Trieu Ly keo dai tif nam 1010 den nam 1225, tdn tai 215 nam, la trieu dai tdn tai lau va dai nhat treng lich sif phdng kien Viet Xam; trieu dai dau tien va duy nhat trong lich sii khi q
Trang 122 Nghien CUU Ton giao Sd 10-2009
TON GIAO VA DAN TOC 0
MOT VAI SUY NGHI VE PHAT GIAO THANG LONG T H d l LY
I Trieu Ly keo dai tif nam 1010 den
nam 1225, tdn tai 215 nam, la trieu dai
tdn tai lau va dai nhat treng lich sif
phdng kien Viet Xam; trieu dai dau tien
va duy nhat trong lich sii khi quan xam
lifdc Phiidng Bic rue rich xam lifdc nifdc
ta, da bi Ly Thiidng Kiet chii dgng dem
quan danh up tdi bdi tren chinh manh
dat ciia ke dinh xam liidc; trieu dai lay
qud'c hieu niidc ta la Dai Viet; trieu dai ra
ddi ban tuyen ngdn dgc lap dau tien ciia
niidc ta, bai Nam qudc sOn hd; trieu dai
van hgc, nghe thuat phat trien riic rd;
trieu dai Phat giae phat trien den dinh
cao vdi nhieu tdng phai va nhieu thien sii
uyen tham ldi lac; la mgt trong nhiing
trieu dial huy hoang chdi lgi nhat trong
lich sii nild'c nha
Difdi trieu Ly cd tdn tai ba thien phai:
thien phai Ty Ni Da Liiu Chi (Vinitaruci)
xuat hien tif nam 580, tdn tai trai dai
sudt trieu Ly; thien phai Ve Ngdn Thdng
xuat hien nam 820 tdn tai trai dai sud't
trieu Ly eho den trieu T r i n ; thien phai
Thao Difdng do nha Ly iPrp nen vao naiu
1069 Xhif vay, xet ve mat teng phai Phat
giiid thi khdng cc trieu dai nao phong
phii da diing nhii t n e u Ly CJua dd ciing
phan anh khdng khi tii do h'-r thuat, tii
do tif tifdng cua t r i e u Ly Xgay viec
NGUYEN HUNG HAU'*' khdng chi de cao Phat giao ma cdn de cao
ca Nhd va Dao, khdng chi tiep thu tinh hoa van hda An Do, Trung Hoa ma ca van hoa Chiem Thanh ciing ndi len dieu dd
Qua nghien ciiu phan tfch, chung ta tha'y r i n g thien phai Ty Ni Da Lifu Chi
la sii ket hdp giiia Thien vdi Mat tren cd
sd ndng co't la Thien Yeu td Mat giao thay bang bac d nhieu nha sii Dieu nay
ed the chiing minh qua bai ke thi tich cua su: Tri Biit (1049-1117) (the he thif 12) co cau mat chii "Um ! Suru Suru Sre" (lim to
rd, um td rd tat rf) Va cfing nhd yeu to Mat giao nay nd lam cho Phat giao, cu the la thien phai Ti Ni Da Lifu Chi gin vdi tin ngifdng phdng thuy, sam kf, ciu did, dieu phuc ta ma, bdc thudc chiia benh r a t thinh h a n h d Viet Nam liic bay gid Dinh Khdng da doan trrfdc dddc Ly Cdng Uan ngiidi hiidng Cd Phap len ngoi vao nam ke (Ki Dau) Nhiing ldi noi cua
La Quf An p h i n nhieu deu h(3p vdi sam ngii Triidc khi mat dng cdn pha het nhiing chd yem long mach cua Cao Bien, trdng cay gao de tran chd dat ciit long mach khien xuat hien de viidng ddi sau,
va khuyen de tif dimg phap thuat yem tang, khdng de che ngifdi ngoai biet Ong
* GS.TS., Hoc vien Chinh tri-Hanh chi'nh Quo'c gia
Ho Chi Minh
Trang 2Nguyen Hiing Hau M()t vdi suy nghi ve Plicit gido 23
cdn doan difdc n g a y tho (mao), t h a n g
chugt (tf) n a m ga (dau), hg Ly (cau tao
tif ba chii: t h a p , bat, tii) se len ngdi Van
Htinh c h u y e n t u t a p D h a r a n i S a m a d h i ,
ndi r a n h i i n g ldi s a m ngii, k h u y e n vua
t a n cdng q u a n Td'ng (980) se t a t t h a n g ,
biet trifdc sii t a t yeu n h a Ly se t h a y n h a
Le t r e n g vdng b a t h a n g niia T h e e t r u y e n
thuyet, sii cen l a m biia p h e p , biia chii, va
cen t h a c s i n h l a m v u a Ly T h a n T e n g s a u
nay Van H a n h cdn doan trifdc difpc sii
t h a t bai cua q u a n Td'ng n a m 980 Ong la
ngqdi gdp p h a n q u a n trgng difa Ly Cdng
U a n len ngdi v u a , s a n g lap r a t r i e u Ly
Khi m a t v u a Ly N h a n T e n g cen cc bai
t r u y t a n
"Van H a n h t h d n g ba cei
Ldi sif n g h i e m s a m thi
Tif lang que Cd P h a p
C h e n g gay t r a n k i n h ki"
(Viin Hiinh d u n g t a m te
C h a n p h d cc s a m thi
Hifdng q u a n d a n h cc p h a p
T r u tich t r a n k i n h ki)
Q u a day ta t h a y Viin H a n h cdn la t r u
cot ciia qud'c gia xa tac Nhif vay, cac
thien sif phiii Ti Ni Da Lifu chi deu la
nhiing dai t r i thiic cii p h a c h , t h o n g hieu
T a m giiio Hg cd cdng phd v u a giiip nifdc
difdi nhieu h i n h thifc k h a c n h a u nhii trd
giiip t n e u dinh, giiip d a n chdng b a n ,
chiia b e n h , bai trif cac hii tiic lac h a u
n h i m gdp p h i n p h a t trie'n van hoa, tuyen
t r u y e n dieu thien, giao due dao diic l a n h
m a n h
Diiy la ddng t h i e n chiia diing t r o n g
minh mot so' yeu to' ciia m a t giao, nhu'ng
ddi sd'ng tu b a n h lai m a n g d a m m a u sac
An Do Nhif vay, n g a y tif nhiing the ki
d i u tien khi P h a t giae du n h a p cho den
t h e ki IX (trifdc k h i thien phai Vo Ngdn
T h d n g x u a t hien) P h a t giao Viet X a m
m a n g n a n g m a u sac An Do Giai ddan nay lai h a u nhif t r u n g vdi thdi ki Bac Thudc Dieu do p h i n nao li g i l i r a n g chinh P h a t giac n a y c u n g vdi tfn ngifdng van hda b a n dia da giiip cho n h a n diin Viet X a m t r a n h diidc sii ddng hoa ve van hoa tif phfa Bac
N e u t h i e n phiii Ti Xi Da Lifu Chi van cdn m a n g m a u sac cua P h a t giao An Do thi thien p h a i Vd Ngon T h o n g m a n g sac
t h a i cua P h a t giao T r u n g Quoc k h a ro net Sii x u a t hien cua thien phiii Vo Ngon Thdng la do n h u cau phiii t n e n van hoii ciia xa hgi nudc ta khi dd doi hdi cd sii da
d a n g hdn, p h d n g p h u hdn Bdi vay, ben
c a n h mgt tong p h a i thien m a n g d a m m a u sac An Do, da x u a t hien mgt phai thien
m a n g m a u sac T r u n g Hoa Sii xuat hien thien phai Vd Ngdn T h d n g ben canh thien phai Ti Ni Da Liiu Chi phai c h a n g noi nen r a n g d Viet N a m t h e ki IX da dien r a mgt cugc t r a n h gianh a n h hiidng giiia van hda An Dg va van hoii T r u n g Hoa ma dai dien la P h a t giao An Do va
P h a t giao T r u n g Hda? Sii bien m a t cua phiii Ti Ni Da Lifu Cbi thdi T r i n , phai
c h a n g ndi len k h u y n h hiidng T r u n g Hoa thdi ki nay da thiing the va de phai c h a n g
la bifdc q u a dg de v a n boa T r u n g Hoa ma dai dien la Nho giao chiem the thifdng phdng d thdi Le?
Ben c a n h hai t h i e n p h a i t r e n ta cdn
t h a y x u a t h i e n t h i e n p h a i Than Difdng
T h l d Difdng la ten mgt vi thien sif thudc
p h a i V a n Mon, m e t t r d n g n a m phiii thien
N a m T r u n g Qudc dd V a n Yen thien sif d mii Van Mdn s a n g lap S a u H u e N a n g ,
Trang 324 Nghien cuu Ton giao So 10 - Z0U9
thien Xam Phu'dng chia lam hai nhiinh
ldn: Thanh Xguyen (mat nam 740) va
Xam Xhiic (677 - 744)
Thee "Dgi Viet sd ki' nam Ki Dau
1069 mua xuan thang hai vua Ly Thanh
Tdng than chmh di danh Chiem Thanh
bit dUdc vua nifdc ay la Che Cu va dan
chung 5 van ngifdi Mua ha thiing 6 dem
quan ve Mua thu thang 7 vua tii Chiem
Thanh ve den ndi diing tu d Thai Mieu
ddi nien hieu lii Thiin Vu nam thif nhat
('he Cu xm diing ba chau Dia Li (nay
thudc Binh Tri Thien) Ma Linh (nay
thuoc huyen Ben Hai) Bd Chinh (nay
Lhugc huyen Q u i n g Trach Bd Trach
Tuyen Hda) de chugc tgi Vua bang long,
tha cho Che Cu ve nudc Trong dam tu
binh cd mgt vi thien sii Trung Qudc ten la
Thao Dudng Thld Difdng theo thay sang
Chiem Thanh hoang diidng Phat Phap
khong may gap chien tranh va bi bat lam
lu binh Sau khi ve kinh thanh Thang
Long (thang 7/1069) vua chia tu binh
him liip dich cho ciic quan cbdc Lrong dd
CO mgt vi Tang luc Mgt hdm khi vi Tang
luc nay di viing, Thio Difdng trdng liic
liim phan sir' quel dgn, thay tren ban ehu
cd cudn Xgfi luc chep tay, Thld Diidng
ben lay xem Thiiy treng sach cd nhieu
cho ghi chep sai khdng chiu du'dc Thao
Dudng da d m but sifa chiia Khi ve, l i n
dd sach Xgii luc thay cd nhieu chd sifa
chiia, that ngiie nhien, vi Tang nay dem
sii viec tau len vua, De hieu ro nggn
ngudn, vua cho ggi ngifdi tu dd vao de hdi
Qua sii trinh bay cua ngu'di tu, vua biet
ong la thien sif Thao Diidng, Tii viec h
giai kmh siich tifdng tan chinh xac va
trudc tiii tri phdng do cua thien sif vua
dii mdi thien su' den tru tri d chua Khai
Qudc va jihdng chieu Qudc su, ve sau
phiii thien mang ten Thao Difdng dugc
l i i j ) I'ii
X'bu'ng neu nhin qua sii trinh bay tren thi thien phai Thao Diidng xuat hien d Viet X^am mang tinh ngau nhien Sii thiic nhu ta da phan tich d tren, sii xua't hien cua thien phai Thao Difdng cd ngudn gd'c sau xa d nhiing dieu kien chfnh tri xa hgi liic bay gid Trifdc khi thien phiii Thao Diidng xuat hien thi d Viet Nam da cd hai thien phai: Ti Ni Da Liiu Chi va Vd Xgdn Thdng Thien phai Ti Xh Da Lifu Chi mang sac thai cua Phat Giao An Do chi it
la den mia dau the ki XI Thien phai Vo Xgdn Thdng la ddng ihien tif Trung Hoa sang Triidc trieu Ly cac trieu dai, chang ban nhii nhu Xgd (939 965), Dinh (966 -980), Tien Le (980 - 1009), tdn tai khdng lau Xha Ly (1010 - 1225) cai quan dat nifdc tu'dng ddi lau dai vdi sii thdng nhat dgc lap ve lanh thd kinh te, chinh tri, van boa Dieu dd ddi hdi can cd mgt be tu tudng dgc lap chd nha niidc Dai Viet liic bay gid Hai thien phai tren deu kheng
t h d i man nhu eau nay bdi le mgt cai thi nghieng ve An Do mgt eai thi nga ve Trung Hoa Triidc tinh hinh dd Ly Thanh Teng (1054 - 1068) da lap nen met thien phai mdi - Thien phai Than Diidng
Cd ldi cho nhiing li dc dd la sii ra ddi ban tuyen ngdn dgc lap dau tien ciia niidc ta; niim 1054, dat qud'c hieu nildc ta la Dai Viet; nam 1040, vua khdng diing gam vdc cua nha Tdng niia; nam 1075 nha Tdng chuan bi diing binh danh nifdc ta; biet tin dd Nhan Tdng da sai Ly Thifdng Kiet, Tdng Dan dem hdn 10 van quan sang dat Td'ng, danh up quan Tdng, giet hdn 10 van, biit sd'ng quan d ba chau Kham Liem Ung dem ve
Xam 1077 dem diii bmh sang danh hai chau Kham va Liem nudc Td'ng, ndi lay tieng r i n g nha Td'ng thi hanh phej) thanh
Trang 4Nguyen Hiing Hau M()t vdi suy nghi ve Phdt gido 25
mieu (bien p h a p k i n h te de Viidng An
Thiich de xcfdng) t a n hai d a n T r u n g Qudc,
nen dem q u a n s a n g hdi tgi de cifu giiip
n h a u Day la sti kien cd mgt k h o n g hai
t r o n g lich sti Viet N a m , No chifng to n h a
Ly h u n g cif mgt phiidng n g a n g ngiia,
t h a m chf n h a Td'ng cdn ne sd N h a sif hgc
Hoiing X u a n H a n cho r i n g Ly Thiinh
Tong la v u a d i u t i e n cua niidc t a co dc lap
mgt de qud'c cd d a n h n g a n g vdi mgt nifdc
thien tii Vua d a t qud'c h i c u Dai Viet
(1054), tdn cac v u a triidc dd la Thai Td,
Thai Tong, coi cac nifdc nhd la chif h i u ,
mud'n n g a n cam Chiem T h a n h t h a u p h u c
n h a Td'ng N h a Ly cdn muo'n khoi phuc
nhiing p h o n g tiac t a p q u a n cua d a n Viet
tii thdi cac v u a H i m g Dieu dc t h e hien d
nhiing n g a y s m h n h a t vua, ngiidi t a lay
tre ket thiinh mgt nggn niii ggi la Van
Thg N a m Sdn d ngdai ciia Q u a n g Phiic
tren nui liim n h i e u h i n h chim bay, m u c n g
chiiy, m u c n ve la ki Lai sai ngifdi biit
chifdc t i e n g cua c a m thii lam vui de b a n
chd be toi Ngay lifng chiing nui co rdng
Lhiin cuo'n q u a n h , ciim xen ciic Lhif cd,
Lreo lan v a n g nggc, sai con h a t thoi ken
siio trong h a n g n u i , d a n g ca t a u miia liim
VUI, cho Ciic q u a n a n yen
Chi q u a mgt vai chi tiet dd cong vdi
nhiing t r a n d a n h t a n q u a n Td'ng da noi
len t i n h t h i n dgc lap tii chu ciia thdi nay
cao chifa tiing t h a y T r o n g t i n h h i n h tii
tifdng va k h d n g k h i dgc Lap tii chii dd,
viec x u a t hien thien p h a i T h a o Difdng
c h i c k h d n g phai la mgt sii viec ngiiu
nbien, n h a t thdi
Ly Thiinh Tdng di thee k h u y n h hifdng
cd tfnh chili tdng hdp, vifa ton simg P h a t
giiio, liii vifa diic ca tifdng cua Balamdn
giiio nhii Pham Thien (Brahma), De Thfch
(Indra), de trong chua, phien dich am nhiic
Chiem T h a n h , tiep thu nhiing t m h hoa van boa cd thdi H i m g Viidng cung vdi nhiing tin ngu'dng chin gian ndng nghiep the bien qua viec xay lau c h u n g mot cot siiu canh
h i n h hoa sen, cd lien he m a t thiet vdi viec
di le c i u tii cua n h a vua Biing nhiing viec liim dd Ong da xay diing mgt nen Phiit giiio
CO tinh chat tong hdp, dd la sii ket hop giiia Thien Tinh Nho, l^ao K h u y n h hifdng nay difg'c ket hdp vdi tfn ngiidng diin gian nong nghiep, cdi h n h phii linga-Yoni cua dan Chiem Thiinh difdi anh hifdng it nhieu cua Xbo giao, dac biet la P h a t giao dii bien
t h a n h ngoi chiia Mgt Cdt gan lien vdi le
c i u tii, mong sii sinh boa tuoi thg phiic trach lau dai (liien hiiu) .Xhif vay thien phiii Thao Diidng la sii chat Igc ket tinh ciia viin hoii T r u n g Hoa, viin hda An Do, van boa Chiem T h a n h va v a n hea Dili Viet, trong do viin hda Dai Viet lam ndng cot,
diidc the hien trong "Truy to cdnh sdch"
cua Thao Difdng biing chu trifdng cc nhieu diidng tu
Ngoiii thien phiii T h a o Difdng P h a t giao 'i'hiing Long thdi Ly phiit t n e n kbii miinh, cc kbii n h i e u thien su' uyen t h a m loi liic, tieu bieu lii t h i e n sii Vien Chieu (999-1090), t h e he thif b i y ddng Vo Ngon Thong, t r u tri c h u a C a t Tifdng; Ly Thai Tong: M a n Giiic (1052-1096), chiia Cu'u Lien Giiio Nguyen, t h e be thif tiim, ddng
Vd Ngdn Thdng; T a n g Tho'ng H u e Sinh ( m a t n a m 1063), t h e be thif mudi ba, ddng Ty Ni Da Liiu Chi,
2 Vien Chieu la ngifdi d i u tien da dat
cd sd If l u a n cho cen difdng di den gi;ic ngg b a n g h a n h dgng thiic tien hiing ngay ciia P h a t giac Viet N a m
Ong cho rijng ciii dep de cae ca, ciii quy hiem k h d n g p h a i n a m d d a u xa k h d n g
p h a i trii ngu trdng viidng qudc miiy mu
Trang 526 Nahien cuii ion aiao Sd jO - ZUL/y
triiu tudng ma nd n i m ngay trong the
gidi 6 trgc bui bam nay khi dng ndi:
Te giac la loai siic thu hiem
An b i n g gai gdc ngu trong bim
(Cif the siic do te thi bao
Xan u kinh ciic ngga u ne)
Dieu niiy ciing gid'ng nhii bdng hoa sen
(la xanh bdng trang lai chen nhi vang)
nhiing nd moc len tif biin liy ma ngdi
chua Mgt Cot tren da md ta
Xhif vay ndi theo danh tii triet hgc thi
cai tuyet doi n i m trong cai tiidng ddi cai
tifdng ddi chifa diing cai tuyet dci Chan
Xhu Xiet Ban Be de Chan tam, Phat
khdng phai d dau xa ma ngay trudc mat
("xiic muc"), trong tam mdi ngiidi Tu
tudng nay khdng cd gi mdi so vdi Thien
tdng Trung Qudc
Xiet Ban nam treng the gidi t r i n tue
vay con ngiidi t r i n tuc mud'n dat den cai
nam trong the gidi tran tuc (Xiet Ban),
td't nha't nen bang con dudng t r i n tuc nhu
gia gao bo ciii ganh nudc quet dgn v.v
Day la mgt tif tifdng quan trgng cho viec
tu hanh Bien I'dng menh mdng bao la bat
ngat, ndi bao chifa tat ca cac ddng sdng
du trong hay due Theo nghia nay thien
su Vien Chieu viei:
Bien rdng bad la dung nhieu ngudn nhe
Xdn cao giii mai bui hdng tran
(Son cao canh tiii dung tran trii
Hai khoat nang tham nap te luu)
Trong cugc sd'ng ai hudng thien
hifdng tdi cai tam bao la bat ngat nhu"
bien ca thi ngifdi dd tien dan den giai
thoat Tu tifdng nay sau diidc Qud'c sii
Triic Lam lam ro hdn khi khuyen vua
ddng thdi cung la mgt vi Phat tii - Tran
Thai Tdng; "Di thien ha chi due vi due,
di thien ha chi t a m vi t a m " (Lay muo'n ciia thien ha lam mud'n ciia minh lay tam ciia thien hii lam tam cua minh)
Dd cfing la tu tu'dng "Di chiing tam vi ki tam" Theo tii tu'dng nay cen ngiidi hiidng thien bang viec phuc vu nhan sinh n h a n quan xa hgi va trong qua trinh dd tam con ngiidi md rdng khai
md dan d i n bad chiia tam nhieu ngiidi tii hep den rdng tii ndng den sau tii gia dinh xdm lang xa huyen tinh den qudc gia va thien ha Cang trai rong bao nhieu thi cang di d i n den giac ngg bay nhieu Xhu' vay, P h a t giao Viet Nam vach ra mgt cen dudng mdi di den giac ngg hoan toan khac vdi Phat giao An-Trung, dd la eon difdng di den giac ngg bang ciiu dan do the va tren difdng nay tam con ngu'di ngay cang khai md bao trum thien ha muon loai viin phap tiic dat den tam Phat Dieu nay dudc Tue Trung Thiidng Si - ngdi sao sang choi tren nen trdi Thien hgc Viet Nam - noi kha re: "Tam cua mudn Inai tiic Phat tam" (Van phap cbi tam tuc Phat tam)
Di den giac ngg bang each nhu vay, Phat giao Viet Xam da mang trong minh tinh t h a n yeu nudc Khdng the noi yeu nudc thiidng dan ma lai khdng lay nguyen vgng mong mud'n cua dan lam nguyen vong mong mudn cua minh Xgiidc lai, da la ngiidi yeu nifdc chan chinh thi phai lay nguyen vgng, mong mud'n cua dan lam nguyen vgng, mcng mudn cua minh, "Lay" d day khong phai
la cai lay chung chung triiu tu'dng 6
trdng tam ma phai bang h a n h dgng thiet thiic cu the Chinh quan diem nay
da d i n Phat giao Viet Nam den chii nghia yeu niidc chan chinh
Trang 6Nguyen Hiing Hau Mdt vdi suy nghi ve Phdt gido 27
M a t k h a c d a t d e n t a m v a n p h a p ciing
cd n g h i a la h i e u va n a m diidc cai t r u n g
t a m cd't loi, quy l u a t ciia van vat N i m
difdc quy l u a t thi mdi sdng dgc lap, tii dd,
tii tai diidc, vi tii do la n i m diidc t a t yeu
0 day "Di chiing t a m vi ki t a m " tiic la lay
t a m cua chiing s i n h l a m t a m cua m i n h ,
t h a y ciii t a m ca n h a n ich ki cua m i n h
b a n g cai t a m ddng loai N e u vo t a m la
triit bd Ciii t a m n h d be cua m i n h t h a n h
cai tam b a c la ciia m u c n Idai, thi day
thiic sii la q u a t r i n h vn t a m Vd tiim la
tam t a t c l Ma t a m t a t ca lai la vd t a m
Bien chiing d diiy la nhu' vay Ciing giong
n h u k h o n g cd gi lai la cd t a t ca va cd t a t
ca lai la k h o n g cd gi Sifc m a n h cua chii
"vc", "khdng", "bu!" ciia n h a P h a t la d chd
dd Lien q u a n den dieu nay, Vien Chieu
Viet:
Nhiidc diit t a m k h c n g vd sac sac
"Sac" "khdng" I n h i e n mac v i n xoay
0 day, phai c h a n g ddng gdp cua P h a t
giao Viet N a m la da tim ra mgt con difdng
mdi vifa tifdng ddi cu the, thiet thiic, re
rang, viia tiidng ddi ngiin, de di den giiic
ngg? Lich sii P h a t giao tii trifdc tdi nay
theo mgt khia c a n h nao dd cd the noi la lich
sif ngay cang n i t n g a n con difdng den Niet
Ban Neu xet d gee dg nay thi ddng gdp ciia
P h a t giiid Viet N a m chd P h a t giad the gidi
qua la k h d n g nhd Hdn niia trdng P h a t
giad, dac biet la Thien tdng, khi da giac ngg
thi con ngifdi h o a n toan khdng bi trdi huge
bdi b a t cii cai gi, mgi chap thii bi vd t u n g
ra, hg tu do, tii tai, vo t a m , vo ngai, vo bd
uy, khdng chii t a m , khdng thien chap, dd
dd khdng cdn tiio nghiep Ndi mgt each
hinh anh, cd the vi mgi b a n h vi suy nghi,
Cli cbi, ldi ndi ciia hg gidng nhif gieo mgt
hilt dice, nd khdng cdn nay m I m , sinh tii
luan hdi niia
Tuy nghi, t u y thdi n h a m van dd la
h a n h dgng cua n h i i n g ngifdi da giac ngg d mgt d a t niidc m a mgi ngiidi deu ban rdn, hiim hd, hiing biii chd'ng giiic ciiu nildc, neu cii 6m khif khif n h i i n g giao li n h a
P h a t , dong kin cifa chiia, thi t h a t c h a n g hdp thdi d u n g luc cbiit n a c Di sau mgt chiit t a t h a y P h a t la Thien Trong T h i e n c6 n h i e u miic do, cd t h i e n ldn thien nho,
t h i e n vi dai nhii Difc P h a t , tif bd n g a i
v a n g di tim con diidng cifu cluing sinh r a khdi sdng me bien khd Thien nhd nhif lam mgt dieu tot l a n h nho nhd, c h a n g
b a n cho ngu'di khd'n kho dong tien b a t gao Ngiidi P h a t tif Viet N a m luen nhin
ra va lam t h e e n h i i n g cai thien ldn, khi diing giiia nga ba difdng can phai liia chgn, dii cc p h i i vi p h a m gidi luat C h a p vad n h i i n g gidi luiit de liim nhiing dieu
t h i e n nhd m a bd q u a nhiing cai thien ldn thi c h a n g k h a c niio nhif "ngu trung",
"ngu h i e u " t r o n g Nho giiio vay Nhiing ngifdi nay, t h e e Khdng Tif, mdi co k h i niing thich nghi vdi dao li ma chifa co k h a niing quyen bien 0 day, muo'n hdp thdi
d u n g luc, mud'n t h e e difc ldn phai bgc t a p Thifdng Si la k h o n g t r a i vdi ngu'di ddi, trgn liin cimg t h e ttic, p h i i difng trong
h a n g ngii d a n tgc, e l m gifdm len ngiia
d a n h dudi q u a n xam lifdc Dd chinh la tuy nghi, quyen bien Theo Lad Tif, cai difc cao n h a t la b a t diic, cho nen cd difc cai dtic t h a p n h a t la k h d n g t h a t difc, cho nen
vo difc Da giac ngg t h i mgi h a n h dgng cii chi, suy nghi deu la Thien Va d day d a n h guic cifu nudc cung la Thien
Thdi Ly - T r i n la thdi ki ma diio P h a t
la qudc giac, nhUng c u n g la thdi ki ve
v a n g o a n h h e t n h a t t r o n g lich sii Thien ldn, dtic ldn, hdp thdi, diing luc, tuy nghi liic niiy la p h a i cdu dan tgc, que hifdng
Trang 728 Nghien cuu I o n giao Sd 10 - Z009
d a t nudc khdi ciii t h a m hda c u a n a n ngoai
xam Vi c;ii t h i e n ldn diic Idn dd ma cac
Phiit tu s a n s a n g d m gUOm len ngiia s a n
siing vi ])hiim gidi l u a t (cam sat sinh)
giet moL ngUdi de cifu m u d n ngu'di T r d n g
bdiin canh nudc sdi Ida bdng n h u n g
ngUdi P h a t tif k h d n g t h e giao dieu m a y
mdc dm khU khU gidi l u a t la k h d n g dUdc
giet biii c h u n g sinh t r o n g dd cd c l ke t h u
quiin xam lu'ric d a n g t a n s a t ddng bao
Khdng lhe vi mgt dieu t h i e n nhd cho ca
n h a n ma q u e n dieu thien Idn cho d a n tgc
X h u viiy, d day jibii gidi la t h e e t i n h t h a n
phii chap T h i e n tdng Viet X a m cd t i n h
t h a n thUdng ngu'di cifu ngu'di dae biet
cu'u cen ngu'di la t r e n h e t C h a t h e m a
P h a t giad Vict N a m cd ciiu;
Du xiiy chin cap p h u dc
Khdng biing lam p h u c cuu cho mgt ngu'di
Ctiu mgt Cdn ngUdi cdn hdn ca xay c h i n
cap p h u dc Bdi viiy viec cUu ca m e t d a n
tgc dat nudc cUu m u c n d a n t r a m bg la
cdng viec khiin t h i e t d p bach hdn c l , du
cd phai VI pbtim gidi luat C h i n h k h a i md
tiim di diin den guic ngd lumg cdn dUdng
thiim giii tich ciic v a c viec cuu ddi kd d
Stit s m h niii P h a t giiio Viet X a m dii cd
nhiing ddng gdp to ldn t r o n g cdng cugc
chdng ngoai x a m g i a n h lai dgc lap chii
quyen cho d a t nUdc Lich sif "chdng dich
boil" cua d a n tgc Viet X a m cho den n a y
dii c h u n g m m h dieu dd Au dd cfing la le
thu'dng t i n h boi vi phuo'ng chiim cua n h a
P h a t la "Ldi lac q u a n sinh vd nga vi t h a "
Thien tdng Viet X a m cdn di xa hdn; "Ldi
liic q u i n sinh vd tiim vi t a m "
-Xhu viiy i h i e n sU Vien C h i e u d k m h
thiinh T h a n g Long t h e ki XI dii d a t cd sd
ll luiin cho con d u d n g di den giac ngd ddc
diio cua Phiii guio Viet X a m
3 Mgt vi t h i e n sU tieu bieu c u a ddng
t h i e n Ty Xi Da L u u Cbi, t h i e n sU Hue Sinh ( m a t n a m 1063) c h u a V a n T u e , kinh
t h i i n h T h i i n g Long, dii cd mgt tU tudng
b e t siic u y e n tbiim ve t r i e t li vd ngon,
T n e t If vd ngdn ciia n h a P h a t , theo
t r u y e n t h u y e t biit d a u tit bgi Linh Sdn khi DUc P h a t c a m c a n h h o a s e n dUa len
cd y k h a i t h i d hgi chiing d e u im lang, cbi cd m i n h Maha C a Dieji ( M a h a k a s y a p a ) mim cUdi P h a t hen noi:
"Ta cd c h i n h p h a p n h a n t;ing met biin dieu tiim p h a p mdn m a u n h i e m , thuc tu'dng vd tifdng, n a y ta phd chuc cho
ngUdi" Ay la P h a t Di tdm truyen tdm cho
Ca Diep P h e p dd tif C a Diep, t h e o truyen
t h u y e t , t r u y e n x u d n g t r a i q u a 28 ddi den
B d d d h i d h a r m a (Bd De D a t Ma), vj sU nay vUdt bien q u a D e n g Do d c h u a Thieu
L a m s a n g lap r a T h i e n t d n g T r u n g Quoc
B d d d h i d h a r m a trUdc k h i vien tich cd de nghi cac de til ndi len chd sd diic cua
m i n h r i e n g cd H u e K h a la k h c n g noi niing gi (vd ngdn) chi bUdc r a d i n h le ngiii
ba lay rdi t r d lai dUng n g u y e n chn cii
B o d d h i d h a r m a ndi: XgUdi du'dc p h a n cot
t u y dao ta rdi Dd la sii tiep no) phu'dng
chiim Di tdm truyen tdm vi diid ban vo
ngdn ngdn s i n h li t a n Triet li vd ngdn tiic t r i e t li k h d n g Idi triet li ve sii im lang Cai dd cd ve mau thiiiin vi dii t r i e t If thi p h a i cd sii lap
l u a n logic c h a t che, chiing m i n h rd rang, nhUng d d a y ta't d deu y e n lang, gichg
n h u mgt con t h u y e n t r d n g k h d n g vUdt bien dUdi a n h triing h u y e n ao t r o n g biii thd cua t h i e n sU H u e Siiih:
Tich tich liing gia n g u y e t
K h d n g k h d n g do hai c h u ( T r a n g L a n g Gia v i n g l a n g
Trang 8Nguyen Hiing Hau Mot vdi suy ngliive Phcit gido 29
T h u y e n vUdt bien trdng khong)
XhUng ngifdi ta c u n g thUdng noi: Luc
yen lang (vd ngon) chfnh la luc noi n h i e u
n h a t Theo dd mii xet thi t n e t If vo ngon
cdn phong p h u hdn ca t r i e t If hUu ngcn
Hgc triet li h u u ngdn thi de nhUng hgc
va lam theo triet If vd ngon mdi khd Cai
dd gid'ng nhif dieu Gamzatd'p ndi:" X'^gUdi
ta can hai niim de bgc ndi nhUng can den
sau mudi niim de hgc yen lang" Xhin
chung mdi con ngUdi t r d n g cugc ddi deu
trai qua ba giai d e a n : vd ngon - hUu ngon
- vo ngdn C<ii vd ngdn ban d i u la con
ngUdi chUa biet ndi Trai qua giai doan
hUu ngdn dn Pio, dien t h u y e t , t u y e n
truyen, co dong, con ngUdi diit den muc
vien m a n d ve cugc ddi liin k i n h nghiem
Sd'ng, da cc m e t be day kien tbUc cung
n h u t n thUc, vii khi a n h h d a n g hdn cugc
ddi d a n g tii tU t a t d a n , thi con ngUdi mdi
hieu r a cugc song cua m i n h t h a t n g a n
ngui mgi ciii deu vo nghia, ngdn ngu
cung chiing giup ich dUdc gi nhieu hdn, va
ho m a n g theo biet bao dieu bi an trd ve
vdi cfit bui Ciii vd ngcn s a u khdng phai la
hoiin t o a n k h o n g ndi, yen l a n g t u y e t ddi
ma theo n g h i a n g a y cang tien diin den nam md con ngUdi ngay cang it ndi, ngiiy Cling yen lang
Triet If vd ngon la triet li ve su im lang Su im lang ben ngoai lii sU p h a n anh sti im l a n g ben trong Chi c6 n h u n g ngUdi diit tdi mgt t r i n h do n h a t dinh mdi
CO dUdc sii im lang cdn diii da so' lii am i,
on ao, kbuecli trUdng, lang nhiing lit nhit,
D a n t a en cau " T h u n g rong k e u to" la vay
N e u ldi ndi lii quy thi yen lang cdn quy hdn n h i e u Tuc ngu t h e gidi ciing co ciiu; Ngon ngU la biic, yen l a n g hi vang NhUng ndi yen l a n g n h a t la nbUng ndi
s a u thiim n h a t N g u y e n Du cho r a n g
c h a n k i n h chinh la k i n h khdng chU
D u d n g H u y e n T r a n g s a n g Tay True t h i n h kinh lan d a u dUdc toiin k i n h khdng chU Mot vi t h i e n sU dUa ra mgt h i n h anh khii hay: B i y chim hot giUa nhUng bong hoa hUdng t h d m ngad ngat tieng chim hot cua biiy chim d diiu, dd hi ldi, cdn hUdng thdm ngiio n g a t , dd la sU im liing, ndi dd
t r u ngu c h a n If Day ciing la mgt diem dac siic cua P h a t giao T h a n g Long./