Psychology perspectives and connections 2nd edition feist test bank

In the _____ and _____ stages of the scientific method, researchers express their APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists.. Bloom's: Comprehension Difficulty

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Chapter 2: Conducting Research in Psychology

1 _ entails collecting observations, or data, from the real world and evaluating those data

as to whether they support our ideas or not

APA LO: 1.1 Characterize the nature of psychology as a discipline

2 Which of the following is true of human observation?

A) Our brain perceives events as accurately as the best available digital video equipment B) Our senses can be fooled with relative ease because of which our observations can lead us astray

C) Generalizations based on our sensory experiences tend to be always correct

D) One of the advantages of human observation is that what we witness in one situation can be easily applied to all similar situations

3 _ sciences study the world of stars, light, waves, atoms, the earth, compounds, and molecules

APA LO: 2.1 Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology

4 _ sciences study humans both as individuals and as groups

A) Intrapersonal

B) Biological

C) Physical

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5 _ helps draw a line between one's belief of the world and the actual reality

6 According to the author, the first attitude of science is _

7 According to Carl Sagan, _ is the second attitude of science

8 When the central tenet of knowing is not what people think and believe, but rather how nature behaves, then we must accept the data and follow them wherever they take us This

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9 What helps ensure accurate and honest presentation of results?

A) When scientists protect their methods of inquiry from others

B) When scientists announce their findings immediately after a study

C) When scientists ignore data that is contrary to their theory

D) When scientists allow their work to be evaluated by other scientists Answer: D

Page: 42

Topic: What is Science?

Bloom's: Comprehension

Difficulty: Medium

10 Intellectual honesty, which is the third scientific attitude, ensures that: A) scientists remain skeptical of new findings

B) scientists do not accept true data as results

C) scientists do not represent false data as true

D) scientists do not reject false results

APA LO: 2.2 Explain different research methods used by psychologists

11 Which of the following is the first process of the scientific method? A) Predict

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12 The last process of the scientific method is to _

13 Which of the following is NOT a basic process of the scientific method?

14 In the _ and _ stages of the scientific method, researchers express their

15 A theory is defined as:

A) a practice that appears to be and claims to be science, even though it does not use the scientiﬁc method to come to conclusions

B) the repetition of a study to conﬁrm the results

C) a speciﬁc, informed, and testable prediction of what kind of outcome should occur under a particular condition

D) a set of related assumptions from which testable predictions can be made

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16 Which of the following is true about theories?

A) Theories cannot explain facts

B) Theories organize and explain what we have observed

C) Theories prevent people from making observations

D) In science, theories are nothing more than mere guesses

17 A casual observation of bus riders’ interactions with each other in New York City and Rock Falls, Iowa, reveals that the number of couples who hold hands, hug, or kiss in public is greater in New York City Which of the following best explains this observation?

A) People will display more affection in densely populated cities because they feel anonymous B) New York City has a larger ratio of registered Democrats to registered Republicans than Rock Falls, Iowa

C) Couples are more affectionate when there are a lot of other people around to watch them D) People who use public transport are more likely to hold hands, hug, and kiss than people who do not use public transport

18 A _ is a speciﬁc, informed, and testable prediction of what kind of outcome should occur under a particular condition

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19 One _ would be that older adults make for better drivers than young adults Thus, a(n) _ would be that drivers age 40 and older have fewer traffic accidents than drivers age 16

20 A scientist hypothesizes that people from the West Coast of the United States are likely to live longer than people from the East Coast of the United States Which of the following is a theory that follows logically from the hypothesis stated above?

A) Men eat healthier than do women, and men are more likely to get a job in places such as California

B) More movie stars live on the West Coast than on the East Coast

C) There is more nutritious food purchased from health food stores on the West Coast than on the East Coast

D) There are many junk food restaurants all over the East Coast, and these restaurants sell mass quantities of unhealthy products

21 To _ a hypotheses, scientists select one of a number of established research methods, along with the appropriate measurement techniques

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22 In the fourth step of the scientific method, scientists use mathematical techniques to _ the results and determine whether they are significant and closely fit the prediction or not A) interpret

23 Replication of a study is important:

A) to conﬁrm the results of the study

B) to formulate the hypothesis of the study

C) for practitioners of pseudoscience

D) to interpret the results of the study

24 Whether a result holds or not, new predictions can be generated from the data, leading in turn to new studies This is how the process of scientiﬁc discovery is _

25 The process of scientific discovery is cumulative This means that:

A) older knowledge is discarded for newer and modern knowledge

B) previous knowledge builds on older knowledge

C) newer knowledge is rejected because research is not authentic

D) previous knowledge is retained for lack of new resources

Answer: B

Page: 44

Topic: The Scientific Method

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Difficulty: Medium

26 _ refers to practices that appear to be and claim to be science, but in fact do not use the scientiﬁc method to come to their conclusions

A) conduct carefully planned, scientific studies

B) back up their claims with sound, experimental research data

C) allow their findings to be rigorously scrutinized

D) do not challenge or question their own assumptions

28 Which of the following would be considered a pseudoscience?

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30 If there is scientiﬁcally sound evidence for something—even if it is difﬁcult to explain—and it has been replicated, we have to _ it

31 Psychology makes use of several types of _ which are plans for how to conduct a study

32 The design chosen for a given study depends on:

A) the method of research

B) the assumed answer

C) the question being asked

D) the subject area being studied

33 A _ is anything that changes within or differs between individuals

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34 Attitudes toward pork, grooming procedures, educational status, and number of dental visits per year are all _ that differ from individual to individual and may be of interest to psychologists

35 Which of the following is true about the principles of research design?

A) The design chosen for a given study depends on the answers provided by the population B) How variables influence each other has more importance than when they influence each other

C) The ﬁrst step in obtaining a sample is for the researchers to decide the makeup of the entire group

D) Research is almost always conducted on populations, not samples.

36 The ﬁrst step in obtaining a sample is for the researchers to decide the makeup of the _

in which they are interested

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Page: 47

Topic: Principles of Research Design

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

37 A subset of the population is called a _

38 Research is almost always conducted on the _

Questions 39–41 are based on the following scenario:

Jessica wants to conduct a study about differences in jealousy between men and women She asks 400 college men and women a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity

39 What is Jessica’s population?

A) Men in the United States

B) Women in the college

C) The 400 college men and women chosen

D) Men and women in the United States

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40 What is Jessica’s sample?

A) Men in the United States

B) Women in the college

C) The 400 college men and women chosen

D) Men and women in the United States

41 Which of the following is the most probable reason Jessica’s study may be flawed?

A) Her sample’s attitudes may not truly represent the population’s attitudes

B) It is common knowledge that men and women are equally jealous

C) Her sample is not large enough to yield a statistically valid conclusion

D) She carefully selected men and women who had no idea about her study

42 When a researcher is interested in a particular question or topic that is relatively new to the ﬁeld, it is best to use a(n) _

43 In _ the researcher makes no prediction and does not try to control any variables A) representative samples

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Topic: Descriptive Studies

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Medium

44 “What is variable X?” This is the basic question in a(n) _

45 In a descriptive research design, a psychologist will:

A) make predictions about future outcomes

B) manipulate one variable to determine its effect on another

C) ensure the use of a control group

D) define and describe a phenomenon of interest

46 A(n) _ involves observation of one person, often over a long period of time

47 The following is an excerpt from an in-depth paper Dr Paxton wrote about her client:

“Miss T experienced the loss of her parents at an early age She is now 36, divorced, and has two children Miss T has difficulty maintaining steady employment Eight months ago, she met the criteria for diagnosis of major depressive disorder Miss T is responding well to an experimental antidepressant and to cognitive behavioral therapy She has a hopeful prognosis.”

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This research method is considered _

48 An area of psychology called _ examines in detail the lives of historically important people and provides an example of the richness and value of case studies and studying

individual lives over time

A) the researcher asks people directly or indirectly what they think, feel, or have done

B) the researcher observes one person, often over a long period of time

C) the researcher observes and records behavior in the real world

D) the researcher guarantees that each person has the same chance of being in one group as in another

50 In a _, the researcher tries to be as unobtrusive as possible so as not to inﬂuence or bias the behavior of interest

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Page: 49

Topic: Descriptive Studies

Bloom's: Knowledge

Difficulty: Basic

51 The advantage of naturalistic observation is:

A) it allows the psychologist to control the conditions and demonstrate cause-and-effect

relationships between variables

B) it gives researchers a look at real behavior in the real world

C) it is easy to administer to large numbers of participants

D) it allows the researcher to ask people directly or indirectly what they think, feel, or have done

52 Cal believes that a larger percentage of a city’s population will engage in public displays of affection in highly populated cities due to feelings of anonymity when an individual is among a lot of other people He watches people’s interactions with each other in the university area, and unobtrusively counts the number of couples who are holding hands, hugging, or kissing He then does the same in the sparsely populated city of Stillwater, Oklahoma The research

method Cal used is known as _

53 Which of the following is an example of naturalistic observation?

A) A biological psychologist manipulates caffeine dosages administered to rats and records the rats’ running distances

B) A cognitive psychologist who is interested in problem solving asks groups of olds, forty-year-olds, and sixty–year-olds to solve a word puzzle

twenty-year-C) A clinical psychologist carefully considers his client’s responses to questions about her childhood

D) A developmental psychologist watches, from behind a hidden window, the play patterns of four-year-olds

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54 _ are a widely-used technique for gaining information about peoples’ thoughts and behaviors

55 Both _ and _ involve speciﬁc questions, usually asked precisely the same way to each respondent

A) case studies; interviews

B) interviews; surveys

C) double-blind studies; case studies

D) surveys; double-blind studies

56 One of the pitfalls of collecting data via large-scale interviews and surveys is that:

A) they cost too much

B) one cannot prevent experimenter expectancy effects

C) one can get biased responses

D) they are time-intensive

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A) subset of the population that truly reflects the characteristics of that population

B) randomly generated series of numbers that help researchers select people to participate in a study

C) research method that employs such techniques as interviewing and surveying

D) number of individuals a researcher knows whom the researcher can easily persuade to participate in a study

58 One of Alfred Kinsey’s contributions to the scientific study of sex was his method of _

A) planning careful observations of real-world sexual behavior

B) selecting samples of people worldwide to study human sexual tendencies

C) considering sexual orientation on a continuum

D) publishing data in peer-reviewed, scientific journals

59 _ measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another

60 In correlational designs, the basic question is:

A) What is X an example of?

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Difficulty: Medium

61 _ are useful when the variables cannot be manipulated and are controlled by the

62 Which of the following statements regarding correlation statistics is true?

A) The major advantage of the correlational approach is that it establishes whether one variable actually causes the other or vice versa

B) Correlation by itself is a necessary and sufficient condition for causation is experimental studies

C) Correlational studies are useful when the variables can be easily manipulated; that is,

controlled by the experimenter

D) Correlational designs measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another Answer: D

Page: 51-52

Topic: Correlational Studies

Bloom's: Application

Difficulty: Hard

63 The major limitation of the correlational approach is:

A) it influences the behavior of the participants via the experimenter’s knowledge of who is in which condition

B) the probability of social desirability bias is extreme

C) it does not establish whether one variable actually causes the other or vice versa

D) people do not always accurately report their true thoughts or feelings

64 Which of the following indicates the magnitude and the direction of the relationship

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between two variables?

65 Correlations range between –1.00 and +1.00 Coefficients near 0.00 are an indication of: A) a direct and positive association between variables X and Y

B) the lack of any relationship between variables X and Y

C) an increase in variables X and Y

D) a decrease in variable Y as variable X increases

66 What happens as a correlation approaches +1.00 or -1.00?

A) The strength of the relationship increases

B) The strength of the relationship decreases

C) There is an inversely proportional relationship between the two variables

D) There is no relationship between the two variables

67 Dr Butcher calculated a +0.87 correlation coefficient between the number of days students attended class for the semester and their final exam scores What can he interpret from this finding?

A) Students’ absences caused them to do well in the final exam

B) Students’ absence from classes had no effect on their final exam scores

C) A very large number of students attended classes for the semester

D) A good attendance record will allow students to perform well in exams

Answer: D

Page: 52

Topic: Correlational Studies

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Bloom's: Application

Difficulty: Medium

68 What is important while interpreting correlations?

A) A correlation does not mean there is a causal relationship between the two variables

B) Correlation is necessary and sufficient for causation

C) When one variable causes another, it is not necessarily correlated with it

D) Variable X is correlated with variable Y Hence X causes Y

69 A(n) _ is characterized by experimental manipulation of a predicted cause

70 The _ variable in an experiment is an attribute that is manipulated by the experimenter under controlled conditions

71 The _ is the condition that the researcher predicts will cause a particular outcome A) outcome variable

B) quantitative variable

C) independent variable

D) confounding variable

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