Thdt thi' tdi khdng thi' lam diiu dd VI.GIOI TLT PREPOSITIONS Gidi ttir la tife'ng dung d£ kS't h?p cac mtfi quan h$ gitfa cac ttf trong c&u.. Gidi tilr a5 th£ co b6’ ngil object la: da
Trang 1+ MQt danh tit
- It’s the very thing I want
(Dd chinh lb vbt mb tbi cbn)
- You repeat the above sentences
(Anh nhAc IfU nhOng cbu trin Aby)
+ M$t dpi tit:
- Is this book really yours?
(QuySn sdch nby thiec lb cua anh chit?)
+ Mbt cum tie(phrase)
• It's almost time to start.
(Dbnh hit thdi gid d i chubn bi lin ditdng)
+ Cd mdt cbu
- Unfortunatly I don’t know the language you spa
(Dang life tdi khdng bi(t ngdn ngit anh dang n4i;
- Indeed I won’t do it
(Thdt thi' tdi khdng thi' lam diiu dd)
VI.GIOI TLT (PREPOSITIONS)
Gidi ttir la tife'ng dung d£ kS't h(?p cac mtfi quan h$ gitfa cac ttf trong
c&u
Vi dy: * The hat is on the table
(Cdi non d trfen b&n)
* The watch is b e s id e the box
(Cdi dbng h'd d bfen canh cdi h$p).
Gidi tilr a5 th£ co b6’ ngil (object) la: danh tir, dai tir, cym danh dQngtt (gerund phrases), hoSc m$nh dfe danh ttf (noun clauses); luc d6 chilng dOfll
gpi la cum g id i tvf (prepositional phrase) Cum gidi ttf du«?c coi nhtf tin) t£r b6 nghia cho danh ttf ho$c dgi ttf hay n6 cdng dtf<?c coi nhtf trying ti
bd nghia cho dQng ttf, tinh ttf ho$c trang ttir
Trang 2VI dy: * Put them on the table.
(Bd chiing tr in b&n).
Danh ttf table 16 btf ngtf cua gidi ttf on, cym gidi ttf on the table dtf(?c nhtf trpng tif bd' nghia (modify) cho d^ng ttf put.
* Give that book to the girl‘on the left.
(Dtfa quyin sdch kia cho cd d b&n trdi)
Danh ttf left 16 bd ng i t cua gidi tir on
Cym gidi ttf (Prepositional phrase) on the left dtftfc coi nhtf tinh ttf nghia cho danh ttf girl.
1 Sir edit thanh gidi tir
a) Gidi tit dan nhu at, from, in, on, with .
b) Gidi tii kip: into (vho trong, thanh ra); throughout (khdp, sud't);
within (b&n trong, trong khoang); inside (trong) c) Gidi tic phdt sinh nhd:
+ Tfen t6' a: about (vfe); across (qua); along (doc theo)
+ Tfen ttf be: behind (dang sau); before ( trudc, tntdc mdt) + DOng tinh ttf: except(ed) (trit ra ); during (sud't).
d) Cym gidi tit: out o f (ra ngoai, vi, cdch xa, b&ng); because o f (bdi ui); order to ( d i ma, nhtun dS ), in front o f (dhng trudc cua); in the middle (vho giita); in spite o f (mQc du)
2 Cau true cua gidi tir
a) Dai tit di sau gidi tit bao gid cung d t&n cdch.
Vf dy: * He spoke to me
(Anh (Ly ndi vdi tdi)
* This is the man of whom you heard
(D&y I t ngudi ma anh d& tieng nghe ndi).
b) Sau gid i tit n£u la
55
Trang 3+ Danh ttf cy thi a6 (t thi phii 06 m90 ttf a/an
Vf dy: - 1 went out without an umbrella.
(T b i d i m ngoU ch in g cb dH).
- There is a woman w ith a child in her arms
(Cb mdt bb b i em b i)
Chu <f : N£u Ik “With child” thi la ba gy c6 mang.
-I- Danh ttf khdng dim dupe thi khdng A n c6 a/an.
VI dy: He told me his mind, without reserve.
(Anh ta d6c b'6u ttun sit vdi tbi khbng e d i g l ca).
c ) Sau g id i tit p h ii dung dQng danh tie(gerund)
V( dy: * H e prevented me from speaking.
(Anh ta ng&n can tbi ndi)
* Tom plays at sleeping.
(Tom gia vd ngu)
d) Trong cbu nghi vdn d i hoi th i g id i tit thudng d(U cu6i cbu.
V i dy: * Who is this book b y ?
( Quyin sdch nay do ai v ift vQy?)
* What are you laughing at?
(A n h cUdi cdi ch i t h i ? )
3 Phan biet gidi tur vd trang tur
Tron g nhfeu trtfdng h«?p cung m$t t iln g c6 luc Hi gidi ttf, c6 lvic 1$ tran g ttf
gidi ttf -* danh ttfdQng ttf *- try n g ttf
Chu y : * Gidi ttf bao gid cung c6 b6 ngtf theo sau
* T r? n g ttf di sau dQng ttf
V i dy: * I live near the m arket (near: gidi ttf)
Trang 4(Tbi s6ng ghn cho)
* Don’t come n e a r (near : trying tH)
(Ditng tdi g in )
Mot so gidi tu thudng dung
) G id i t it chi dia diem (preposition o f place)
A t: d (khbng chuyin dbng)
Vi dy: a t home (d nhd); at the factory (d xudng)
In: 6 trong (khbng chuyin dbng )
Vi dy: in the room (d trong phdng ); in England (d nude Anh )
W ithin: d trong, trong vdng (ch i thdi gian)
W ithin doors(d trong ciia s$)\ w ith in 3 kilometers (trong vong 3km)
Out of: ngo&i
Out o f the room (b in ngoai phbng)
On: cf tr6n (tii'p gidp ).
on the chair (tr in g h i’ ti/a); on my head (d tr in ddu )
O ver: phia trfen, kh&p, vu<?t qua
/I dy: - The sky is o v e r our heads
(Btiu trdi d phia tr in ddu chung ta)
- Climb o v e r wall (Treo vupt qua bite tudng)
A bove: trfen d'&u, trfen
h dy: - The electric lamp is a b ove my head.
(B6ng d in d iin 6 phia tr in ddu tbi)
■ The plane flies a b o v e the clouds
(M&y bay bay tr in dam mtty).
U nder: dtfdi
H dy: - The tube is u n d e r the ground.
(Xe d iin ngtun d dudi mat ddtj
57
Trang 5- A lieutenant is u n d e r a captain.
(T ru n g dy Ih c6p dudi dpi dy).
• B elow : phia dudi, m6 dudi.
Vi dv: * Five degrees b e lo w zero (nQm dQ dudi kh bng)
* When the sun sets, it goes b e lo w the horizon.
(K h i m(U trd i iQn, n6 khu&t d dudi chhn trd i)
- B etw een : d giila.
V i dy: * B e tw e e n two world wars
(G iila hai cubc c h itn tranh th tf g id i)
* She is sitting b etw e en Mr and M rs Brown.
(C d dy ngdi g ia a d n g uh B d B row n).
• A m on g: trong s6 , trong ddm
Vi dy: She has lived am o n g foreigners for a long time.
(M d t th d i gia n d iii cd dy s6ng vdi n gitd i nude n g o ii)
- A m id: gitfa (l&n tron g )
H e stands am id the crow d
(Anh 6y ditng l&n trong ddm dbng).
- In the m iddle of: d giila
H e sits in the m iddle o f the room
(A n h dy ngdi g iita p h on g )
- B e h in d : dan g sau, nlfp sau
Vi d y: T h e boy is beh in d the house
(C&u be d d ang sau nha)
- A ro u n d : vd n g quanh, chung quanh
Vi d y : - W e tra vel a r o u n d the w orld
( Chung tdi du lic h uong quanh th £ g id i).
- W e sat aro u n d the table
(C hung tbi da ngdi quanh bim ).
Trang 6Opposite: ddi di$n
/( dy: They are sitting opposite each other
(Chiing rid ngdi ddi di$n nhau tieng c(tp) Across: qua, ngang qua; d bfen kia
/( dy: * He drives the car across the field
(Anh dy lai xe vuat qua canh dbng).
* Majectic hotel is across the Saigon river (Khach san Majectic a b&n kia sdng(SaiGdr\)
Against: dtfa vao, dp vao
/( dy: I put my bicycle against the wall
(Tdi dua xe dap vao tudng).
Near, by: g&n
/I dy: * Don’t go near the river bank.
(Ditng di g'&n bd sdng).
* She sits by the teacher table.
(Cd ta ngdi canh ban thdy giao).
Close to: s&t canh, d g&n
/( dy: - Them’s a bus stop close to the school
(Cd mdt tram xe buyt d g&n tn/ong).
- He is standing close' to the >or
Trang 7(Anh 6y ditng canh aia ).
- N e x t to: c$nh, ngay trtfdc hay sau i-
Vi dy: He is sitting n e x t to me
(Anhdy ngbi eg.nh bin tbi).
- A lon g: dye theo
Vf dy: They sail a lo n g the coast
(Chung nd dong biibm dqc theo bd b iin ).
- B eside: d bfen canh
Vf dy: * She walks besid e me
(N im g di b in tbi).
* I am sitting b esid e Charles
(Tbi nghi bin canh Charles).
- A bou t: khoang, gftn, mang theo
Vf dy: - I have money abou t me
(Tdi cb mang theo ti&n).
- I see no market abou t here.
(Tbi th&y khbng cd cho nao gtm dtty).
(Tbi phai di khdi dtty).
He sails to an island o f f the coast
(Anh dy dong biibm d in hbn dao ngoai khoi).
- B eyond: m£ bfen kia, ngo&i, qu£
Vf dy: * Don’t stay out beyon d 12 p.m
(Ditng d ngoai qu& 12 gid d im ).
60
Trang 8* Her house is beyond the river.
(Nhd nimg S m i bin kia adng).
> G idi t it c h i chuyin ddng (Preposition o f motion).
To: tdi, ra, cho d£n
/( dy: * I go to school
(Tdi di hocftdi trudng).
* He works from eight to twelve
(Anh dy liun vi$c tit 8 gid d£n 12 gid).
• Towards: v6 phia (Khdng nh&t thii't tdi noi).
Vi dy: - The plane flew tow ards the west
(May bay bay v i hudng Ttly).
- The bus goes towards the City -v ' '
(Xe buyt chay v i phia thanh ph6).
Vi dy: - from childhood, I live in the country
(Thdi tho du, tdi sd'ng d m iin qui).
- Wine is made from grapes.
(Ruou nho liun tit trdi nho).
- Out of: tOr, khoi, n it ra
Vf dy: - He walks out of the theater.
*
(Anh (ty tit rpp hat di ra).
- A scene out of a play.
(Mdt man nit ra tit mdt vd kich).
• Through: qua (trung gian), nhd
Vi dy: - The road goes through the forest.
(Con di/dng xuyin qua khu ritng).
- Win victories through self - reliance and hard struggle
(Chii'n th in g nhd y ch i tut luc va sir chii'n dtiu gian kho).
61
Trang 9- Against: chtfng l*i
Vi dy: - He goes against the wind.
(Anh ta di ngUQc chi&u gid).
- Up: l&n cao
Vi dy: - Up h ill and down dale.
(L in d6c xudng dko).
- H e walks up the stairs
(Anh dy ten cbu thang).
- I sail up the river.
(Tdi dong bubm ngiepc dbng adng).
- Down: xutfng
Vi dy: * I swim down the river
(Tbi bai xudi dbng adng).
* The tears ran down her face
(Nude mdt chay rong rbng tr in mat cd ta)
U y : qua, c?nh (khdng ddng l$i).; di qua, trdi qua
VI dy: * She walks by mp without seeing me.
(Nang di qua s6t tdi ma ch&ng d i m il d£n tbi).
* They can finish the work by three o ’clock (Ho cd t h i Lam xong cdng vide vao luc ba gid).
- A long: di doc-\heo
Vi du: * The bus runs alon g the street
(Xe buyI chay doc theo phd).
* She walks a lon g the river bank.
(Nang di hoc theo bd sbng).
- Past; vieat qua; qud; hon
Vi dy: * It is past seven.
(Da 6ay gid hon).
62
Trang 10* It’s quite p u t my comprehension.
(Hobn totm qu6 site h iiu b iit cua tdi).
* He walks past the gate.
(Anh 6y di qua c&ng).
Into; di, qua, sang, vao
f dy: * He translates Kfeu into French.
(d n g 6y dich truy6n K iiu sang t iin g Phdp).
* I go into the garden.
(Tbi di vho trong vudn cOy).
Round: quanh, vbng quanh
’( dy: * They were sitting round the table
(Chung n6 ng~bi qutty qu&n quanh ban).
* T h ef earth moves rou n d the sun
(Trdi ddi quay chung quanh m(U trdi).
Abou t: vfe, quanh, xung quanh
H dy: * Tell me all abou t it.
(Hay ndi cho tdi b iit tat ca v i d iiu do)
* I dropped it somewhere about here
Tdi d i roi v&t dy dim dd quanh d&y thdi).
* We are travelling about the world
(Chung tdi du lic h vbng quanh t h i gid i).
2 Gidi tit ch i thdi gian (preposition o f time).
■ Before: trudc y
Vi dy: * Summer comes b e fo r e Autumn
(Mua ha d in trudc mua thu).
* Please come before ten o’clock
(Lhni an d in trudc mudi gid nhe).
A ft e r : sau, m$c cf&u
Trang 11Vf dy: * Day after day.
(Ngby qua ngity) „
* A fter all my care, it was broken.
(Mac d&u c6n thOn, nd v&n vd).
- From to: ttir tdi
Vf dy: * From morning to night
(Tut adng tdi tdi).
* From beginning to end
(T it d&u d in cu/fi).
- S in c e: ttir, k£ ttir (ng&y gid chfnh x£c)
Vf dy: * I saw him not long since.
(T d i mdi gOp anh ta m&y hbm trudc d&y thdi).
* She’s w orking in a bank since leaving school.;
(T it khi rdi g h g nha trtfdng, cb ta liun viQc 6 mbt ng&n hh
- T ill, u n til: tdi, den, cho dtfn, (U ntil thudng dat d <fau c&u)
Vf du: * W ait t ill 5 o’clock
(D ai d in 5 gid).
* He works from m orning t ill night.
(O ng dy lam vi&c tit s&ng d$n tdi).
* L e t’s wait t ill the rain stops.
(Hay chd cho dS'n luc tanh mita).
* U n til yesterday I had heard nothing o f it.
(Cho den ngay hbm qua, tbi ch&ng nghe di/ac t in g i tlb,
- U p to: ch o td i
Vi dy: *U p to th e la s t m o m en t
(Cho tdi g id phut cu6i cung).
- For: trong (d£ tra ldi c&u hoi how long)
Vi du: * We studied fo r many years
Trang 12(Chung tbi phdi hpc t#p trong nhfeu ndm).
* He stayed in Cube fo r three yAars
(Anh 6y lieu Ipi d Cuba trong ba nOm).
• During: sutft trong (d£ tr& ldi c&u h6i when)
Vi dy: * I w ork-A irin g the week.
(Tbi Idm viQc sulk tuhn).
* He called on me du ring my absence
(Anh dy got tbi autSt trong thdi gian tbi v6ng mOi).
■ By: hie (thdi gian d* djnh khdng muQn ton) 1
Vi dy: * I shall be ready by six.
(Tbi sdn shng liic sdu gid).
* They can finish the work by four o’clock
(Ho cb t h i Idm xong cbng vl6c vivo liic 4 gid).
• In: vfe, chi ph&n cua ng&y / cua n&m
/f dy: * In Autumn (v t mua thu).
* In the morning (vho buSi sang).
* In the 20th century (vao thtf ky 20).
About: kho&ng luc, sSp sura, v6, quanh
* I shall come about six
(Tbi sc d&ri vdfo khoang sdu gid).
* She is about to start.
Trang 13* At the age o f seventy.
(L u c bay mUOi tuSi).
d Gidi tir chi cdch thuc (preposition of manner).
- W ith: vdi, cting
V f d y: * A g ir l w ith blue eyes
- By: b&ng, bdi (t&c nh&n)
V f du: • H e was killed b y a car
(A n h ta bi d td can c h it ).
* She com es b y trata.
(N a n g d i n b&ng xe lita).
Trang 14* Machines are driven b y electricity.
(M6y chpy b&ng diQn).
- B y m ea n o f: b&ng cdch
V( dy: A door is opened b y m ean o f a key
(Cua dupe md b&ng chia khda).
- A c c o r d in g to: theo, tuy theo
Vi dy: * From each a cco rd in g to his ability, to each a c c o rd in g to his work
(L&m theo n&ng luc, hudng theo lao dbng).
* A c c o r d in g to the papers.
(Theo tin c&c b&o).
* She came a c c o r d in g to her promise.
(Cb ta d&'n theo Idi hiia).
- In stea d of: thay cho, chtf khdng
Vi dy: * I will go in s te a d o f you
(Tbi se di thay cho anh).
* Give me this in s te a d o f that.
(Cho tbi cdi nay thay vi cdi kia).
- In s p ite o f: m$c du
Vi du : * In s p ite o f the rain, they went out
(Du trdi mua, chung no v&n ra di).
* In s p ite o f all his efforts he failed.
(Du c6 gdng h£t sure, c&u dy v&n th i rdtfthdt bai).
• On, about: ve van de
Vi dy : * A lesson on birds
(Bai hoc vS ch im ).
* A talk a b ou t England.
(Mbt c&u chuyin v$ nude Anh).
* A b o u t science (physics, mathematics )
67
Trang 15Vfe khoa hoc (vfU ly, todn ).
- A s f o r : cbn nhu.
Vf dy : A s f o r me.
(cbn n h u tbi).
• Except, but: tri* ra.
Vf dy : * She does nothing but cry.
(C b ta c h i n g liun dupe g i trie la h it ).
* He gets up early everyday exceptSunday.
(H b n g nghy anh (Ly d&y sdm t r it chu nh&t).
* I live in the last room, bu t three on the second floor
(T b i d t&ng ba, bubng cua tdi cbn cdch ba bubng niZa thi
* H e comes here because o f the F ren ch course
(A n h ta d in d&y vi Idp hoc Pha p v&n).
- Out o f: bdi, vi.
Trang 16n dy : • I only went out o f necessity.
(Tbi c h i ra ngoiii k h i vi cbn th iit).
* She asked only out of curiosity.
(Cb ta hoi vi tin h hi£u k$).
From: vi.
Ti dy : * From his looks you may think him stupid
(N h in b i ngoiii anh cd t h i cho lit anh ta ngd ngdn/ lit <f&n).
* She is pale from being ill
(Nude da niing xanh xao vi bin h ).
, With: vi.
/I dy : * Wet with rain
(Vdt v i m&c mua).
* Tired with hard working.
( M it mdi vi liun v iic vdt va).
Through.- nhd co, do.
Vi dy : * She got her job through a friend
(Cb ta co v iic liun nhd dupe ban giup).
* Win victories through self-reliance and hard struggle
(C hii'n th in g nhd y c h i tu luc va su c h iin d&u gian khS).
• Thanks to, owing to: nhd cd, do
Vf dy : * Th an k s to your help we were successful
•T
(N hd cd su giup dd cua anh, chung tbi gdt hai dupe k it qua).
* I came late ow ing to an accident
( Tbi d in t r i do bi tai nan).
* Owing to the drought, crops are short
Vi hpn hdn n in mua miuig thtit b it).
• In order to, to: d£.
Vf dy : I stop in ord er to rest
69
Trang 17(T b i ditng d i n g h i ngoi).
I get up early to be ready in time
(T b i d&y sdm d i sdn sting cd m(U dung luc).
VII.LIEN TUT (CONJUNCTIONS)
1 Lifen ttir hay ttif ntfi (connective) dtfng d<? ntfi c&c ttf, nh6m ttf I c&u vdi nhau
2 Ph&n loai lien t i t :
C6 th£ ph&n l&m hai lo?i lifen ttf.
a) L i i n tit t&p hop (Coordinating Conjunction)
b) Li&n tit phu thubc (subordinating conjunction)
Ngo&i ra c6n c6 li&n ttf ddn (Simple Conjunction).
C&c li&n ttf ddn thtfdng g&p nhtf:
since : ttf khi, ttf luc becauce : bofi vi
unless : ttf khi, ntfu khdng even i f - m&c dill
Vi du : * I come in the room a n d sit down
(Tdi d i vb phbng va ngdi xudng).
* She laughs but she feel sad
(N a n g ciedi nhtfng dicom ve bu'bn ba).
* H u rry up o r you’ll be late.
(Voi l i n ho&c anh se bi tr i).
* He is playing w h e n he should be studying
(N o choi diia trong khi dang ly ra no p ha i hocj.
* He has been in army s in c e he left school.
Anh ta vao qu&n dbi ttf khi rdi g h f nhd tnfdng.
Trang 18* She said that tifito Would c&be.
(C hf Ay ndi r in g chj Ay s i d in ).
* I can never forgive unless he says his apology.
(T b i khbng bao g id cd t h i tha thtt trie k h i hdn cd tdi x in l8i).
* Ba goes to bed early because he is tired.
(Ba d i ngu sdm bdi v i n6 m it).
* T h o u g h not handsome, she was attractive
(MOc du khbng dep, cb tfy cung c6 site quyi'n ru).
* She won’t leave the T V set e v e n i f her supper’s on the table (Cb tiy s i khbng rdi c h i ic mdy thu hinh/TV du rhng bit a an tb'i dd don ra t r in ban).
a) L ie n t i t t&p hop:
l)N h d m and d iin d$t y cQng thfem
both and : ck hai v6
as well as : vtifa cung vira
and also : vh cung.
besides : thfem ntfa
V i dy : * The coat is b o th soft a n d warm
(Ao chotmg vita m im vita tim)
* The coat is soft as w e ll as warm.
(Ao chotmg vita m im cung vita tim).
* The coat is soft a n d also warm
(A o chotmg n iim va cung tim nrta).
* I have three other shirts b e sid es this.
(T b i cd ba cdi do so m i khde th im cdi ndy ni2a)
C h ii <f Ddi khi A n d khdng c6n nghia 16 \ h
71
Trang 19V ( dy : * Knock on the door a n d it will open.
(Cur go ctia Ih ngtfdi ta s6 md).
* She speaks English, a n d that very well
(Cb 6y b i it ndi t iin g Anh, l(ii cdn ndi g id i nxta).
Khi dtfng A N D trong d&c ngtf m$nh l$nh, trong titfng Vi£t bo VA nhtf:
* Go a n d ask him when he is going
(D in hoi anh 6y khi ndo anh 6y d i).
* Come a n d play pingpong with me
(D in choi bdng b in vdi tbi n h i).
* W rite a n d ask her what she wants
(V H t thtf hdi cb dy mu6n cdi g i nh£).
- T r y a n d : g&ng, ctf, thur
Vf dy : * T r y a n d do this exercice
(C6 lam bhi tdp nhy).
* I shall t r y and meet you at the airport.
{ Tdi se c6 gdng gOp cb tai s&n bay).
despite : du sao ; notwithstanding :
Vi dy : * He is a hard-working b u t not very intelligent
(N o la diia be chant ch i nhtfng khbng thbng m in h Idm).
* He worked hard, y e t he failed.
(Anh 6y hoc chOm chi, v6y ma lai rdt).
du sao tuy nhidn
m$c du m$c du, btf! trai l?i boy
Trang 20* H e has treated you badly; still, he is your brother and you ought
to help him
(Hdn db'i x ii vdi anh khbng t6t, du sao hdn cung Ih em anh, anh phai giup dd hdn).
* He will never succeed, however hard he tries
(Anh ta s i chdng bao g id thhnh cbng du<fc du cd gdng site t h i nho d i nvta).
* The bicycle is quite old; nevertheless it is in excellent condition (Xe dap hohn toan cu ky; tuy t h i dung td't Idm).
* They went out in spite o f the rain
(Chdng v&n ra d i du trdi mica).
* Many people told her not to try, but she went ahead
notwithstanding.
(N h iiu ngtfdi da bao cb ta ditng c6 thU, dy th £ mb cb ta cit lao vho).
* Though tired, we kept on
(Dii m it nhoc, chung tbi v&n cit tii'p tuc).
* There is no evidence to the c o n tr a r y
(Khbng co chitng cur g i ngtfOc lai).
Cdn c6 d^ng ph6'i hqtp theo but nhtf:
but that + clause : neu nhtf khdng
Vi dy : But that you helped us, we should have failed
(Chung tbi se thtit bai / hong, n iu n h u anh khbng g iup chung tbi.)
Not so but that: khdng phai la d£n nSi khdng
Vi dy: He is not so ill but (that) he can come to school
(Anh khbng phai 6m d in nSi khbng di hoc dupe).
■ But what : (d iin y phu d(nh) 16 khdng
Vf dy: N ot a man b u t (w h a t ) likes to read this book
(K hbng ai Ih khbng thich doc quyin sdch nay).
73
Trang 21- B u t y e t : nhtfng, tuy nhifen.
Vf dy : She is young, b u t y e t she is prudent
(Cd 6y tuy cbn t r i, nhtfng khdn ngoanl thQn tro n g.)
• B u t f o r : n£u khdng c6 ( = without)
V f dy : B u t f o r air and water, nothing could live
(N&u khbng cd ntfdc va khdng khi, m oi vQt kho co t h i s6ng / hH v&t nho cd t h i s6ng).
3) N h o m “ o r ” : diSn d$t stf ltfa chpn
V f dy : Yes or no, you answer this question
(Mud'n hay khbng, anh cung phai trd Idi cbu h oi nby)
Ngo&i ra c6n nhtfng lifen ttf khdc dr theo o r hay tU d n g ttf :
- E it h e r o r : ho$c nay ho$c khac
* We drink e it h e r tea o r coffee
(C hu ng ta u6ng trb ho&c ch ph&).
T b f shops were closed, so I couldn’ t buy anything
<C ul '/>'o hang <f&u dong ciia, do do tbi khdng mua dupe gi ct
T h e r e f o r e \ i v i v vi ly do d6
* H e failed t h e r e f o r e he had to leave school
(Hdn th i hong vi v6y h in ph a i n g h i hoc).
- Th u s: nhtf v&y, nhtf th£, nhd the
* She studied hard, thus she made good progress
(Cd tiy hoc chdm chi, nhd t h i cb ti&n bd n h iiu ).
- so th a t : nhd tb£
Trang 22*I get up at six o’clock, so that I can leave home at seven o’clock
(T61 d(ty liic sdu gid, nhd t h i tdi cd t h i ra khoi nhd luc bay gid) ) L ie n tit phu thudc (Subordinating Conjunction).
ftfi nhtfng c&u ddn vdi nhau va phu thuQc nhau vfe m$t y nghia
That.
- D in diu mdt menh di phu thudc danh tie (Noun clause)
ri dy : * He says that he will help us
(Anh dy ndi rin g anh &y s i giup chung ta).
* The trouble is that we are short o f money.
(Chb phi&n la chung tdi h it ti&n).
r D in dau menh di phu chi muc dich (clause of purpose).
Jim that/so that + may/might : 16 d£, 16 nh&m 0
h dy: * Bring it near (s o ) th at I may see it better A
(Dem no g&n lai d&y d i tdi thdy no rd hon).
* Give him the bicycle (s o ) th at he may come there quickly
(Dtfa xe dap cho hdn d i cd t h i hdn d in dd nhanh hon).
that not / fo r fe a r that + should: sc) r&ng, e rang
Vi dy : * Shut the window fo r fe a r that you should catch a cold
(Dong ciia sd lai sp rhng anh se bi cam lanh).
* She asked us not to be noisy that the baby shouldn’ t wake
(Ba iiy yiu c&u chung tdi khdng dupe lam dn sp chau b£ thiic d&y).
+ D in diu menh de phu chi cdch thuc (clause of manner).
Vi dy: * H er behaviour is so bad that we all refuse to receive her in
our homes
(7V cdch dao diic cd &y qud t& d in n5i tdi cd chung tdi diu tic chfii nh&n cd tty vho nhh).
75
Trang 23* The force o f the explosion was such that all glass windi were broken.
(TUfng nS manh d in n i l t&t c6 c&c kin h ctia s6 dku bi vi).
+ Ddn d'&u menh d2 phu chi dieu kiin (clause o f con d ition ).
Vf dy: * I w ill go provided that I am well enough
(T b i se d i vdi di'&u kiQn lb tdi du khoe).
* You can go swim m ing on condiction that you don't pr far from the river bank
(Con cd t h i d i boi vdi d iiu ki$n khdng ra xa bd s6ng qui).
+ Ddn d iu menh de phu chi nguyen nhun (clause o f cause).
Vf dy: * It is not that I dislike him
(T u y it nhi&n khbng p hai Ih tbi g h et no).
* N o w that you mention it, I do remember
(A n h noi n h u th if la tbi nhd ra ngay).
Chu y : M$t s6 tuf tuy khdng phai la lifen tfif nhu dai ttf hay tr^ng quan h§ dung dd’ ndi m£nh d§ phy tfnh tU (adjective clause) vdi nhd thanh ph&n khac cua c&u phUc (complex sentence)
Vf dy: * That is the book w h ic h everybody is talking about
(D o la cu6n sach ma m oi ngtfdi dang ndi den).
* H e ’s the man w h o m I want to see.
(d n g (Ly la ntfdi m a tdi mu6n g&p).
• w h ile : (trong khi) lidn ttir chi vi§c xay ra keo dai
V f du: * It begins to rain w h ile I am w orking in the field
(T rd i bdt dtai mua t r o n g k h i tdi dang 16m vi£c ngo&i c4i
d'dng)
Ddi khi while dung d£ ndu ten sy so sanh
V f dy: He is idle w h ile his sister is diligent
(N o thi ludi trong khi ch i nd th i ch&m chi).
• w h e n : (khi, luc) lidu ttir chi vi£c xay ra ng&n hdn
Trang 24f dy: * He raised his hat when he saw the teacher.
(Nd ng a p id chho khi nd thSy thhy gido).
He looks in w h en passing
(Nd nhin vho khi d i ngang qua).
Before: (trtfdc khi)
f dy: * I must finished my work before I go home
(Tdi phai lam xong vide trudc khi v i nha).
Katty ate dinner before she went to the cinema
(Katty dung com chi'iu trudc khi cd dy di xem c h iiu bong).
> A fte r : (sau khi)
ri dy: * I shall arrive after you have left
(Tdi se ddn sau khi anh da ra di).
* I go to class after I take breakfast
(Tdi di hoc sau khi dd dung d iim tdm).
> U n til ho&c t ill (cho tdi khi)
H dy: * U n til she was ten years old, Lifen lived in the country
(Cho d in khi l i n mudi, L ie n v&n song d nhd qui).
* I will wait until it stops raining
(Tdi se dpi cho tdi khi trdi tanh mua).
* Wait t ill I come.
(Dpi cho ddn khi tdi tdi nhe).
* Before long: it l&u sau, ch&ng bao l&u ntfa
/i dy: * I shall see you before long.
(C h in g bao Idu nita tbi se g&p lai anh).
• Long before: da ttf l&u, ttf l&u vie trudc
Vi dy: * We began the test yesterday, but we had made preparation
long before.
77
Trang 25(Chung tbi dd b it dtu thi ngity hbm qua nkung da tit i f e *
tdi d6 stia soqn/chudn bi).
• If: n£u
Vi dy: • I f you don’t help, I can’t do that work ,
(N£u anh khftng giup tai, tfii kh6ng th£ lam xong vi^c <y
* She will stay home I f the weather isn t nice
(Cb 6y se d nhb n£u thdi tU t khbng dep).
• U nless: neu khftng, tnJ phi
Vi dy: * Unless you try your best, your dreams w ill never come Ii
• (N&u ban khbng c6 gdng h it site m in h th i nut udc cua ip khbng bao g id thanh hi&n thuc).
* You will miss the train u nless you run Cast
(Anh se nhd tau hoa trit p h i anh chay nhanh d in ).
• W h eth er: cd khftng, co ch&ng, khdng biet c6 khdng
Vi dy: * Ask him w h e th e r he can come
(H oi x e m no c o t h i tdi hay khbng).
* I don’t know w h e th e r it will rain or not
<Tbi khbng biet trdi co miea hay khbng?)
• Because: bcti vi
Vi du: * Lien stays home because she has a headache
(L ie n d nha vi cb dy bi nfuic cCcmj.
* Tan is going to Dalat because he wants to visit his sister
(Tan di Dd L ot vi anh dy muon thOm ngudi ch i ciia anhj.
• Th ou gh ho&c alth ou gh : mac du
Vi du: * Kfeu Oanh swam in the lake th ou gh the water was cold
(Ki'eu Oanh boi trong hb mOc du nude lanhj.
* Hung went with us a lth ou gh he had a lot o f work to do
(Hung vim di cung chung tdi mOc du anh 6y cd khoi v it c f lam.).
Trang 261 Aa: khi, liic, bdi vi
f dy: • Aa a child, I lived in the country
(Khi cbn bi, tbi stSng d nhd qu&).
* Everybody like him aa he is kind and honest
(Moi ngudi cfeu thick cQu dy bdi ul c&u ta hi&n tit vd luong thi&n).
■hi chd: C6 mQt sd li6n ttf dir<?c dung ttfng c$p, chung du<jc gpi la lien
6 txXdng.
ri dy: * This car is both good and beautiful
! (Chide xe nay vura tdt vica dep).
* Dick is not only intelligent but also studious.
(Dick khbng nhUng thbng minh ma con chOm hoc ntfa).
VIII- THAN TLT
Interjection and exclamation)
Ta co th£ chia ra lam hai loai
I Interjection gdm nhtfng ttf dSc bi£t ghi l$i dm thanh ma ta th6't chi diin ta tinh cam d$t nhien nhu:
Oh!: '6, 6i! 6i chao! cha (md ta stf kinh ng?c hay dau ddn)
Vi dy: Oh! what a beautiful rose
(t>! canh hoa h'bng dep lam sao).
A h!: a! ch&! 6i chao! (mo ta ngac nhien hay thich thu)
Ha!: m6 ta vui mtfng
H ello!: ch&o mtfng hay ngac nhien
Vi dy: Hello! Bill! How are you?
(A B ill! Anh co manh gidi khdng?)
H ello!: a - 16 (gpi di£n thoai)
Vi dy: Hello! May I speak to the director?
79
Trang 27(A Id tdi c6 t h i ndi chuy$n vdi dng Gidm M e (tope khdngt) H e y !: n&y (d£ I6i k6o stf chtf y cua ngtfdi k h ic ).
A la s !: chao fii! (bu'dn chdn, thtft vqng)
V f dy: Alas! I have failed in my examination
( Chao 6 i! Tdi da th i hong).
B r a v o ! well done! excellent! : Hoan h6 ! Kha l£m ! Tuy^t!
Vf du: W ell, w ell! D on’t be afraid
H u r r a h !: hip, hip hurrah!: Hoan h&, chao mtfng
J u s t m y lu c k !: Den dui tdi qud! Th £t ch&ng m ay!
Trang 28\ Chi tinh tfihn thu thdi sau khi xong viQc.
Well, here we are at last!
(T6t, t h i Id cu6i cung ehting ta cling d in dupe d&y!)
) Chi su nhupng 60, d iiu b it die di.
Well, it may be true
(Cung dupe, cd t h i Id diinglsu thdt).
:) Chi su tiip thu.
Well, it can’t be helped
(Thdi dupe, cung ch&ng c6 each gi ).
) Chi su kinh ngac.
Well, who would have thought it?
(Cha, ai md nghi tdi di'&u dd?)
) Chi su nghi ngd, cd y chd dpi.
Well, what about it?
(Hit, lam sao th i? )
Well, but what about the others?
(V&y, nhitng ngudi khac thi sao?)
) Chi su th&ng hiiu, dbng y.
Very w ell, then, we’ll talk it again tomorrow
(Rtit t6t, dupe ngay mai chung ta se k i tiip nhe).
') Dung d i chuyin y c&u chuyin
Well, as I was saying
(Tdi dd ndi din chd ).
I Exclamatory sentence (cau than),
i) C&u bdt d&u bhng how.
J\ dy: * H ow kind you are!
(Anh/chi th&t tu t i b iit bao!)
* H ow cold it is!
81
Trang 29* W h a t lovely weather it is!
(T h d i ti£t m di dep liun sao c h it!)
* W h a t genius you have!
(A n h thi ba th d t!)
IX VERBS: DO N G TIT
1 D inh nghia: D$ng ttf (verbs) la nhtfng ttf dung d£ di&n ta hanh dQng (action) hofic m&t trang thai (state) cua chu ngtf (subject).
V f dy: * I g o to school
(T d i d i hoc) (hanh dbng)
* She lo o k s pale face.
(Cb dy trbng xanh xao qud) (tra n g thdi)
2 Cac loai dong ttf,
C6 hai loai:
a) Dbng tit d&c bi&t (special verb) gdm:
- Trd dfing ttf (auxiliary verb) co:
to be, to have, to do, to dare, to need
[(la, d, bj, dtf<?c), (co), (lam ), (ddm, ca gan), (c4n)]
- DOng ttf khuy£t (defective verb) co:
* can (could): co the, co kha nSng
Trang 30: dy: You can go home now.
(Btty g id anh c6 t h i v i nhii dupe rbi)
m ay (m igh t): cd le, ditqc phep
i dy: M a y I come in?
(Tdi cd t h i vao dupe khbng ?)
m ust (had to): phai (b&t bu$c)
( dy: You m ust be ready at six o’clock
(Sau g id anh phai s&n sang)
w ill (would): se
f dy: - W ill you show me the way?
(Anh cd vui long c h i dudng cho tbi khbng ?)
- W ould I were in good health.
(Gid ma tbi khoe)
sh all (should): n&n, phai
( dy: - He sh all be punished
(Nd nh&t d inh se bi phat).
- You should come here
(Ban n&n d in d&y)
o u g h t to: phai (nhiem vu bat bu6c v'6 tinh than)
i du: - We ou g h t to carry out the task
(Chung ta phai thuc hi&n n h iin i vu do).
- Coffee ou g h t to drunk while it is hot (Ca p h i n in uong nong).
Dbng tie thudng (ordinnary verb) co hai loai:
+ Theo qui tac (regular verb)
+ Bat qui t ic (irregular verb)
C&c dang cua dong jttf,
Dang g6c (base form).
Trang 31They sw im across the Red River.
(Chung nd bai vupt qua sbng ffbng).
b) D$ng nguyfen th£ (infinitive form )
Tell him to le a v e there now
(Bao no rdi noi d6 ngay nhd)
c) D$ng qud khd (past form )
H e liv e d on the interest and kept his capital intact.
(Anh ta s6ng bhng t i i n Idi vh g ia v6n n guy in iten).
d) D?ng qud khd phan ttf (past participle)
I h a v e a n s w e r e d all the letters received
(Tdi da h'bi dm tdt cd thiC tit nh&n dupe).
e) Dang hi£n tai ph&n tCr (present participle)
She is s in g in g a song
(Cd ta dang hat).
f) Dang danh d$ng ttf (gerund)
W a lk in g is the simplest sport
(D i bd la mbn t h i thao dan gian nh&t).
4 Noi va ngoai ddng tuc.
a) Ngoai dong tie (transitive verb):
la cac d6ng ttf cStn phai co b6' ngtf trtfc tiep (direct object)
Vi du: * She w rite £ a letter
(Cb ta u iit mbt bite thu) [(le tte r la b6 ngU true t ii p cua wrili
* I o p en the door (door la direct object ciia open)
(T b i ma cua).
* They p la y volley - ball
(Chung nd chai bong ch u yin )
b) N b i dong tie (intransitive verb).
Trang 32th6ng c&n 0 6 btf ngtf try c ti£p, nhtfng 0 6 th£ 0 6 W5 ngil gidn ti£pirect object).
ff dy: * I understand.
(T b i h liu ).
* H e go es to the blackboard
(Anh dy d i v t p h ia bang den).
* The class begins at seven o’clock
(Ldp hpc b it <Zbu luc bay gid).
Ihu y C6 mQt s6 dQng tOr vita la nQi vila Id ngoyi dOng tOf.
h dy: nQi d$ng ttir
* The bell rings
* The driver stopped the bus
(Bac thi ditng xe buyt)
* Be careful not to burn the meat
(N&n ctin th&n k io lam khet th it)
Trqr ddng tuf (A u xilia ry v e rb )
*) TO BE: Id, d, bj, dtftfc
e (she, it) is He (she, it) is not Is he? (she, it)?
85
Trang 33D?ng rut gpn thudng dung:
I am = I ’m
They are = they’re
Chile n&ng cua TO BE
• L& tbtfc d6ng t£r (full verb)
Nghia Hi: d, c6 m$t
Vf dy: * He is at home
(Anh Ay d nha)
* They are at the meeting
(Chung nd cd m(U tai buSi hoplmft tin h )
* The books are on the table
(Cac quy£n sach d tr in ban)
Nghia la: c6 (thudng di vdi there)
Vi dy: * There is a book on the desk
(Cd mot quyin sdch tr&n ban)
Til there cl d&y v6 nghia (expletive) chi dong vai trd chu ngil gia (fort Jubject) c6n chu ngil that (real subject) dilng sau to be
- La dd n g tif lifen hfe (link-verb)
Subject + link-verb + complement
Trong do complement (bd ngil) c6 th£ la:
+ Danh tfir/dai tOt
Vi du: * This hat is my borther’s
(Chi&'c non nay cua anh tbi)
* These books are mine
(Cac quyin sdch nay la cua tdi)
+ Tinh ttir / dQng tinh ttir
Vi du: * I am happy
86
Trang 34(T b i sung 8icdng)
* He is tired
(Anh dy mdi m6t)
f Nguy6n dQng tfif
Vf dy: * This house is to let
(N ha ndy cho thu&)
* Her plan w as to finish the work du ring $he night.
( K i hoach cua cb dy la hoan ttit cbng vi&c nbi trong d&m)
+ Danh dQng tOr (gerund)
Vf dy: * My aim is s p e a k in g English fluently
(Muc ti&u cua tbi lit ndi thao t iin g A nh )
* Our duty is fig h t in g for Independence and Freedom
(BSn ph&n cua chung ta la phai c h iin ddu d i g iim h Dbc l&p va
T u do)
+ Trang tfif / cum gidi ttuf
Vf du: * Everything is in good order
(M oi th ii d iu on ca/gon gang)
* Irrigation works a r e o f great importance
(Vi&c ticdi ti&u la rdt quan trong)
+ M£nh de
Vi dy: * That is what I want to know
(Ddy la d iiu ma tdi mu6n b iit )
* The question is where she lives now
(Vdn d i la h iin nim g dang a ddu)
b) Chiic nang cua TO HAVE
- La thtfc dpng tfif (full verb) nghia la: co
T fo n g dam thoai thtfcJng thfem got:
Vf du: * I h a v e (got) a book
87
Trang 35* They a r e at the m eeting
(C hu ng n6 co m(U tai bu6i hop/mtt tin h )
* The books a r e on the table
(Cac qu yin sach d tr6n ban)
Nghia la: c6 (thudng di vdi there)
V f dy: * There is a book on the desk
(C o m ot quyin sach t r in ban)
Ttit there d d&y v6 nghia (expletive) chi ddng vai tr& chu ngtf gia (fori subject) cdn chu ngtf that (real subject) dtfng sau to be
- La d d n g ttf lifen hfe (link-verb)
Subject + link-verb + complement
Tron g do complement (b6 n g it) c6 tht? la:
+ Danh ttf/dai ttf
Vf dy: * This hat is my borther’s
(C h ii'c non nay cua anh tdi)
* These books a r e mine
(Cac qu yin sach nay la cua tdi)
+ Tinh ttf / dQng tinh ttf
Vi du: * I am happy
Trang 36* H er plan w a s to finish the work du rin g fhe night.
(K i' hoach cua cb tiy la hoan ttit cbng v ii c nbi trong d im )
l- Danh d^ng tilt (gerund)
dy: * My aim is s p e a k in g English fluently
(Muc tiiu cua tbi Ih ndi thao t iin g A n h )
* Our duty is fig h t in g for Independence and Freedom
(B8n ph&n cua chung ta la phai chii'n dtw d i gihn h Dbc l&p va
T u do)
+ Trang tOf / cum gidi tir
Vi du: * Everything is in good order
(M oi thit d iu 6n ca/gon gang)
* Irrigation works a r e o f great importance
(V iic tudi tiiu la r&t quan trong)
+ M$nh de
Vi du: * That is what I want to know
(D&y la d iiu ma tdi muon b iit )
* The question is where she lives now
(V&n d i la h iin nim g dang d dau)
b) Chwc nang cua TO HAVE
- Lii thtfc dong tfif (fu ll verb) nghia la: co
Trong dam thoai thudng them got:
VI du: * I h a v e (got) a book
87
Trang 37(Tbi cd mpt quyin sdch)
* H a v e you (got) time to come with me?
(Anh/chi c6 thdi gid d in vdi tbi khbng?)
1 - LA trcJ dQng ttir (auxiliary verb) d<? c£u t$o c£c thi ho&n th&nh (perb|
tense) cho ttft ca c&c loai d$ng tir.
Vi dy: * L h a v e a n s w e re d your question (ngoai dbng tit)
(T bi d& t r i Idi cbu hoi cua cb)
* I h a v e fa lle n
(Tbi bi ng<i)
* I h a v e h u rt myself
(Tbi tu liun t6n thuang)
- Have to = must: ph&i (chi s\f bSt buQc)
Vi dy: * You h a ve to go there
(Anh phai d in do)
* They h a v e n ’ t (got) to go to school today
(Hbm nay chung no khbng di hoc)
C h ii H A V E dpc nhan gipng theo sau 1 1 1 danh ttir ho9c tan ngil phdl (noun/pronoun + tinh ttir ho£c d$ng tinh ttir) c6 nghia 1&: duy tri, v4n vtl cho ph£p, chju dung
Vi du:
* I won’t h a v e such co n d u ct
(Tdi khbng dung tung himh v i nhu vdy)
* H a v e all the windows open?
(V&n d i ma t i t cd cua s8?)
* We h a ve a lot o f visitors c o m in g
(Chung tdi co hang Id khach d in viffng)
6 the? phu djnh va nghi van bat buQc dung do/don’ t ma khdng duJ
g o t mla
Vi du:
Trang 38* A t what time d o you h a v e lunch?
(Vho g id nho anh/chi On trua?)
* D o you h a ve English lessons everyday?
(Hhng nghy anh c6 bhi hoc tilin g Anh khbng ?)
* D id she h a ve an interesting journey?
(Cd dy cd dupe cudc hanh trin h thu vf khdng?)
: ) TO DO
X ): (liun) 1& ddng ttir thudng, ngoai ra nd cdn lk mdt trd ddng ttir.
) N6 la tr<? ddng ttir giup cho vi$c chia cac ddng ttir thudng d the? n g h i
i va ph ii din h
A du: - Do you understand the text?
(Anh/chi co h iiu ban / doan vhn nhy khdng ?)
- Where d o you live?
(Anh sd'ng a dim?)
- I go for a swim everyday Do you?
(Tdi di bai hang ngay Cbn anh/chi ?)
I d o n ’ t know
(Tdi khdng bi&'t)
Tron g dam tho^i tife'ng Anh hi§n dai nhieu khi ndi va viet bo ca DO
Vi dy: Where you think you’ re going?
(Anh n g h i xem anh n in di dau day?)
2) D o thay ddng tU thudng da dung trudc
Vi dy: - She plays the piano better now than she d id
(B&y g id cd dy chai dicang c&ni kha hon tnedc)
- I buy a book and so d oes Tom
(Tdi mua mdt quyin sach va Tom cung v&y)
3) d o ddng trong cAu tra ldi ng&n
Vi dy: Do you understand this? Yes, I do j
89
Trang 39(Anh hi£u d iiu nay chifa? Vbng, tbi h iiu )
4) d o ddng thay cho dQng tfif chfnh trong cftn hoi U y 19*
- He lives in New Y ork? doesn’t he?
(Anh dy s6ng d NCtu Ifdc? Phai khbng?)
- You don’t go to market, d o you?
(C hi khbng di cho, phai khbng?)
5) d o nh£n manh (do emphatic)
Vf du: H e’ does look well
(Anh 6y khoe th&t)
W e’ d id do this work
(Chung tbi nhdt d in h lam v ii c ndy)
6 Dong tuf khuyet (defective verb)
Dac diem:
a) Khong co nguyfen the, ban than co nghia rifeng nhUng khi di thudng di vdi mot dong tU khac
b) N goi thtf 3 so' it khong thfem S
Vi du: She can go
(Cd dy co th£ d i)
c) Cau hoi lay lai va trsk lcJi n gin co cA'u true gitfng nhu trd dQng t
Vi du: - C an you speak English? Yes, I can
(Anh co th i ndi tiefng A n h ? V&ng a)
- I m ay leave now, mayn’t I? Yes, you m a y
(Bay g id tbi ra di dicac chu:? Vbng, anh cd t h i )
d) D6ng ttf theo sau dong ttf khuyfe't kh6ng c&n to (ngoai trtf ought
Vf du: - You can do it now
(Anh co th i lam v iic do ngay bby gid )
- He m ust take an exam today week
(Anh dy phai du thi vao ngay nay tu&n sau)
Trang 40i) Nhfin m$nh y
You’ can sing beautifully
(Anh cd thS h&t hay hon)
• C AN : Cd th£, cd kha nftng Qud kht! 1ft could
- Chi nftng luc
Vi dy: Can you swim?
(Anh bdi ditoc chit?)
I could not see her yesterday
(Hbm qua tbi khbng thtiy cb dy d&u cd)
■ Chi kha nftng, co th£
She said she cou ld n ’ t arrive before five o’clock
(Cb dy bao rhng cb dy khbng t h i ddn trudc nCun gid)
- Chi six nghi ngd
Vi du: - She ca n ’ t be telling lies
(Cb dy khdng t h i noi ddi)
- Can it be true?
(Nd co t h i la su thdi sao?)
- Chi cam giac
- I can smell something burning in the kitchen
(Tbi cam thay co cdi g i khet khet trong nhd b ip )
- We could hear people talking in the next room
(H inh nhu ta nghe cd ngudi ndi chuyin a phong b in )
Could con dung diin dat y trai ngirpc, dung 3 m£nh <fe phu caufe't
Vi du: - I f I could go, I should be glad
(Ni'u ma tbi di duac thi thdt la uui thich)
- I f he could see me now he should be happy
(Ni'u b&y gid anh dy gdp tbi, anh dy se vui b iit mdy)