao ra dl eung cap ho trg cho cae hd trg giam sal ky thuat, va cac dich vy tu van ve nhan quyen"

Ngoai ra edn rat nhieu cac Id chue phi chinh phu qudc te ve quyen con ngudi; cae Id chue nhan quyen qudc gia; cac Id chue da phuang khae cae to chue nay eung cip cac trg giiip nhan dao; hd trg ky thuat thanh lap cac liy ban nhan quyen

1 http://www.china.org.en/english/features/bjrenquan/l 90897.htm

2 http://mirror.undp.org/magnet/Does/poliey5.html

THaC HIEN QUYEN CON NGUCl

quoe gia; hd trg cho qua trinh ty do hda va tang cudng cac quan he thuomg mai cdng bang cho cae nude, hoae giam sal hanh dgng nhan quyen, chi ra cac vi pham nhan quyen, ky ket cac hiep ude song phuang, da phuang cac Ihda thuan song phuang hoae ea quan qudc te nhu Ngan hang The gidi va UNDP, ed Ihl eung cip

hd ircr lai chinh de dap limg duge cac lieu ehuin tdi thilu trong ITnh vyc quyln kinh

te va xa hoi (vi dy, cham sdc sire khde ban dau hoae giao dye) Song, nlu eo vi phaiT thi cac to chue nay ciing su dung nhieu bien phap chdng lai sy vi pham dd: ddi lliOai vdi cac ea quan chue nang eiia qudc gia vi pham; cdng khai tren pham vi quoe te, nhiJng dien dan qudc te ve nhirng vi pham (Hoi ddng nhan quyen LHQ); Riit hd trg phat trien, hoae phai cam ket cae yeu eau ve quyen con ngudi mdi duge duy tri vien trg; nang horn la riit nhan vien ngoai giao, thay doi quan he Ihuong mai

va xu phat lheo cac hinh thuc khae nhau, chii yeu la ve mat kinh tp

Nhu vay, hieu qua thiic day quyen eon ngudi ndi chung edn tiiy thuge vao cae ngudi lye san ed de tai trg cho cac boat dgng va y chi chinh trj eiia chinh phii NIU khong cd mot cam ket chinh tri rd rang va da duge chung minh de cai thien nhan quyei, thi cac sang kien hd trg thudng khdng dat hieu qua 0 day mot lan nira, cac each tiep can thye hien quyen eon ngudi can can eu vao tirng trudng hgp cy thi

2.3 Mot so van de ve viee thuc hi^n nhan quyen & Viet Nam

Cd the ndi, trong qua trinh phat trien ciia minh, ngay tir dau nha nude la da xac dinh con ngudi viia la myc tieu, viia la dgng lye eiia sy nghiep xay dyng dat nude

La trmg tam etia cae chinh sach kinh te - xa hoi Viee thtic day va bao ve quyen con ngud la nhan to quan trgng cho sy phat trien ben virng, bao dam thang Igi sy nghiep cdng nghiep boa va hien dai hoa dat nude Quan diem nay duge the hien thdn^C sunt thong qua cac van ban phap luat, chinh sach phat trien kinh te xa hoi 6 nude la va mdi day nhat, trong Quyel dinh sd 432/QD-TTg ngay 12 thang 4 nam

2012 eiia Thu tudng Chinh phii: Phe duyet Chien luge Phat triln bin virng Viet Nam giai doan 2011 - 2020 da neu len quan diem phat trien ben virng giai doan

2011 - 2020 trong do tiep lye nhan manh viee lay Con ngudi la trung tam ciia phat

trien ben viing: '\ Phdt huy tdi da nhan to con ngudi vai vai trd la chu thi, nguon

luc chu yeu vd Id muc tieu eiia phat trien bin vimg ''

Vdi quan diem nhu tren, Quyen con ngudi d nude ta duge fiep can mot each loan dien tren tat ca cac quyen ve dan sy, chinh tri, kinh le, xa hoi va van hoa trong mot dng the hai hoa, khdng xem nhe bat eu quyen nao Cac quyen va ly do eiia mdi

ca nmn chi cd the duge bao dam va phat huy tren ca sd ton trgng quyen va Igi ich

1 htp://vanban.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/hethongvanban?elass_id=2&_page= l&node=detail& oeument_id= 157753