Introduction to psychology 10th edition kalat test bank

illusory correlation ANS: C REF: replicable OBJ: application and understanding 13.. "People find the direction of a sound by comparing the responses of the two ears." ANS: B REF: burden

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A They face similar ethical issues

B They both need careful measurement

C They have the same problems of getting a representative sample

D They both have to worry that their participants will know they are in an experiment

ANS: B REF: introduction OBJ: application and understanding

2 The word science derives from a Latin word with which meaning?

A knowledge

B test

C fact

D statistics

3 Any scientific study goes through four steps Which of the following is NOT one of those steps?

ANS: B REF: gathering evidence OBJ: remembering (definition)

5 A testable prediction of what will happen under a specific set of conditions is known as a/an

A replication

B hypothesis

C demand characteristic

D correlation

ANS: B REF: gathering evidence OBJ: remembering (definition)

6 When someone conducts a research study, which of these comes first?

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ANS: B REF: replicable OBJ: remembering (definition)

8 Which of these must be true if a result is “replicable”?

A The results are statistically significant

B Other investigators can repeat the results

C The interpretation is consistent with other scientific theories

D The result agrees with common sense

ANS: B REF: replicable OBJ: remembering (definition)

9 Suppose an unscrupulous researcher made up results and got them published In the long run, people will not take them seriously, because presumably the false results will not be

A parsimonious

B replicable

C falsifiable

D psychoanalytic

ANS: B REF: replicable OBJ: application and understanding

10 If competent researchers consistently get similar results whenever they follow a particular procedure, then the results are

A replicable

B correlational

C representative

D operational

ANS: A REF: replicable OBJ: remembering

11 An investigator repeats the procedures of another researcher's experiment but obtains different results Scientists would say that the results of the first experiment were not

A correlational

B parsimonious

C statistically significant

D replicable

ANS: D REF: replicable OBJ: application and understanding

12 Which of the following is a highly desirable feature of a scientific study?

A selective attrition

B demand characteristics

C replicability

D illusory correlation

ANS: C REF: replicable OBJ: application and understanding

13 Which of these refers to the idea that we accept results only if other investigators can repeat them?

A determinism

B parsimony

C synesthesia

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D replicability

ANS: D REF: replicable OBJ: remembering

14 If someone combines results from many studies as if they were one study, what is the outcome?

A a meta-analysis

B a demand characteristic

C a standard deviation

D a confidence interval

ANS: A REF: replicable OBJ: remembering (definition)

15 Which of the following is a desirable feature of a scientific theory?

A The theory simply restates the facts it is supposed to explain

B The theory is based on illusory correlations

C The theory makes complex assumptions

D The theory is falsifiable

ANS: D REF: burden of proof

OBJ: application and understanding

16 What does it mean to say that a theory is “falsifiable”?

A Someone has reported evidence that contradicts the theory

B We can imagine evidence that would contradict the theory

C The evidence supporting the theory is not replicable

D Most scientists do not agree with the theory

17 To say that a theory is falsifiable is to say that

A it is based on results that are not replicable

B investigators have replaced it with a more accurate theory

C we can imagine results that would contradict it

D it is so vague that it fits any and all possible results

18 A falsifiable theory

A disagrees with known, replicable data

B makes clear, unambiguous predictions

C is widely debated and disputed

D has not yet been tested

19 If a theory is "falsifiable," then it

A makes specific, testable predictions

B contradicts other well-established theories

C contradicts common sense

D requires more new assumptions than necessary

20 "Falsifiability" is a desirable characteristic for a scientific theory because a falsifiable theory

A avoids independent variables

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B makes clear, testable predictions

C disagrees with common sense

D relies on anecdotal evidence

21 Which of the following would NOT be falsifiable?

A "Children in day care centers develop about the same as those reared at home."

B "Dreams are often disguised to hide their true meaning."

C "Behaviors followed by reward increase in frequency."

D "People find the direction of a sound by comparing the responses of the two ears."

ANS: B REF: burden of proof

22 A psychic claims that he can read the minds of people on the planet Zipton, which is millions of light years away The main scientific objection is that this claim

A confuses correlation with causation

B ignores the role of demand characteristics

C is based on a negative correlation

D is not falsifiable

23 Which of the following do researchers generally regard as desirable?

A illusory correlations

B selective attrition

C demand characteristics

D falsifiable theories

24 In both science and the legal system, the "burden of proof" is on the side that

A agrees with common sense

B disagrees with common sense

C should find it possible to present convincing evidence, if in fact it is right

D should find it harder to present convincing evidence, if in fact it is right

ANS: C REF: burden of proof

25 In both science and a criminal trial, who has the "burden of proof"—that is, the obligation to

demonstrate that their claims are correct?

A the side that should be able to produce good evidence, if they are right

B the side that has more to lose, if they fail to convince others

C the side with more money to spend

D the side that is defending the status quo (that is, the current set of beliefs)

ANS: A REF: burden of proof

26 In both the U.S legal system and in scientific disputes, the "burden of proof" falls on

A someone who has been accused of doing something wrong

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B someone who is defending traditional beliefs or values

C someone who is politically unpopular

D someone who should be in the better position to provide convincing evidence

27 The legal system requires the prosecution to demonstrate the defendant’s guilt Similarly, a scientist who makes a claim is expected to provide evidence What is this obligation called?

A demand characteristic

B correlation coefficient

C burden of proof

D principle of parsimony

28 Scientists’ preference for the theory that makes the fewest unfamiliar or untested assumptions is the principle of

A parsimony

B statistical significance

C normal distribution

D informed consent

ANS: A REF: parsimony OBJ: remembering (definition)

29 If a theory makes only simple assumptions similar to those of other theories that are widely accepted, the new theory is said to be

A replicable

B correlational

C parsimonious

D reductionistic

ANS: C REF: parsimony OBJ: remembering (definition)

30 To determine whether a theory is parsimonious, psychologists pay attention to whether

A its assumptions are simple and consistent with those of other theories

B the results on which it is based are statistically significant

C it has the potential to lead to practical applications

D investigators have replicated the results on which it is based

ANS: A REF: parsimony OBJ: application and understanding

31 According to the principle of parsimony, we should prefer the theory that

A is most popular among the population as a whole

B makes fewer or simpler assumptions

C fits any data that we could possibly imagine

D relies on anecdotal evidence

ANS: B REF: parsimony OBJ: remembering

32 Brittany cannot remember what happened during her psychology class and suggests that aliens from outer space temporarily kidnapped her brain Her roommate suggests that she slept through class Most psychologists prefer the “sleep” explanation because it is more

A statistical

B correlational

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C psychoanalytic

D parsimonious

ANS: D REF: parsimony OBJ: application and understanding

33 Scientists usually prefer the more "parsimonious" explanation because it is:

A based on common sense

B more interesting

C based on higher levels of mathematics

D simpler

ANS: D REF: parsimony OBJ: application and understanding

34 If someone claims to read other people’s minds though psychic powers, most psychological researchers would seek an explanation that is more

A synesthetic

B statistical

C parsimonious

D psychodynamic

ANS: C REF: parsimony OBJ: application and understanding

35 Who was Clever Hans?

A a dog that seemed to speak in German

B Clever Gretel's brother

C a horse that seemed to do arithmetic

D a psychic who was popular in the 1930s

ANS: C REF: Clever Hans OBJ: remembering

36 “Clever Hans” appeared able to answer math questions, but only under which conditions?

A only if his trainer was present

B only if he could see the face of the questioner

C only if he could hear the voice of the questioner

D only if he could see the objects that he was supposed to count

ANS: B REF: Clever Hans OBJ: remembering

37 When Clever Hans appeared to do math, what was he really responding to?

A subtle sounds

B facial expressions

C brain waves

D magnetic fields

38 We find it difficult to accept the idea of a horse doing math because we regard it as

A unparsimonious

B falsifiable

C replicable

D insignificant

ANS: A REF: Clever Hans OBJ: remembering

39 What was Oskar Pfungst’s evidence that Clever Hans was not doing math?

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A Hans was correct no more often than we would expect for chance guessing

B Hans answered correctly only if the questioner knew the correct answer

C Hans answered correctly only if the questioner made subtle sounds

D Hans answered correctly only if his owner, Mr von Osten, was present

40 When Clever Hans seemed to answer mathematical questions, what was he really responding to?

A facial expressions

B signals from the person asking the question

C subtle sounds that spectators made

D extrasensory perception

ANS: A REF: Clever Hans OBJ: remembering

41 Clever Hans could answer a question correctly only if he

A heard the questioner during the answer

B saw his trainer in the background

C saw the questioner during the answer

D had practiced that particular question previously

42 How did Clever Hans solve arithmetic problems?

A with ESP

B by taking advantage of coincidence

C by watching the examiner for subtle cues

D by using his native abilities to do arithmetic

43 In one word, why did most scientists resist the belief that Clever Hans could do complex mathematics, even before they had a good explanation of what he was actually doing?

C measurement of the variation in results within a group

D report of a single event or experience

ANS: D REF: extrasensory OBJ: remembering (definition)

45 Jane describes a dream she had that came true the next day This is an example of

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ANS: B REF: extrasensory OBJ: application and understanding

47 "The Amazing Kreskin" demonstrates his powers by finding his paycheck hidden somewhere in the audience The most parsimonious explanation for this trick is that

A he genuinely possesses psychic abilities

B he reads subtle cues, much like Clever Hans

C it is a coincidence that he keeps finding his check

D audience members send delta waves that lead him to his check

48 When The Amazing Kreskin finds his check hidden in the audience, he uses the same method as

A Wilhelm Wundt

B Clever Hans

C Oskar Pfungst

D Mary Calkins

49 A proponent of ESP claims that ESP shows up only when the vibrations are right and that there is no way to know whether the vibrations are right except to see whether ESP shows up What is wrong with this theory from a scientific standpoint?

A It relies too heavily on operational definitions

B It relies too heavily on negative correlations

C It is not falsifiable

D It has too many dependent variables

ANS: C REF: extrasensory OBJ: application and understanding

50 One of the main objections raised against ESP is that

A the theory of ESP is falsifiable

B the experiments that reportedly produced positive results have not been replicable

C the claims for it are based entirely on anecdotes

D none of the experiments on ESP has produced statistically significant results

ANS: B REF: extrasensory OBJ: remembering

51 Two serious objections to claims of extrasensory perception are that the explanations are not

and that the results are not

A parsimonious replicable

B statistical correlational

C significant independent

D double-blind random

ANS: A REF: extrasensory OBJ: remembering

52 An operational definition is a definition that

A explains where the term came from

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B describes the underlying cause of something

C gives synonyms or antonyms

D tells us how to produce or measure something

53 The benefit of using an operational definition is that it

A provides a compromise between competing viewpoints

B explains what the term means to the average person

C enables investigators to measure a phenomenon

D offers a theoretical explanation of the causes of a phenomenon

ANS: C REF: operational def

54 Which of the following is an operational definition of "grief"?

A synonym for bereavement

B a feeling of sadness and loneliness

C the consequence of the loss of a loved one

D the number of tears shed per day

ANS: D REF: operational def

55 Which of the following is an operational definition of "anxiety"?

A a vague sensation that "something dangerous might happen"

B an experience like fear, but more prolonged

C the amount of muscle tension after hearing a loud noise

D the opposite of relaxation

56 Which of the following is an operational definition of "confusion"?

A an unpleasant feeling of not understanding something

B the result of receiving several kinds of contradictory information

C the opposite of "decisiveness"

D number of seconds delay before answering a question

57 Which of the following could be an operational definition of "curiosity"?

A the mental activity experienced by a child in the presence of brightly colored objects

B the number of unassigned books that someone reads during a month

C discomfort provoked by recognizing that one does not understand something

D a desire to gain knowledge for its own sake

ANS: B REF: operational def

58 Which of the following could be an operational definition of “politeness”?

A an effort to treat other people with respect and dignity

B the opposite of rudeness

C a set of customs taught by one’s cultue

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D the percentage of someone’s statements that include the word “please”

59 Which of the following could be an operational definition of “conscientiousness”?

A an effort to live up to the obligations one has accepted

B a lack of spontaneous or surprising behavior

C the number of times someone shows up on time for classes and appointments

D the outcome of a strict and demanding style of parenting

60 Which of the following could be an operational definition of “sense of humor”?

A the ability to enjoy amusing events

B the number of times someone makes other people laugh

C the ability to fight off depression by seeing events in a different light

D the opposite of being “too serious”

ANS: B REF: operational def

61 Which of the following is an operational definition of “good color vision”?

A how quicly someone can find 25 red and green dots on a gray background

B the ability to perceive the difference between one color and another

C the results of having three types of cone in the retina

D the ability to describe colors to another person

ANS: A REF: operational def

62 Which of the following is an operational definition of “high self esteem”?

A thinking highly of yourself and your abilities

B tending to remain confident in the face of setbacks and disappointments

C the opposite of depression

D how frequently you describe yourself in ways that other people rate as favorable

63 Which of the following is true of a convenience sample?

A It is representative of the population

B Every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected

C People are chosen just because they are available or easy to study

D The mean for this sample is probably the same as for the whole population

ANS: C REF: samples OBJ: remembering (definition)

64 Suppose you conduct a survey, interviewing every fourth person who enters a certain fast-food restaurant What kind of sample is this?

A random

B representative

C convenience

D cross-cultural

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ANS: C REF: samples OBJ: application and understanding

65 A survey on the Internet lets anyone answer it What kind of sample will probably result?

A representative sample

B convenience sample

C random sample

D total population sample

ANS: B REF: samples OBJ: application and understanding

66 Researchers survey people they selected to include the same percentages of male and female, old and young, etc., as the whole population What kind of sample is this?

B random sample

C convenience sample

D longitudinal sample

ANS: A REF: samples OBJ: remembering (definition)

67 A survey company that wants to know the views of the average person goes to a shopping mall to interview anyone who is available What kind of sample is this?

C random sample

D cross-cultural sample

ANS: B REF: samples OBJ: application and understanding

68 An investigator identifies 1,000 people, using the same percentages of male and female, young and old

as in the total population What kind of sample is the investigator trying to obtain?

A an independent sample

B a convenience sample

C a random sample

D a representative sample

ANS: D REF: samples OBJ: application and understanding

69 Which sample matches the population in its percentage of males and females, old and young?

A random sample

B representative sample

C normal distribution

D control group

ANS: B REF: samples OBJ: remembering (definition)

70 If every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for a sample, it is a/an sample

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71 Which of these procedures would produce a random sample of U.S citizens?

A Interview every tenth person you meet one day on a given street

B Identify a sample that matches the total population in age, gender, and so forth

C Take all the names on the US census, mix them up, and draw names blindfolded

D Choose one person, ask him/her to identify a friend, ask that person for a friend, etc

72 Someone doing a survey in some state obtains a copy of the census and interviews every 1,000th person on that list This procedure provides an approximately

A normal sample

B experimental sample

C proportional sample

D random sample

73 What kind of group has the same percentage of young and old, male and female, and educated and uneducated people as the population as a whole?

A random sample

C cross-cultural sample

D representative sample

ANS: D REF: samples OBJ: remembering

74 You find a difference between men and women at your college, but you wonder whether it is true for humans in general To answer the question, which kind of sample would be best?

A random sample of the population

B representative sample of the population

C convenience sample

D cross-cultural sample

75 A cross-cultural sample is most important for which type of research?

A surveys to predict the outcome of a particular election

B research measuring the prevalence of mental illness in the United States

C research seeking generalizations about human nature in general

D preliminary studies to test the equipment to be used for later research

76 Dr Wonderful conducts a cross-cultural study comparing all 600 residents of a tropical island to 600 volunteers from a European city What is the MAIN weakness in this research?

A The types of samples are not comparable

B The sample sizes are too small

C The researcher should have studied other tropical islands

D The researcher should have compared results from other European cities

ANS: A REF: samples OBJ: application and understanding

77 The careful examination of what people or animals do in their normal environments is called

A intrusive observation

B naturalistic observation

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C double-blind study

D a case history

ANS: B REF: naturalistic OBJ: remembering (definition)

78 Jane Goodall spent years observing chimpanzees in the wild Her technique was

A an experiment

B correlational analysis

C naturalistic observation

D a case history

ANS: C REF: naturalistic OBJ: remembering

79 Which of the following would be most likely to rely on naturalistic observations?

A psychologist studying the effects of reward and punishment on animal behavior

B a biopsychologist studying the role of various brain structures in memory

C a cognitive psychologist studying memory for concrete versus abstract words

D a cross-cultural psychologist studying how people in different cultures settle disputes ANS: D REF: naturalistic OBJ: application and understanding

80 Which of these ways of conducting research generally uses the fewest participants?

A case history

B correlational study

C experiment

D survey

ANS: A REF: case history OBJ: application and understanding

81 Investigators are most likely to use the case history method when they study

A the effects of a drug on behavior

B the frequency of certain attitudes in a large population

C a rare behavior or an unusual person

D two or more independent variables

ANS: C REF: case history OBJ: application and understanding

82 Lycanthropy is an extremely rare condition in which someone believes he or she is a wolf An investigator who wished to study this condition would most likely rely on which method?

A case history

B survey

C single-blind experiment

D double-blind experiment

ANS: A REF: case history OBJ: application and understanding

83 What should one always try to do when administering a survey?

A use a random sample or representative sample of the population

B invite participation from everyone who wants to answer the questions

C put the survey on the internet to make it easy for anyone to volunteer

D suggest a likely answer for each question

ANS: A REF: survey OBJ: application and understanding

84 Which of the following is a common problem with survey research?

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A Many people express opinions despite having no idea what they are talking about

B It is difficult to obtain a sufficient number of participants

C The independent variables are hard to define

D The dependent variables are hard to measure

ANS: A REF: survey OBJ: remembering

85 According to a recent survey, 78% of workers say they have cheated their employer Before we can interpret these results, which of the following questions is most important to ask?

A Did the workers admit to other misconduct also?

B What were the independent variables in this study?

C What were the participants told to count as examples of cheating?

D Were the participants randomly assigned to groups?

ANS: C REF: survey OBJ: application and understanding

86 In one survey, 95% of high-school students said they were sexually harassed Before we decide how seriously to take these results, which question is most important to ask?

A Did the survey deal with equal numbers of sophomores, juniors, and seniors?

B Were the results similar the following year?

C How did the survey define sexual harassment?

D Did the survey administrators take precautions against cheating?

ANS: C REF: survey OBJ: application and understanding

87 A survey asks, "Do you support the current laws on abortion?" Ninety-four percent of the respondents answer "no." What, if anything, can we conclude?

A These people feel that the laws are too restrictive

B These people feel that the laws are not strict enough

C At least 94% of the people surveyed are familiar with the abortion laws

D We can draw none of these conclusions

ANS: D REF: survey OBJ: application and understanding

88 A study of the relationship between two variables that the investigator does not control is a

A a measurement of how some treatment affects people’s behavior

B a careful study of a single person over time

C a measurement of the difference between experimental and control groups

D a measurement of the relationship between two variables

ANS: D REF: correlation OBJ: remembering (definition)

90 It is found that children with many friends are generally happier than children with fewer friends What kind of research design was probably used in this study?

A correlation

B anecdote

C case history

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D experiment

ANS: A REF: correlation OBJ: application and understanding

91 It has been reported that people with an extraverted personality are generally happier than most other people This conclusion is probably based on which kind of study?

A single-blind experiment

B double-blind experiment

C correlational study

D case history

ANS: C REF: correlation OBJ: application and understanding

92 A researcher measures people's blood type and tests whether those with different blood types have different personalities What kind of research is this?

C correlation

D case study

93 People who own many books about chess tend to be better chess players than those who own few or none This observation was almost certainly based on what kind of study?

C case study

D correlation

ANS: D REF: correlation OBJ: application and understanding

94 A correlation coefficient is a mathematical value that ranges between

A -1 and +1

B 0 and infinity

C 0 and 1

D 0 and 100

ANS: A REF: correlation OBJ: remembering

95 What does it mean if the correlation between variable A and variable B is -.5?

A The relationship between A and B is random

B Increases in A are associated with decreases in B

C We can use measurements of A to predict measurements of B perfectly

D Measured values of A are lower than measured values of B

ANS: B REF: correlation OBJ: application and understanding

96 Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates that you could use measurements of one variable to predict measurements of a second variable with perfect accuracy?

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97 If the correlation between variable A and variable B is negative, then

A the strength of the relationship is growing weaker over time

B A causes B

C B causes A

D increases in A are associated with decreases in B

98 Suppose we find that how many hours people spend studying correlates -.60 with their knowledge about current television programs What can we conclude?

A People who study more tend to know more about television

B People who study more tend to know less about television

C Study habits have nothing to do with knowledge of television

D People spend more time studying than watching television

ANS: B REF: correlation OBJ: application and understanding

99 According to one study, the more hours students spend watching television, the lower their grades in school What kind of correlation does this study illustrate?

A an illusory correlation

B a positive correlation

C a zero correlation

D a negative correlation

100 Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates that two variable have no consistent relationship to each other?

A 0

B .5

C 1

D -1

101 If the correlation between variables A and B is +0.7, then

A measurements of A lead to moderately accurate predictions of B

B the mean value of B is greater than the mean value of A

C the mean value of A is greater than the mean value of B

D as variable A increases, variable B tends to decrease

102 If the correlation between variable A and variable B is -0.75, then

A measurements of A lead to moderately accurate predictions of B

B there is no consistent relationship between variables A and B

C the relationship between A and B has been growing weaker over time

D the mean value of B is less than the mean value of A

103 If the correlation between variable A and variable B is 0, then

A measurements of A lead to accurate predictions of B

B increases in A are associated with decreases in B

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C the relationship between A and B is random

D the mean value of A equals the mean value of B

104 If an increase in one variable is not associated with any consistent increase or decrease in a second variable, then the correlation between the two variables is

A positive

B negative

C zero

D uncertain

105 What can we conclude if the correlation between variable A and variable B is zero?

A A and B have the same mean, the same median, and the same distribution

B As A goes up, B does not consistently go either up or down

C If we know the value of A, we can predict the value of B with zero error

D As A goes up, B goes down

ANS: B REF: correlation OBJ: remembering

106 What does it mean to say the correlation between two variables is zero?

A Measuring one variable gives no information useful in predicting the other

B The values of one variable match those of the other variable exactly

C As one variable increases, the other decreases

D The strength of the relationship between the variables has decreased over time

ANS: A REF: correlation OBJ: remembering

107 According to one report, people with higher levels of stress have a greater probability of suffering a heart attack Therefore the correlation between stress and probability of a heart attack is

A uncertain

B negative

C positive

D zero

108 An investigator finds it possible to use measurement A as a moderately accurate predictor of measurement B From this information we can conclude that the correlation between A and B is

A either positive or negative but not zero

B zero

C negative

D positive

109 Which of the following is true about research using correlations?

A A negative correlation is just as useful as a positive correlation

B Correlational research leads to cause and effect conclusions

C Individuals are randomly assigned to two or more groups

D The researcher manipulates an independent variable

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110 Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the weakest relationship between two

variables that is, the weakest ability to use one variable to predict the other?

A -.5

B +.1

C +.5

D 0

111 Of these correlation coefficients, which indicates the strongest relationship between variables?

A -.75

B 0

C +.25

D +.5

112 What is an illusory correlation?

A a correlation that is positive at some times and negative at other times

B an imagined or greatly exaggerated correlation

C a correlation that has been increasing in strength over time

D a correlation between a psychological variable and a physical variable

ANS: B REF: illusory OBJ: remembering (definition)

113 John believes that Saturdays are more likely to be cloudy or rainy than weekdays are However, he has never collected data to test his hypothesis His belief is most likely an example of

A an illusory correlation

B an independent variable

C a significant negative correlation

D a demand characteristic

ANS: A REF: illusory OBJ: application and understanding

114 Some people believe that genius is associated with insanity, although they have no scientific evidence

to support their claim This is an example of

A a demand characteristic

B an illusory correlation

C a normal distribution

D a negative correlation

ANS: B REF: illusory OBJ: application and understanding

115 Deliria thinks her hunches usually come true, although in fact they are correct only by chance

Remembering only the cases that fit her expectations produces which of the following?

A illusory correlation

B negative correlation

C positive correlation

D demand characteristics

ANS: A REF: illusory OBJ: application and understanding

116 What is one major reason for the persistence of many illusory correlations?

A Many experimenters use the wrong statistical techniques

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B Many variables that were strongly correlated in the past have ceased to be correlated

C People tend to ignore strong patterns in their observations

D People tend to remember observations that support their expectations

ANS: D REF: illusory OBJ: application and understanding

117 If the correlation between variable A and variable B is +1, then

A A causes B

B B causes A

C something else, C, causes both A and B

D we can say nothing about causation from this result

ANS: B REF: correlation/causation

118 The correlation between A and B is +.60; the correlation between C and D is -.75 What do we know about causation based on this information?

A We know A causes B, but we don't know if C causes D

B We know C causes D, but we don't know if A causes B

C We know A causes B AND that D causes C

D We don't know anything about causation from the information above

ANS: D REF: correlation/causation

119 Parents who frequently beat their children tend to have aggressive children What, if anything, can we conclude from this observation?

A Physical punishment causes aggression

B Aggressive children cause parents to use physical punishment

C The children probably inherited a gene for aggressiveness

D We can draw none of these conclusions

120 Suppose we find a +.8 correlation between students’ reported interest in psychology and their grades in

a psychology course Which conclusion, if any, can we draw?

A Having a strong interest improves students’ learning of the material

B Students who are doing well in a course tend to develop a strong interest in it

C Bright students do well in many courses and also develop strong interests

D None of these conclusions follow from the results

121 People in crowded cities are more likely than country dwellers to develop schizophrenia From this observation, what conclusion (if any) can we draw?

A Something about life in crowded cities leads to schizophrenia

B People with schizophrenia are more likely than others to move to crowded cities

C People predisposed to schizophrenia are likely to prefer life in a crowded city

D The results do not justify any of these conclusions

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