Tuy nhien, trong khudn khd ban tham luan, ehiing tdi chi dl cap din vai trd cua van hda Phal giao va Cdng giao, hai tdn giao thi gidi lai Viet Nam, ed anh hudng Idn ddi vdi ddi sdng tinh
Trang 1VAI TRO CUA VAN HOA TON GIAO DOI v o l DOI SONG TINH THAN VIET NAIM HIEN NAY
Va Dire Chinli (Hba thuang Thicli Thanh Nliieu)
van boa tdn giao thudc ITnh vyc van hda tam linh, la mot Ihanh to cua van hda finh than ndi chung, xep ben eanh cac ITnh vyc van hda chinh tri, van hda tu tudng van hda khoa hge, van hda nghe thuat, van hda giao due, van hda tham my
Ddi sdng linh than cua xa hdi va ddi sdng vat chat la hai boat ddng sdng co-ban eiia con ngudi Khai niem ddi sdng linh than xa hdi bao gdm loan bg hien lb ye tinh than eiia xa hdi gdm ca y Ihiie ea nhan, y Ihuc ciia cac tap doan ngudi Ddi sdng tinh than bao ham loan bg qua Irinh san xuat, phan phdi, tieu diing cac gia tri tinh than; la tdng hda tat ca cac hien tugng tinh than, trong do ed nhung hien tugng
da trd thanh phd bien, ed hien tugng mcVi phdi thai dang trong qua Irinh hinh Ihanh, ddng thai ed ca nhiing hien tugng cG tdn tai vdi tu each la tan du eiia xa hdi
Van hda ton giao ddng vai trd het sue quan trgng trong ddi sdng van hda tinh than Viet Nam VcVi tu each la mot thanh Id cua kien triic Ihugng tang, van hda ton giao ludn ed sy tac ddng trd lai hien Ihyc, cai da san sinh ra no, dap ung nhiing khat vgng eiia eon ngudi Van hda tdn giao tao nen nhiing gia tri, thiie day va lam phong phii ddi sdng van hda tinh than ciia xa hdi; song ddi khi ciing ed nhung can trd ddi vdi xa hdi
La mot qude gia da tdn giao, ben canh nhiing tdn giao n()i sinh nhu dao Cao Dai, Hda Hao, Viet Nam eon ed nhinig ton giao du nhap tu ben ngoai vao nhu Phal giao, Cong giao Tin Lanh, Hdi giao Cac tdn giao d Viet Nam ludn tdn tai song hanh cung lich su dan toe, da ed nhung ddng gdp tich eye nhal dinh cho nen van hda, gdp phan tao nen ban sac van hda ddc dao eiia dan tdc Viet Nam
Bude sang thdi ky hdi nhap, Dang, Nha nude la da nhin nhan lai vai ird cua tdn giao ddi vdi ddi sdng xa hc)i, nhat la ddi vdi ddi sdng finh than: "Tdn giao la van de con tdn tai lau dai Tin nguang, tdn giao la nhu eau tinh than eiia mot be) phan nhan dan Dao due tdn giao ed nhieu dieu phu hgp vdi edng cude xay dung xa hdi mdi"'
ThS., Pho Chu tich Thudng true Hoi dong trj sir Trung uang Giao hoi Phal giao Viet Nam
1 Nghi quyet 24- NQ/TW ngay 16 - 10 - 1990 cua Bo Chinh tri ve Tdng cuang cdng tdc tdn giao trong tinh hinh mdi
Trang 2VAI T R Q CUA VAN H 6 A TCN GIAO
Tix nhung ly do Iren, nghien eiiu Vai trd cua van hda ton giao ddi vdi ddi sdng tinh than Viet Nam hien nay la mot vin dl ed y nghia thill thye va mang tinh
thdi sy Tuy nhien, trong khudn khd ban tham luan, ehiing tdi chi dl cap din vai trd cua van hda Phal giao va Cdng giao, hai tdn giao thi gidi lai Viet Nam, ed anh hudng Idn ddi vdi ddi sdng tinh thin Viet Nam hien nay
Sy du nhap ciia Phal giao, Cdng giao vao Viet Nam da gdp phin lam phong phii va "nang elp" ddi sdng van hda tinh thin xa hdi, duge thI hien tren hai phuong
dien ehii yen: thu nhdt, van hda tin ngudng va luan ly dao due ngudi Viet; thir hai,
van hge va nghe thuat Day ciing la vIn dl Idn, nhung bai vilt nay chi gidi ban lap trung fiinh bay vai trd eiia Phal giao va Cdng giao ddi vdi van hda tin ngudng va luan ly dao due cua ngudi Viet
1 Vai tro ciia van hoa Phat giao ddi vdi van hoa tin ngncrng va luan ly dao du-c nguoi Viet
Vdi sy du nhap va phal triln ciia tin nguang lam linh, Phal giao da tao ra vdng trdn ddng tam hdi tu cac tin ngudng khae nhau ciia ngudi Viet lir Ijch su den hien tai
Cac trilu dai phong kiln Viet Nam (thdi Ly, Trin) da dya vao uy thin, phep Phal dl tri nude an dan, muu eau mot dai sy cho nude nha Phat giao gin bd va ed anh hudng rit Idn ddi vdi Nha nude Nhilu bae cao tang da ed vj tri quan trgng nhu nhung ed van chinh tri thye sy ciia fiieu dinh Trude khi quylt dinh mot vIn dl he trgng nao dd, trieu dinh thudng thanh tam thinh y cac bae cao tang'
Trong ddi sdng van hda tin ngudng cua ngudi dan, mai chua than thuang da in dam diu an trong tu tudng, tinh cam mdi ngudi, mdi cdng ddng lang xa vdi hinh
anh "Mdi chua che chd hdn dan tdc'"
Dan dyng ehiia thd Phat, Thanh Mau, Td fien khdng chi ed mue dich giai thoat, thI hien dao due "udng nude nhd ngudn" ma ca mue dich nhd Phat "che chd" cho nhung liic thit ca Id van, dm dau, clu mong am phu mua thuan gid hda, thuan Igi cho san xult ndng nghiep, ngu dan ra khai danh ca duge hinh an, thuyin be di lai tren sdng thuan budm xudi gid
Anh hudng ciia Phat giao edn the hien rd qua clu Iriic ciia nhilu ngdi ehiia va qua viec sap xep dien thd trong ehiia Sy dung hgp Phat giao vdi tin ngudng truyin thdng va cac tdn giao khae trong each thd ly tai chiia, da khiln cho tinh chit Phat giao d ddng bang Bae Bg khae vdi cdi ngudn d An Do
1 Nguyen Khic Thuan (2006), Tiin trinh van hda Viet Nam tir khai thiiy din thi ky XTX, Nxb
Giao due, tr 345
Trang 3VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU
Trong ehiia, tai chinh dien (Tam Bao) la trung tam eiia sy thd ciing O day ed nhieu ban thd; ban thd chinh duge dai d giiia, thudng duge lam thanh nhiing bae tu cao xudng thap Khdng ed mot cdng thue chung cho sy bai tri tugng d cac ehiia Viet Nam Vi tri cua cac tugng thay ddi mot each linh boat tuy theo tirng ngdi ehiia Tuy nhien, nhin chung tai chinh dien d cac chua theo phai Bae tdng vung ddng bang Bae
Bg, thudng duge bai tri thd theo nam Idp the hien chu Phat trong ba ddi: qua khu, hien tai, tuong lai Ben canh cac chu Phal ludn ed cac Thanh Tang theo hau Ben eanh dd, chua edn thd ca cac vi vua, nhiing ngudi ed edng vdi chua, nhiing nha tu hanh (su id), Tu vi Phap vuong Phal (Van, Vii, Ldi, Dien) Khi van hda Viet Nam ehiu anh hudng cua Nho giao, Lao giao, trong khdng gian chua thd them Than, Thanh, Tien, ngudi, trdi, dat
Nhu vay, ehiia khdng chi la noi thye hanh tin ngudng cua rieng Phal giao ma edn la noi thye hanh nhieu loai tin ngudng khae nhau Nd la cai true eo ban, la nen tang tin ngudng de hdi tu cac loai hinh tin ngudng ed mat trong euc)e sdng tin ngudng ciia ngudi Viet Chiia khdng ehi la noi hudng Ihien "tir, bi, hy, xa" ma edn
la noi triing tu cdng dixc, eau xin de dat duge cac sd nguyen ddi thudng va ea khi ve
cdi vTnh hlng (ndi rgng ra, ca vdng ddi con ngudi gan vdi chiia) Va chinh sy hdi
tu cua Phat giao dd ma khach hanh huong khi din chua bi choang nggp inrde cac tugng phap, cac ban, cac cung
Tap quan di le chua da trd thanh net dep IrOng van hda lam linh ciia nhan dan
la Xua kia khi ban ban keo dai, quan lai va ky hao din chua thd Tti Phap dc lam ll dao vii, clu cho dan cd nude cay cay, cho cd cay tuai lot, miia mang bdi thu ; cac bae cao nien trong lang lai lo lam le eau an dau nam, le eau mat vao he, le dang sao giai ban, Irir on dich, sau bg pha hoai mua mang cho dan chung
Ngay nay, tir thanh Ihi den ndng thdn, vao cac ngay Sdc, Vc?ng, ngudi dan thudng din chua ll Phat Ddi vdi Phat giao, ngay Sdc, ngay Vong la ngay "trudng tinh ", luc la ngay irong sach nhlt Ngay ma ngudi xuat gia phai lam le Bd tat, tuc dgc lung Gidi luat va kilm diem lai hanh vi cua minh Ddi vdi nhung fin dd Phat giao, nhijng ngudi khdng xult gia tu hanh thi ngay nay se lam le "Sam hdi" Chinh
vi vay, ngay Sdc, Vgng duge ggi la ngay sam hdi
Chiia ludn gan lien vdi lang va hdi chua ciing chinh la hdi lang:
"Dii ai budn dau ban dau Den ngay Phat dan nam chdu ciing ve
1 Con ngudi mdi sinh ra thi ban khoan cho Que 6ng d chua, liic trudng thanh thi lam le to
hlng d chua, khi chet di lam le eau sieu d chCia
Trang 4VAI T R Q CUA VAN H 6 A T O N GIAO
Dii at budn ban tram be
Den ngay Phat dan ta ve chiia ta "
Dau nam thudng ed cac ll hdi chua Idn nhu ll hdi chua Huong Tich, duge Id chuc tu mdng 6 Ihang Gieng va keo dai din 25 thang Ba Ca dao cd eau:
"Chang dl thi nhd, thi thuang
Dl thi men canh chiia Huang chdng ve
Mot Id vul thu San Khe Hal Id dd trot Idl the ciing al"
Tuc di ehiia van eanh, eau ly, eau may, da trd thanh mot net dep van hda, mot phong tuc eiia ngudi dan Viet Chiia Huong d My Due (Ha Ndi), la mot trong nhiing dja danh noi tieng linh thieng trong dan gian vl viec clu ly Trong ddng Huong Tich, thudc quan Ihl chua Huong, dan gian edn dat ten cho nhirng nhii da ly nhien la Dun Vang, Dun Bae, Dun Cd, Dyn Cau, Nong Tim, Nong Gao Tir xa xua ngudi Viet tin rang, ai mong ude duge giau cd thi sd Dun Vang, Dim Bae; ai cau cd con, cd chau thi sd Dun Cd, Dun Cau, ai mudn miia mang bdi thu thi sd vao Nong ram, Nong Gao
Ll hoi chua Thay dien ra tir ngay mdng 5 din mdng 7 thang Ba qua ca dao:
"Tral chua vgf nhd hgl chiia Thay Gdi chua chong nhd hang Cac Ca"
Ll hdi chua Dau (tuc le hdi chiia Dien Vfng) a tinh BIC Ninh, Id chuc vao
mdng 8 thang Tu Net dac biet ciia ll hdi la viec to chuc rude cac nir thin Phap Van, Phap Vii, Phap Ldi, Phap Dien Trong ll hdi edn cd cac trd choi nhu miia gay, miia su tu, miia trdng Ngoai ra cd rIt nhilu ll hdi chua khae nhu: chua Keo, chua Am, chiia Dau, chiia Lim
Ll hdi chua duge td chuc quanh nam va thudng gin vdi nhiing clu mong, nguyen ude vl vat chit, tinh thin eiia ngudi dan neu tren la minh chung cho sy gin
bd chat che giiia nha chua va cdng ddng dan eu Vi thi ed y kiln cho ring, hien nay chua thye sy la nhiing trung tam van hda xa hdi Ngudi dan din chua dl fim sy thanh than eiia coi long, giii d do tat ea due fin va hda vao dd vdi bao sinh boat edng ddng bd ich Nha tu hanh den vdi dan bang tit ea long thanh, uu ddi min thi Qua
do ciing the hien vai trd ciia Phat giao ddi vdi ddi sdng tinh thin etia ngudi dan Hien nay, tin ngudng Phat giao edn anh hudng din mot sd gia dinh Ngudi dan mdc Phat vl thd tai nha bing anh Phat, tugng Phat, tugng cac ngai Bd Tat Quan Am Nhieu bai van khan, van cau cudi nam, dIu nam, gid tit, ma chay trong gia dinh cd noi dung the hien tinh tin ngudng Phat giao rd net; dac biet eau
Trang 5VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE L A N THU T U
md dIu thudng blng viec tdn xung danh hieu "Nam md A Di Da Phal" Phal giao
da di vao Idng dan, vao ddi sdng tinh than cua ddng dao nhan dan nhu mot niem tin Qua nhirng phan tich tren day cho thay sy ket hgp giira Phat giao vdi tin ngudng dan gian ban dia eiia eu dan ndng nghiep liia nude, da tao nen net dac sic
va sy ddc dao trong ddi sdng van hda linh than Viet Nam Nd the hien nhirng mong ude, khat vgng vuon len eiia con ngudi
Ben eanh viec len chua le Phat vao ngay Ram, mdng Mot hang thang, dai da
sd cac gia dinh ngudi Viet hien nay deu sam le de thap huong Id lien, gia tdc d trong gia dinh minh Ngay Ram thang Gieng va Ram thang Bay trd thanh mdi trong nhiing ngay le quan trgng nhat trong nam Ngudi dan quan niem "Cling quanh nam
khdng bang Ram thang Gieng", hay "Ciing quanh nam khdng bang Ram thang
Bay" Ngay Ram thang Bay, gidi Tang Ni, Phat tu ggi ngay nay la ngay ll Vu Lan Bdn Day la ngay le Ty tu - tuc ngay Chu Tang man ha, cac Phat tu nhan ngay nay Cling dang Chu Tang nham mue dich bao hieu cho cha me, Id lien Vao ngay nay, tat ca con chau trong cac gia dinh thudng len ehiia le Phat Nhiing ai edn me edn cha thi cai hoa hdng no xanh, mat me edn cha thi cai hoa Irang no xanh, mat cha edn me thi cai hoa hdng no trang, mat ea cha lan me thi cai hoa trang no Irang Viec cai hoa nham tham nhae nhd bdn phan ciia con cai ddi vdi cha me, dd la sy tdn kinh
va hieu thao
Le Vu Lan lir lau da trd thanh ngay le de eon cai td long hieu thao vdi cha
me Cd le, tmdc khi Phat giao vao Viet Nam, ngudi Viet khdng cd mot le hdi nao nhae nhd dao lam con cu the va sinh ddng nhu le hdi nay Cd the ndi, ngay hdi Vu Lan eiia Phal giao da cd anh hudng rat kVn, mang y ngliTa giao due dao due cho nhirng ngudi lam con trong bdi canh dao due xa hdi dang cd sy suy thoai, xudng cap nghiem trgng ; hien tugng eon cai hdn lao, bae dai, tham ehi danh dap cha me dang dien ra trong xa hdi Viet Nam hien nay
Ngoai ra, Phat giao edn hdi nhap vdi tin ngudng ban dia, tao ra mot tin nguang chung ciia cdng ddng qude gia - dan tdc Phat giao da tham gia vao viec Id chuc cac ngay le Idn ciia dat nude nhu ngay mdng 1 thang 5, ngay 27 thang 7, ngay Qude khanh mdng 2 thang 9 ; dac biet trong cac ngay gid Td Hung Vuong, Dai ll
ky niem 1000 nam Thang Long - Ha Ndi Vdi nhOng boat ddng thye tiln do, Phal giao da khang dinh nhiing gia tri luan ly dao due, nhan ban d lam nhan loai Ngudi dan den vdi tin ngudng Phat giao khdng chi eau Phal phii hd cho ban than, cho gia dinh, ban be ma edn cau cho "Qude thai dan an", dat nude thinh vuong, thi gdi binh an
Nhu vay, tin ngudng Phat giao da trd thanh mot phong tuc an sau vao rep sdng cua ngudi dan Viet Phong tuc nay da va dang gdp phan duy tri, chuyen tai va
Trang 6VAI TRQ CUA VAN HQATON GIAO
phat buy nhirng gia tri van hda, dao due Iruyin thdng eiia dan tdc Net dep trong ddi sdng van hda finh than nay chae chan se duge chit Ige, phat buy trong qua trinh xay dyng nep sdng mdi d nude la trong thdi ky cdng nghiep hda - hien dai hda hien nay
Van hda Phat gldo con cd anh hudng ddi vdi ludn ly vd dao due cua ngudi Viet Nam
Trude het do la tinh cam va bdn phan thay - trd Trong Phal giao, ehir "Su" trong tu nha su, nguyen nghia la Thay, Phan ngir vilt la Guru hay Sasta Mot trong nhirng boat ddng chinh ciia nha su la day dao ly lam ngudi, day giao ly, nghi thue ciia nha Phat va day viec tu hanh Hai chii "Hda Ihugng" Phan ngir vilt la Upadhyaya, ciing duge dich la "Than giao su" Dilu nay ciing ed nghia la Phal giao ludn gan bd vdi sy nghiep giao due
Phal giao rat quan tam den viec xay dyng va ciing ed mdi quan he thiy - trd
Klnh Trung A Ham ed viel: Thay trd nen lay dao tuong cam ty nhien, tin kinh nhau,
coi ngudi nhu minh , thay nen theo nhu Phap ma day trd, nen day trd nhiing dilu trd chua biet, nen giang cho trd nhirng dieu minh da nghe, nen ehi cho bg bill each
ehgn ban than, nen dem het nhirng chd minh bill day bao hg Cach hay nhlt dh lam
rang danh ngudi thay chinh la ddc Idng dao tao cho duge nhirng hge trd gidi ban minh Cdn ve phan trd thi: nen cung kinh thIy, nen ll kinh ciing dang thIy, nen tdn trong va qui ngudng thay, nen vang thuan ldi thIy, nen ghi nhd ldi thIy'
Nhiing ldi khuyen etia Phat vl bdn phan ciia hge trd ddi vdi thIy va ct!ia thIy dc^i vdi hge trd neu tren, din nay vIn edn nguyen gia tri Dilu dd cung la minh chung khang dinh, Phat giao la mot bg phan clu thanh truyin thdng tdn su trgng dao eiia ngudi Viet Nam
Ben canh mdi quan he thay trd, mdi quan he giOa nhiing ngudi lanh dao ddi
vcn nhan dan ciing duge Phat giao dl cap tdi Theo Klnh Bd Tat Dieu Tir thi, lanh
dao xa hdi phai biet thuang dan, gan dan, can dan va ehi bao cho dan Ngudi dan phai biet luan theo luat le va kinh ngudi lanh dao Lanh dao va ngudi dan phai sdng theo nguyen tac luc hda: cung nhau chung sdng, khdng cai eg nhau, vui ve vdi nhau, ciing luan theo va sua chiia cho nhau, cung giang giai cho nhau hilu bill, cung chia quyen Igi cho nhau
Ngoai ra, Phat giao edn de cap den bdn phan vg chdng, bdn phan hg hang, bdn
phan chiing sinh duge ghi trong Klnh A Ham, Klnh Hoa Nghiem rIt rd
Mot trong nhiing hoc thuyet quan trgng nhat ciia Phat giao, cd anh hudng Idn den suy nghT, hanh vi ciia con ngudi trong xa hdi la thuylt Nhan - Qua Ndi dung
Giao hoi Phat giao Viet Nam (1992), Kinh Trung A Hdm
Trang 7VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU
chinh ciia hge thuyet la, tat ea nhiing vat thi vd tri, thye vat, ddng vat, loai ngudi, deu ehiu lac ddng trye tiep, thudng xuyen va vd tan ciia Luat Nhan - Qua Kiep nay chinh la Qua ciia kiep trude va la Nhan ciia kiep sau Neu gay Nhan xau tat phai nhan Qua xau Phat giao rat ehii trgng hau qua do boat ddng cua con ngudi mang lai Theo Phat giao, con ngudi phai ty ehiu Iraeh nhiem trude hanh ddng cua minh Thuyet Nhan - Qua, Nghiep bao eiia Phal giao tuy cdn ed mot sd dilm mang finh chat duy lam than bi nhu, quan niem eon ngudi hien tai la Nghiep bao cua con ngudi qua khu Nhung xel ve mat luan ly dao due, thuyet Nhan - Qua de cao \ ai trd ciia ca nhan eon ngudi Ngudi gieo Nhan lanh se duge Qua tdi, ke gieo Nhan ac se
duge Qua xau Song hdn thdn mdi con ngudi, khi nd luc cd gang thi cd the cdi thien dirac Nghiep dc sang Nghiep thien Tda an de xu phat tdi, xau d day la Ida an cua
luat Nhan - Qua va la tda an luong tam Chinh vi vay, nd cd lac dung rat Idn trong viec ren luyen dao due ciia mdi ea nhan
Nhirng ndi dung ciia thuyet Nhan - Qua tren day cho thay, cd sy triing hgp giua tu tudng Phat vdi quan niem sdng ciia ngudi Viet, dd la : "d hiln gap lanh",
"ae gia ac bao", "ddi cha an man ddi con khat nude", "cha me hien lanh dh phiie cho
con", "thien gia thien bao" Day ciing la Iriel ly, luan ly, dao due, ldi sdng d eon ngudi Viet Nam
Nhung anh hudng ve tin ngudng, luan ly, dao due cua Phat giao ddi vdi ngudi Viet ndi rieng va ngudi Viet Nam ndi chung den nay van giu nguyen gia tri Con ngudi trong thdi dai xay dyng Chii nghTa xa hdi van can cd finh thuang yeu, Idng bao dung, sy do lugng Dae biet, the gidi ngay nay, khi ma cac cude chien tranh giiia cac sac toe va tdn giao dang dien ra, finh yeu thuang giOa ngudi vdi ngudi cang phai duge phal buy, day cao them mot bude mdi Tinh yeu ihucyng ddng loai chinh la ddng lye thiic day sy hy sinh quen minh cho ngucri khae, cho dan U)c va cho nhan loai; nd hudng con ngudi den hanh vi thien, tranh xa cai ae
Ngoai ra cac "gidi luat" trong Phat giao, dac biet la "ngu gidi" cd tac dung khuyen ran giiip tin dd cd duge cude sdng due do, lam dieu thien, tranh xa cai ac Nhiing tieu chuan dao due nay ciing cd tac dcjng den cac ea nhan, gia dinh va xa hoi Chii tmcrng bao ve cude sdng eiia con ngudi va cac tao vat thien nhien ciia Phal giao
ed sy lac ddng nhat dinh vdi ehii truong keu ggi bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai cua Nha nude ta hien nay Viec nhan manh "Gidi sat" cua nha Phat trong thdi gian gan day cung la gdp phan vao viec eanh tinh, nhae nhd nhan loai hay doan kel bao ve nen hoa binh chung, tdn trgng quyen duge sdng va quyen ty chii ciia mdi qude gia
Nhu vay, ed the thay trai qua qua trinh lieh su lau dai tdn tai va phal Iricn d Viet Nam, Phat giao da duge bd sung, lam mdi bang nhieu gia tri van hda ciia dan
Trang 8VAI TRQ CUA VAN H 6 A TON GIAO
tdc Viet Nam Phat giao cQng da gdp phan ciing ed, duy tri va chuyen lai cac gia tri van hda Iruyen thdng Viet Nam Nhirng gia tri van hda tmyen thdng ay chinh la mot phan quan trgng trong nen lang van hda linh than Viet Nam, de dan tdc la lien hanh xay dyng mot nen van hda lien lien, dam da ban sac dan tdc trong thdi dai mdi va xay dung mot dat nude Viet Nam dan giau, nude manh, xa hdi dan chu, van minh
Mue dich eiia nude ta hien nay la dao tao duge nhiing eon ngudi ed day du
ea lai lan due Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da ndi: neu ehi ehii y den "cai tai" ma quen di
"cai due" thi ehi la ke pha hoai Nguge lai, ed due ma khdng cd tai thi lam viec gi ciing khd Cho nen, edng viec dao tao ngudi tai gidi phai gan lien vdi viec giao due luan ly dao due Vi the, theo tdi, khdng ed gi tdi ban la bao tdn, phal buy cac gia tri luan ly, dao due Iruyen thdng Trong dd, nhiing ddng gdp ciia Phat giao cho nen luan ly dao due eiia ngudi Viet ndi rieng, eiia dan tdc Viet Nam ndi chung, trong lich su va hien tai dang duge Iran trgng, ty hao va can phai gin giir
2 Anh hudng ciia van hoa Cdng giao den van hoa tin nguong va luan ly dao diic nguoi Viet
Cu dan ngudi Viet d ddng bang Bae Bd vdn trong tang sau cua nd ed chua dyng van hoa tin ngudng, tdn giao vdi tinh chii dao la tam giao (Nho giao, Phat giao, Dao giao) Cho den the ky XVI, trong tang van hoa Viet chua ehiu sy anh hudng ciia Cdng giao Tu the ky XVll, Cdng giao dan dan ben re vao van hoa ciia
eu dan ngudi Viet Do nhieu nguyen nhan, trong thdi ky dau, boat ddng Iruyen giao vao Viet Nam het sue cham chap, sue lan tda khdng Idn va chi phat trien ehii yeu trong edng ddng cu dan ngheo ddi d vung ven bien, ven sdng Hon the, cac tin dd gia nhap dao lai khdng bat dau bang niem tin tdn giao ma tir nhu cau eiia cude sdng
"Di dao lay gao ma an" Nguyen nhan chinh khdng chi do thai do phan ung eiia ngudi Viet ddi vdi sy ap dat van hda Cdng giao theo tinh than Vatican I, ma thye chat edn vi hai nen van hda, hai ldi sdng Ddng - Tay rat khae nhau va rat xa la vdi ngudi Viet Nam Nhung cudi cung ngudi Viet, vdi nang lye thich nghi rieng biet eiia minh da va se xay dyng cho minh mot nen van hda dan tdc hien dai
Sy hdi nhap trude het la d tam thue (hay tam linh) sdng dao ciia ngudi Cdng giao Viet Nam Tuy la nhirng tin dd thye thy, ed niem tin vao Thien Chiia Ba Ngdi, vao nhirng fin ly ciia Cdng giao; song trong hg, van ludn tiem an mot tam linh da than lir sau tham Hg quan niem Thanh Quan thay eiia lang - xu - hg dao nhu mot vi Thanh hoang lang, vdi chuc nang chd che, phii giiip cho edng ddng Vi vay, ngay
ky niem Thanh Quan thay duge td chuc nhu mot ngay hdi lang vdi nhirng cude di kieu, rude xaeh Id bg, cd quat, y phuc va ea tau nhae, hanh van luu thiiy eiia cu dan ndng nghiep trdng liia nude, cau cho mua thuan, gid hda
Trang 9VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU
Huong ude nhieu lang Cdng giao d ddng blng BIC Bd edn cho thIy, d nhung lang nay vIn duy tri tap tuc xudng ddng, tuc an com mdi Khdng it lang Cdng giao edn giu tuc eau mua, cau cho phong dang hda ede Sau mua gat, ndng dan cdn dang ndng san gao, dau, trai cay len chan tugng Chiia dl la on
Mot sd vi Thanh khae duge ngudi dan tin dd chuc nghiep hoa "quan phdng" Ong thanh Pherd lo viec chira dm dau, dich bach; 6ng thanh Antdn lo viec euu giiip ngudi ngheo; Ong thanh Maetin giiip viec bat trdm cudp, tim ra cua cai bi mil Irgm
Om dau, ngheo ddi, trdm cudp la nhirng lai hoa ma ngudi dan - tin dd d cac king que thdi phong kien, thye dan ludn phai hung ehiu Khi nao xa hdi khdng euu giiip
hg thi hg phai fim den cac vi Thanh
Diem ndi bat nhat la viec tdn siing Due Maria Due Maria duge tdn sung theo lam thue thd Mau, mot loai hinh fin ngudng dan gian ed tu lau ddi va la hinh lluic tin ngudng dan gian sdm nhat, cd sue sdng nhat va tdn lai lau dai nhlt trong tin ngudng Iruyen thdng cua ngudi Viet
Nhu tren da trinh bay, Phat giao budi dau Iruyen ba vao Viet Nam da sdm hc)i
nhap vdi tin ngudng Mlu dh rdi hinh thanh nen Phat Tu Phap: Van, Vii, Ldi, Dien
Vl vay, khdng cd gl ngac nhien khi Due Maria duge ngudi dan, tin do ton siing theo
lam thue thd Mau Giao dan ggi Due Me Maria la Mau, Thanh MIU NhCrng liic gap
khd khan gian khd, hoan nan, cac giao sT ciing nhu tin do den cau xin Due Me Maria che chd, euu khd Trong quan niem etia tin dd Cdng giao, Chiia Giesu la ngudi cd nhieu quyen nang ban nhung lai khdng gan gGi nhu Due Me Maria Diic
Me Maria ludn quan lam den cude sdng hang ngay ciia fin dd Tin do Cdng giao fim
den Due Me Maria de xin duge ban on nhiing thu bet sue binh di trong cude sdng
hang ngay nhu: sue khde, no dii, budn ban dat hang, binh an, di lai an loan Due
Me Maria edn duge tin do Cdng giao tdn thd la hien than cua sy sinh sdi nay nd
"Nhung ngudi mudn man ve dudng eon cai fim den Due Me Maria - Me - clu xin cho duge sinh de con cai"'
Nhu vay, trong tam thue cua giao dan Viet Nam, Due Maria va eac Thanh da khdng edn giu nguyen vai trd theo nhu quan niem tin ly eiia Giao hdi Cdng giao (Due Maria va cac Thanh chi duge tdn kinh, khdng duge ban on cho tin dd Ba va
cae Thanh thdng edng ehi ddng vai trd trung gian "cau bau ma xin an Due Chiia
Trdi" cho tin huu)
Vdi tin ngudng thd ciing td lien, ngay lir budi dau du nhap, Cdng giao da vap
phai sy phan khang eiia van hda, tin ngudng ban dia Mot thdi gian dai trude Cdng
1 Nguyen Hong Duong (2001), Nghi le vd loi sdng Cdng giao trong van hoa Viet Nam, Nxb
Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, tr 314
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ddng Vatican II, nghi le Cdng giao xung dot vdi fin ngudng thd eiing Id lien eiia nguc/i Viet Trude sy "phan ung" dd, den Cdng ddng Vatican II (1962-1965), luc thd Cling Id lien eiia ngudi Viet da duge Tda Thanh Rdma huge phai edng nhan Theo tinh than cua Cdng ddng thu XXI, ngay 14-1-1974, cac Giam mue Viet Nam
ra thdng bao, quy dinh cho ngudi Cdng gldo Viet Nam duac td chirc vd tham du ede nghi le tdn kinh ong bd td tlen theo phong tuc Viet Nam Ban thdng bao gdm 5
dieiTi: "Quy dinh cho giao dan duge dat ban thd td lien nhung phai thap hon ban thd Chiia (dieu 1); duge ddi den, nhang, vai lay tmdc ban thd td lien (dieu 2); duge Cling gid trong gia dinh theo phong tuc td lien (dieu 3); ed dau, chii re duge lam le
Id, Ic gia lien (dieu 4); trong lang le duge vai lay tmdc thi hai ngudi qua cd, duge lam mot sd nghi le ddi vdi ngudi qua ddi (dieu 5)"
Ngudi Cdng giao khi qua ddi van duge tudng niem theo nghi thue Iruyen thdng cua ngudi Viet vdi tuc ciing 3 ngay, 49 ngay, 100 ngay, gid dau (lieu tudng), gid bet (dai tudng), md ma van duge cham lo du rang van than hieu chet
la ve vdi Chiia
Cae hinh thue tudng niem trong cac ngay ndi tren, da ed sy dan xen eiia nghi
le Cdng giao Nguge lai, khi dgc kinh va cau nguyen, nghi le Cdng giao ciing ehiu anh hudng eiia tin ngudng thd ciing td lien Dd la viec dung huong trong phung vu, Cdng giao ciing danh ban thang 11 trong nam phung vu dl lam viec kinh nhd td lien Day duge ggi la thang cac linh hdn Ngudi Cdng giao thye hanh nghi le vdi td tien khdng chi la tdn kinh ma dd cdn la nghi le cua sy thd cung to fien truyin thdng eiia ngudi Viet
Mot anh hudng khae cua van hda Cdng giao den van hda tmyen thdng ciia ngudi Viet phai ke den dd la le hdi Nd da tao nen sy phong phii trong kho tang van hda Viet Nam Ngudi Cdng giao khdng ggi nhirng ngay le Idn dien ra d xu hg dao
la le hdi, song tren thye te, mot sd le nhu le Thanh Quan thay d xu, le Chau lugt, le San ti la nhirng le cd quy md nhu mot le hdi Ngoai phan le, edn cd phan hdi nhu mdc kieu Cdng ddng, miia trdng ea rdng, mda hat dang hoa va dien kich
Le hdi Cdng giao ciing ed tat ea cac yeu td: le, hdi, tin nguang, phong lye, cac thanh td nghe thuat, vat pham dang ciing nhu cac le hdi dan gian khae nhung cQng cd nhirng net rieng biet Le hdi Cdng giao lay le ia edt ldi, vi vay thdi gian dien ra le hdi ngan (ciing ed ky tam nhat hay euu nhat nhung it xay ra) va le hdi Idn hay nhd liiy thudc vao quy md td chuc giao phan, giao tinh hay qude gia vdi sd lugng giao sT tham gia nhieu hay it Le hdi nao ed nhieu Giam mue, Hdng y dang le
Nguyen Hong Duong (1999), "Bude dudng hoi nhap van hoa dan toe eiia Cong giao Viet
Nam", Tap chi Nghien cim Tdn gldo, so 1 va 2, tr 58