Hay md ta nhirng do dac, vat dung cdn thiet cho mot phdng tham van chuyen nghiep.. Ban se sap dat phdng tham van ciia minh nhu" the nao de' tao mdi tnrdng tham van thoai mdi va an toan c
Trang 1232 Giao trinh T h a m van tam li
- L u on s i n sa n g h o c h oi ke ca tu n h u n g sai la m cu a b an than
de n g a y c.\ng cai th ie n ch at ltfQng cac cuqcth a m van
Q u an d iem tie p can th eo phtfOng p h a p th a n ch u tro n g tam
cu a C R o g ers la i ta p tru n g ch in h v a o m oi q u an h e th am van
T h e o on g, h ie u q u a th a m v a n p h y th u o c ch in h v a o v ie c nha tham van x a y dtfng dtfQc m o i quan h e n h u th e n ao vcri th a n ch u Chinh
vi v^y m o i q u a n h e th am va n th eo C R o gers ph ai h am chtfa dtfQc
n h tfn g d iem sau , x e t ttf goc do n h a th a m v a n 1:
1 N h a th a m v a n phai th e hien m in h sao ch o th a n chu nhan
th a y n h a th a m v a n la ngtfdi "d an g tin cay, ch a c c h in , tru n g kien"
N h tf v a y , ye u to tru n g thu'c ch an th an h cu a n h a th a m van phai dtfQc th a n ch u cam n h an th ay tro n g m oi q u an h e th a m van nav
2 N h a th a m v a n ph ai cam nh an dUQc d ieu gi d an g xay ra tro n g m in h d e d ie n ta th o n g su ot v a p h u hQp g iu a n gon ngtf b in g
ld i v a k h o n g lafi; gitfa ld i noi va h a n h vi n htfng dieu m in h muon noi, de co n ngUcfi cu a n h a th a m van lu o n m in h b ach , ro rang doi vcri th a n ch u K h i n h a th a m v a n k h o n g y thu'c dtfQc b an than, co
th e se tru y e n d a t stf m au th u an , stf p h ien h a ch o th a n chu Dieu
n a y k h ie n ch o th a n ch u m at tin ttfd n g v a o ch in h b an th an m inh
3 N h a th a m v a n p h a i trai n gh iem n h tfn g th ai d<? tich ctfc vdi
th a n ch u n h tf b a y to th ai do n o n g h au , ch am soc, tfa th ich , quan tam D ieu n a y tra n h ch o n h a th a m v a n r o i v a o th ai do lan h lung
"ch u y e n n g h ie p " ctf a m o t m oi q u an h e th a m v a n vo ca tinh
4 N h a t h a m v a n p h a i co t i n h t h a n m a n h m e, co m o t n han
cach du m a n h d e b i e t l a p v d i t h a n c h u , de g it f ch o m i n h kh oi bj
ch an n a n b d i stf s u y n h tfO c c u a t h a n ch u , xao x u y e n b d i n o i s q hai ctf a t h a n c h u v a dam ch im b d i s tfle thuQ C c u a t h a n c h u
5 M a t k h a c , n h a t h a m v a n can cd du stf an tam de ch o phep
th a n ch u b ie t l a p v d i ch in h m in h , to n tro n g th a n ch u , ch o phep
th a n ch u d tfQ c l a ch in h ho Co n htf v a y th an ch u m d i d tfQ c ttf do
b a y to b a n th a n : th a n h th at h a y gia doi, a u tri h a y tr tfd r g t h a n h ,
tu y e t v o n g h a y q u a ttf tin T h a n chu ttf do dtfQ c la m in h m a khong
1 C Rogers Tien trinh thanh nhan, Tien si To Thi Anh & Vu Trong Cng dich NXB
T PH C M 1992
Trang 2C H l f O N G 4: N h a th a m van va than chu trong moi quan he th am van tam li 233
ch g y th e o ld i k h u y en d v\ th e it nhi'eu phu th u oc, h a y rap kh u o n
th eo n h a th a m van
6 N h a th a m va n co kh a nan g th au h ieu van d'e cu a th an chu, tu" d o co k h a n a n g di vao th e gid i tinh cam va y n g h i rien g ttf cua
th an ch u v a n h in ch u n g n h u th an chu da nhin th av Di'eu n ay giup
th an ch u k h o n g p h o n g v£, kh o n g q uan h co m a di t h in g vao th y c
te cu a m in h
7 N h a th a m v a n ch ap n h an m oi kh ia can h cu a th an ch u y
n h u con ngirdi th a n ch u, de ch o th an chu th a y diTQc ton trong, dirQc ch ap n h an C o nhir v a y th an chu se k h o n g p h ai gia doi, "deo
m at na" trirdc n h a th a m van va trtfdc c u q c ddi
8 N h a th a m va n p h ai h an h d on g vd i d a y dii s y i-nh te tro n g
m oi q u an he v d i th a n chii de cho cach d oi xtf cu a nha th a m van
kh o n g bi xem n h tf m o t de doa N goai ra, n h a th a m van cd th e giai
th o at th a n ch u k h o i n h tfn g m oi lo tu1 b en n goai de th a n ch u co th e cam n h a n v a d oi p h o v d i nhtfng xu n g d ot noi tam m a ho th a y bi
de d oa tro n g ch in h b a n th a n hQ
9 N h a th a m v a n g iu p th an chii th o a t kh o i cai sQ bi ngtfdi
k h ac d an h gia N h a th a m van can g gitf m oi q u an h£ th a m van
n goai v o n g p h e p h a n v a d an h gia th i can g de ch o th an ch u dat tdi luc n h an ra ra n g k h a n a n g v a trach n h iem n am tro n g ch in h ho Di'eu n a y se g iu p th a n ch u dtfQc ttf do de trd th an h ngtfdi chiu trach nhi£m v d i ch in h m inh
10 N h a th a m v a n p h ai coi th an chii n htf mQt ngtfdi d an g tro n g tien trin h trtfd n g th an h , d an g th a y d oi chu1 k h o n g b i tro i biiQc b d i q u a k h ir ciia th an chu va qua kh ir cua b an th a n nha tham van N h a th a m van se han che k h a n a n g th a y d oi ciia th an chii neu tro n g m di q u a n h<? th am van , n h a th a m van d o i xir vd i
th an ch ii n h tf m o t dira b e au tri, m ot h o c sin h d ot h a y m ot ngtfdi
bi b£nh th a n k in h N h a th a m van p h ai thira n h an tat ca tie m n an g ciia th a n ch ii, n h a n th a y th a n chii d an g d an trtfd n g th an h
N h tf va y, k h i n h a th a m van tao dtfQc m ot m di ttfQng giao
ch an th tfc tr o n g su o t, tro n g do nha th a m va n so n g v d i cac cam
g ia c th y c ciia m in h ; co sir n h i?t tin h to n tro n g va ch ap n h an th an
ch ii n h tf m o t ca n h a n rien g b iet va n h a th am van co k h a n an g
Trang 3234 Giao trin h T h a m van tam li
n h a y cam de n h in th e gid i cua th an chu g io n g n h u th an ch u nhin,
th i th an ch u se cam n h an v a h ieu dtfQc n htfng k h ia can h bj de nen tru d c d a y cu a m in h ; T h a n chu se th a y con ngUcfi m in h trd nen
nh at q u an hQn, co th e h a n h d on g htfu h ieu hQn; Hq co th e trd nen g io n g m au n g u d i m a h o ao Udc m u on trd th an h ; Hq ttf chu va ttf tin hQn dQc d ao hQn va ttf bQC 1q hQn; T h a n ch u h ieu ngtfdi
k h a c v a ch ap n h a n ngtfdi k h a c hQn de co th e dUQng dau vdi
n htfng van d'e cu a d di so n g mQt cach th ich d an g va de c h iu 1
N h tfn g d iem m a C R o gers dtfa ra doi v d i n h a th am van nhir mQt stf d o n g g o p ld n lao ch o viec xay dtfng nhtfng p h am chat dao du'c cu a n h a th a m van va n gh e n gh iep th a m van T a t ca nhtfng diem tren deu p h an anh cac d ac d iem tam li cua n h a th am van,
n h u tru n g thtfc, th au hieu tro n ven , ton trQng, ch ap nhan than chu, tin v a o k h a n an g giai q u yet cua th an ch u N h u n g p h am chat
n a y la m ch o m di q u an he th a m van trd n en co y n gh ia G iu p cho
th a n ch u h ieu dtfQc n htfng noi dau, to n thtfQng tro n g qua kh tf cua
m in h la do n h tfn g m oi q u an h e co d ieu kien tro n g cuqc so n g cua
hQ sin h ra M o i q u an he th am va n tap tru n g v a o th an ch u co the
g iu p th a n chtf th a y d oi n htfng h a n h vi m a h o da co tro n g qua khtf
v a trQ g iu p th a n ch u ch u y en ttf nhtfng n h an th tfc sai lech ve ban
th a n d en n h a n th tfc d u n g dan ve ch in h hQ
Q u an d iem ctfa C R ogers ve m di q u an h e gitfa n h a th am van
va th an chu k h o n g chi co h ieu qua tro n g th a m va n m a con rat htfu ich tro n g tat ca cac m oi tUQng giao n h an loai R ogers tin rang neu nha th a m va n co th e d em lai nhtfng dieu kien th u an lQi nhtf tren cho th a n chtf th i th an chu se trd nen cdi m d va hieu nhtfng noi dau, to n thtfQng tro n g q ua kh tf la do nhtfng m di quan he co dieu ki^n tro n g cuqc so n g cu a hQ Thtfc te nhtfng m di q u an he th am van nhtf th e n a y co th e giu p th an chu th a y ddi h an h vi m a hQ da co tro n g q ua k h tf v a trQ giu p th an chu ch u yen ttf nhtfng nhan thtfc sai lech v e b an th an d en nh an thtfc d un g dan ve ch in h hQ
M o i q u an h e tro n g th a m van can dtfa tren n g u ye n tac m em deo, th ic h n gh i cu n g th an chu D ieu nay co n g h ia la van de cua
th an ch u giai q u y et n h a n h h a y ch am phu thuQC v a o tien trinh
n h a n h h a y ch am tro n g v ie c th a y doi tro n g th an ch u X h a tham
1 C arl R o g e rs, Tien trinh thanh nhan To T hj -Anh &: V u T ro n g C n g d jc h N X B T P H C M 1992.
Trang 4C H U O N G 4: Nha th a m van va than chu trong moi quan he tham van tam li 235
van p h ai co th d i gian dan h cho th an chu N h a th am van ph ai b iet
la n g n gh e, b iet k h u yen kh ich , tran an de th an ch u noi ra van d'e
cu a m in h , b ie t p h an hoi de hieu ch in h xac n h im g y n gh ia cua
th o n g tin , b ie t th o n g d at de trai n gh iem n h im g gi th an ch u noi ra,
va b ie t k e t hQp g iu a q u an sat h an h vi cir chi phi n gon ngtf vcfi ldi noi cu a th a n ch u, de loi len tu1 tan g b£c vo thirc cu a cam xu c b an
n an g den n h u n g tin h cam li tri va n h im g h an h vi lam ch u dtfgfc
K hi b a n v'e v ie c d u y tri m oi quan he tro n g th a m va n ch uyen
n gh iep , cac n h a th a m van lao
lu yen tren th e gid i th u d n g co xu
htfd ng co n g k h ai n htfng yeu cau
th am van doi v d i th a n chu T h eo
hp, mQt b an chi dan v'e m oi quan
he trQ g iu p m a n g tin h p h ap li gitfa
nha th a m va n va th a n ch u de giai
th ich ve q u a trin h th a m van , cach
tiep c0n li th u y e t, cac g ia y u y
n h iem cu a n h a th a m van , cac dieu le cua c o q u an co lien quan, viec co n g b o g id i h an cu a stf gitf bi m at, nhtfng va n de v'e p h ap li
va n htfng th o n g, tin q u an trQng kh ac lien q u an den m o i q u an he
th am v a n se g iu p ch o m oi quan he trQ giu p m an g tin h ch u yen
n gh iep B an chi d an n a y co th e dtfa th an ch u doc v a ki ten trtfdc khi b at d'au v ie c th ie t lap m oi quan h e th am v a n ch in h thtfc
N e u k ru g (19 9 9 ) ch o ran g van con n h ieu n h a th a m van v a n tin ttfdng v a o n h tfn g tu y e n b o co n g kh ai k h o n g b an g v a n b an (ban g
m ien g) v a nhi'eu n h a th a m van nhin ch u n g con coi th tfd n g kh ia cgn h p h a p li ciia m o i q u an he th am van T h e o ong, d a y co le la mQt sai lam vi n h a th a m van d an g k h o n g ttf b ao ve m in h mQt cach
d ay dii tro n g tr u d n g hQp co kien tu n g va k h o n g cu n g cap nhtfng kien th tfc cO b an v'e th a m van xtfng d an g v d i m oi th an chu V ie c
cu n g cap th o n g tin mQt cach d ay du v'e b an ch at co n g v ie c cu a n h a
th a m v a n v d i th a n chii, tro n g do th e hien stf th ie t lap q u an he
th a m v a n la niQt b ie u h ien ciia stf to n trQng th an chii
M o i q u an he th a m v a n con bi anh h tfd n g b d i n h ieu ye u to, nhtf: k h o n g g ia n th a m van (Stf b a y tri dd dac tro n g va n p h on g;
Bai tap nhom
1 Hay md ta nhirng do dac, vat dung cdn thiet cho mot phdng tham van chuyen nghiep.
2 Ban se sap dat phdng tham van ciia minh nhu" the nao de' tao mdi tnrdng tham van thoai mdi va an toan cho than chii?
Trang 5236 Giao trinh T h a m van tam li
tra n g p h y c n go ai h in h cua nha th am van ; b ie u hien h an h vi
k h o n g lcfi cu a n h a th a m van ); y thu'c s in sa n g cu a th a n chu cho vi^c kh a m p h a va giai q u y et va n de can th a m va n va cac pham
ch at ch u y en n g h iep cu a n h a th am van T u y n h ien d ieu m a nhi'eu
n h a th a m v a n lutf y tro n g v ie c x a y d y n g m oi q u an he th a m van la tin h p h a p li ciia m oi q u an h e do
Khi g iu p d d ch o ca c th an ch u, nha th a m van ph ai lu o n y thufc dUdc stf h a n ch e cu a th a m van K h o n g p h ai m oi van de kh o khan, roi n h ieu cu a th a n ch u d eu d u p e giai q u y et th o n g q u a th am van
H an ch e cu a n h a th a m van b at n gu o n tir trie t li so n g cua ca nhan ho; h an ch e v'e dao tao , v'e nhirng m o h in h th a m van va v'e kinh
n gh iem son g, van d'e dao dire ngh'e n g h iep cu a n h a th a m van va stf tro n g d p i cu a to chirc n o i an h ta lam viec N h a th a m van phai
lu o n y thirc ra n g neu cac h o a t d o n g cu a ho lu o n cd chira dyng
n h u n g ti'em n a n g g a y n g u y h iem ch o kh a ch h a n g h o a c kh i ket qua
k h o n g tien trie n k h a q uan , th i n h a th am v a n n en b a c b o vai tro
th a m v a n cu a m in h va d ua ra ld i k h u yen , gd i y, gid i th ieu than
ch u den ca c n h a th a m v a n la n h n gh e kh ac V i ld i ich cua th an chu
lu o n p h ai dirpc d at le n h a n g dau V e p h ia th a n chu, m o h in h van
h o a, lo i so n g, y m u o n th a t stf giai q u y et v a n d'e v a k in h nghiem
cu a ho cu n g an h h u d n g d en k e t q u a th a m van
CAU HOI ON TAP CHlTONG 4
1 H ay li g ia i nhirng y e u cau doi v d i n h a th a m v a n v d i tu cach
la m o t co n n g u d i b in h th u d n g v a v d i t u cach la m ot ngirdi
tr o g iu p ch u y e n n gh iep
2 T rin h b a y ca c p h a m ch at cu a n h a th a m v a n ch u y en nghiep
3 N e u cac d au h ieu cu a nan d'e v a cac cO ch e p h o n g ve khi ca
n h an co n an d'e
4 Q u a n d ie m cu a b a n n h u th e nao v'e m ot n g u d i can den stf
g iu p d d cu a n h a th a m va n de vUdt q u a kh o k h a n ciia m inh
5 P h an tich ca c d ac d ie m cua m oi q u an he th a m van
Trang 6CHUtTNG 5 DAO OUTC TRONG THAM VAN TAM Lj
Nhitng nguyen tac dao due cung cap su" hu&ng dan cho cdc chuyen gia tham van, giup lam ro nhitng trach nhiem ciia cdc chuyen gia v&i xa hoi, mang lai sit yen tam cho xa hoi vd giiip cdc chuyen gia duy tri hanh vi chinh true vd sit tit do ciia ho tU ben ngoai cdc nguyen tac M oi khi cdc cd quan lap phap thong qua nhitng dieu luat ddi hoi hanh vi Ung xU khong tudng U ig v&i nhitng nguyen tac dao dUc nghe nghiep thi nhung hiep hoi chuyen mon co gang yeu cau thay doi phap luat Neu viec nay khong thanh thi hiep hoi se sit a doi nhung nguyen tac dao dUc cua minh cho phu hdp v&i dao luat m&i.
(Swenson, 1993)
T ro n g ch iro n g n ay, trirdc tien ch u n g to i se p h an tich m oi quan hp giira lu a t p h ap va cac q u y
dieu d ao du’c tro n g th a m van Sau do
trin h b a y m pt so n g u y e n ta c dao du’c
co b an cu a ca c n g a n h trp g iu p con
n gudi T ro n g p h a n g id i thipu cac tieu
ch uan d ao du’c n g h e th a m van , ch u n g
toi se ch i ra m p t so d ie m cO b an tro n g
cac tieu ch u a n d ao dire tro n g n gan h
th am v a n tren th e g id i v a xem xet cac
tinh h u o n g co th e dupe gpi la vi ph am
tren th e g id i C u o i cu n g, gid i th ieu
b an h p p d o n g th a m van dupe soan
th a o b d i cac g ia o sU T n rd n g Dai h pc M ississp p i B an h p p d on g dirpc tr in h b a y v d i cac k h ia c<mh p h ap li can co doi v d i cac n h a
th a m v a n tro n g q u a trin h lam vipc v d i kh a ch h an g
“ La p ra t i q u e d e l ' E t h i q u e ”
w w w n a u ti le s u n b lo g f r
Trang 7Giao trinh T h a m van tam li
I MOI QUAN HE G IU A LUAT PHAP V A QUY DIEU DAO DLfC TR O N G TH AM VAN
D oi v d i ca c n g a n h trQ giu p n h u C o n g ta c xa h q i, T a m li hQe,
T a m th a n h o c, T h a m v a n h a y th a m chi Lu£t h oc, cac q u y dieu dao du’c h a n h ngh'e co nhi'eu d iem g io n g n h au , b d i vi ch u n g deu tuan
th eo cac m u c d ich h a n h ngh'e la b ao ve con ngUcfi va vi stf trtfdng
th a n h cu a ngh'e n g h iep O cac ntfdc co n gh e trQ g iu p p h at trien
n h u H o a Ky, ca c n g u y e n ta c d$o dtfc cua ngh'e th a m van dtfQc quy
d in h b d i H iep h o i T a m li h o c H oa Ki (A P A ) co n g b o n am 1953 va stfa doi n a m 19 9 5, H iep h o i N h an vien C o n g ta c X a h o i Q uoc gia (N A S W ) v d i ca c n g u y e n ta c dao dtfc x a y dtfng n am i9 6 0 va stfa doi n am 19 9 0 , v a H iep h o i T h am van H oa Ki (A C A , tru d c do co ten gQi la H iep h o i T h a m v a n va P hat trie n - A C A D ) x a y dtfng cac
n g u y e n ta c d ao dtfc ctfa m in h n am 1961 va stfa d oi n am 1995
1 Dao du’c trong tham van
D a o du'c (eth ic) la nhtfng
n g u ye n li, q u y ta c q u y din h
h a n h v i p h a i th e o tro n g quan
h e gitfa n g u d i v d i n g u d i, gitfa
ca n h a n v d i x a h oi, ttfy th eo
th e ch e ch in h tri xa h o i m a cac
ca n h a n so n g tro n g do
D ao dtfc tro n g th am van la
th u d c do quyet dinh xem h an h
vi cua nha th a m va n tro n g qua
trinh th a m van cd dung, co tot, co lam sai, lam hai den th an chu hay
kh on g N o i cach kh ac, tro n g quan he ttf va n tam li, ngtfdi nhan djch
vu t u van tam li co dUdc doi xtf cong b an g v a hQp li h a y kh on g? Hq
co dat dtfQc h ieu qua tri lieu h ay kh on g? D ao dtfc trong th am van di
xa h o n so v d i dao dtfc th on g thtfdng tro n g ddi song h an g ngay, no
kh on g chi la viec q u y dinh n h a th am van kh d n g lam di'eu xau cho
th an chu m a con dat ra van d'e la nha th am van da lam het stfc \i lQi ich cua th an ch u h a y chtfa1
1 Nguyen Tho Sinh, Tw van tam H can ban, NXB Lao Dong (2006)
Trang 8C H U O N G 5: D a o dufc trong th a m van ta m li 239
Stf th a y d oi lien ty c cac kh ia
canh p h a p li tro n g h an h nghe
cho th a y cac tieu ch u a n dao du’c
ngh'e n g h ie p lu o n p h an ch ieu
n h u n g ch u a n m u c cu a xa hoi
dUOng dai nen n h u n g n gu yen tac
d^o du’c p h ai lu o n sura doi cho
phu h o p vcfi s y b ie n doi kh o n g
ngtfng cu a x a hoi 6 P h ap , n gan h
T am li h o c p h a t trie n k h a sdm ,
n gay d'au th e k y X X , n htfng cac
q u y di'eu d ao dtfc h a n h ngh'e doc
lap ch o cac n h a ta m li h o c thtfc
h an h m d i dtfQc n h a ntfdc thtfa
nhgn n am 198 6
Chung ta suy dien thong tin, tinh huong va hanh vi cua ngitdi khac dita tren he thong gid tri cua chung ta Dieu nay dan dat hoac djnh hw&ng cdc phan irng ciia chiing ta ddi v&i ngit&i khac Va nhit vay hanh dong ciia chiing ta co the khong dem lai ket qua tot nhat cho than chii Viec xem xet van de ciia than chii dira tren cdc nguyen tac dao dire vd phap li giiip cho nhd tham van giit dwac dao li vd hw&ng hanh vi t&i sit chuyen nghiep.
O V ie t N am , cac q u y d ieu dao dtfc dam b ao q u y en h a n h nghe
lu at ch o cac lu a t stf m d i dUdc b a n h a n h n am 20 0 7 C dn d o i vd i
n gan h T a m li h o c, du da co b e d ay 50 n am dao tao sin h vien dai hoc, n h tfn g h ien n ay, ch tfn g ta chtfa dUQc cap m a so ch o n gu di han h n gh e trQ g iu p ta m li, m a chi co m a so ch o "n gh e d a y tam li"
- n gh e stf p h a m R ie n g lin h vtfc th a m van , h i vQng sau m ot so nam "ki gtfi" n h a t d in h v a o ta m li h oc, se co lu c no tr d th a n h m ot
n gan h d ao tao d o c la p v a cac n h a th a m v a n se co vi tri la m v ie c nhat d in h tro n g ca c lin h vtfc stfc kh o e ta m th a n , h o c dtfdng, cac tru n g tam th a m v a n co n g d on g
T h a m v a n la n g h e d ac th u lien q u an d en v ie c trQ g iu p n gu d i
co k h o k h a n ta m li D ieu n a y doi h o i stf "tro n g sa n g v e d ao dtfc" cua n gtfd i h a n h ngh'e N gtfdi lam co n g v ie c th a m v a n p h a i tu an
th eo n h tfn g q u y ta c d ao dtfc h a n h n gh e b at buQC, co n h tf v a y m d i
n a n g cao d tfd c u y tin v a vi th e n gh e n g h iep tro n g xa hoi X et tro n g
m di tUQng q u a n v d i th a n chtf, n h a th a m v a n d mQt m tfc do nhat
d in h co q u y e n ltfc tro n g q u an h e th a m van , v ie c lam d u n g q u ven
ly c tr o n g th a m v a n la p hi dao dtfc v a k h o n g ch in h d an g, v i v a y
n h a th a m v a n p h a i th y c hien th eo cac q u y ch u an d ao dtfc kh i
h a n h n gh e V ie c k h o n g tu an thu th eo cac ch u a n m y c d ao dtfc co
Trang 9240 Giao trin h T h a m van tam li
th e th y c s y lam h ai th an chu T u y n h ien , cac n h a tam li h o c lam
co n g ta c th a m v a n , tri lieu d V ie t N am lai chira ch ju nhirng quy
d in h ch u n g nay H ien d V ie t N am chi to n tai q u y ta c rien g le do cac tru n g ta m th a m van , tir van t y b an h a n h va ch i ap d y n g vdi cac th a n h v ie n cu a ho T in h h in h n a y dan d en s y k h o n g kiem soat
d u o c n h u n g ngUcfi h a n h ngh'e th am van , tri lieu nen se k h o bao v£
dirQc lo i ich cu a th a n ch u va d ac b ie t b ao ve v\ tri cu a ngh'e try
g iu p tro n g xa hoi
T ren th e gid i, cac n gu yen tac dao du’c ngh'e n gh iep cu n g cap sy
h u d n g dan ch o ca c ch u yen gia tro n g n gan h trQ giu p , giu p lam ro nhirng trach n h iem cua cac ch u yen gia th am va n v d i xa hoi, mang lai s y yen tam cho xa h oi va giu p cac ch u yen gia d u y tri tin h chinh true ngh'e n gh iep Di'eu tra cua H ein lein v a co n g s y (2 0 0 3) da chi
ra la cac n h a th a m van ch u yen n gh iep diTQc cap p h ep v a trinh do cao cd mire do ch ap h a n h th eo cac q u y ch u an dao du’c ngh'e nghiep cao h o n d an g ke so v d i n h u n g n gu di kh d n g cd ch u n g nhan
2 Quan diem xay dutig quy dieu dg.o dice ngh'e nghiep
G e rt (19 8 8 ) tin ran g nhirng p h an xet ve m at dao du’c nen dya tren mQt ta p hQp “ nhirng ch an li m a n g tin h to a n c a u ” , m a da so
n h u n g n g u d i co tri tu e b in h th u d n g d eu cam th a y phu hQp
N hirn g ch an li m a n g tin h to an cau h a y n h u n g n gu yen tac xay
d y n g cac ch u a n m y c d ao du’c cd th e x u a t p h a t tir y tu d n g nhu"
k h o n g g ie t n g u d i, k h o n g g a y dau d d n h a y la m h ai ch o n g u d i khac
v a k h o n g tu d c d o a t q u y en t y do cu a con n gu d i T h e o ong, nhin
c h u n g n h u n g ch an li n a y v a nhi'eu ch an li k h a c nifo la yeu to quyet
d in h ch o s y to n tai cu a xa h § i lo a i n gu di
T u y n h ien , tro n g nhirng tin h h u o n g rien g b iet ciia mQt xa hoi
c y the, v ie c ap d u n g m o t sd ch an li m an g tin h toan cau nao do co
th e k h o n g diTQc coi la d u n g, la ch u an doi vd i cac nen van h o a khac
n hau v a cac th e ch e ch in h tri k h a c nhau V i vay, n go ai n h u n g quy di'eu d ao dire ch un g: g iir b i m at, ton trQng th an chu, k h u y en khich
th an ch u ch iu trach n h iem van d'e cua m inh, k h o n g lam d u n g than
ch u, b a o v e th a n ch u v.v , cac q u y di'eu dao dire can dUQc the che
h o a d y a tren n en ta n g p h ap li cy th e cua m oi q u o c gia
Trang 10C H U O N G 5: D a o dure tro ng th am van ta m If 241
M ac du cac tieu ch uan dao du'c tron g h anh n gh e tam li d V iet
N am va co th e d nhi'eu ntfdc tren th e gicri con chira dtfQc xay dtfng,
nh im g cac ch u an m y c dao du’c cua H iep hoi T h am van H oa KI noi rieng, va cu a cac h iep h<?i th am van kh ac tren th e gid i noi ch ung (nhu* cu a A n h , T h y y sy, Phap, C an ad a ) van dtfQc coi la cac tieu chuan h u ftn g dan va d an h gia n h im g h anh xtf, k h o n g chi cho cac hoi vien cua m ot q u o c gia nao do, m a con d an h cho hau het nhtfng
ch uyen gia th am van tam li tren th e gid i stf d yn g C ac tieu chuan dao dtfc n a y k h o n g chi diTQc tfng d y n g tron g lin h vtfc h an h ngh'e,
m a tin h dai dien cu a no con dtfQc dira vao g ian g d ay ch in h thtfc tai nhieu tn rd n g dai h oc, h oc vien , trun g tam , nhtfng n o i co dao tao tham v a n tam li tren th e gidi
H ieu tfng tren diTQc ly giai rang, viec xay d y n g cac quy di'eu dao dtfc ngh'e n gh iep co lien quan den bao ve con ngirdi phai xuat phat ttf quan diem nhan va n va ch ung diTQc coi nhir la nhtfng h u d n g dan hanh vi ch uan cho nhtfng ngtfdi hanh ngh'e trQ giup con n gudi noi chung va trQ giu p tam li, noi rieng va cac quy di'eu n ay th tfdng m ang tinh toan cau V i du n h u Bq C huan mtfc D ao dtfc va N htfng hu d n g
d in stf d y n g cua A C A dan g dtfQc stf d yn g tren the gid i do A C A hien thdi la H iep hoi nghe n gh iep va giao d ye ve th am van tam li ld n nhat tren th e gidi, v d i so ltfQng hQi vien co m at tren toan the gidi da vtfQt con sd 54.0 0 0 h oi vien (tinh den 1999 - N eukrug)
D tfd n g n h tf n h tfn g ngtfdi dtfQc giao n h iem v y x a y dtfng cac
n gu yen ta c d ao dtfc da p h a i dau tran h v d i n htfng n gu yen ta c ph an anh tieu ch u a n x a h o i v a ch u y en m on ch o du nhtfng tieu ch uan nay d a dtfQc gQt g iu a tr o n g nhtfng n g u ye n ta c m a n g tin h to an cau
va / h o a c n h tfn g tieu ch u a n m a nhi'eu ngtfdi n h at tri B at ke stf b an
h anh v'e m at xa h o i cu a ch u n g co tach b ie t v d i n h au n htfng th a t la thu vj kh i n h an th a y n htfng n gu yen tac d ao dtfc cu a b a ch u yen ngan h trQ g iu p - tam li h oc, th am van va co n g ta c xa h o i - tat ca deu cu n g ch ia se n h tfn g tieu ch u an ttfQng ttf k h i d ap tfng cac m y c dich c h u n g (co th e th a m kh ao cac tieu ch u a n d ao dtfc cua T a m li hoc, T h a m v a n h a y C o n g tac xa hoi)
T in h p h ap li cu a cac n guyen tac dao dtfc ngh'e n ghiep the hien d cho: C ac n gu yen t i c dao dtfc cua ngh'e trQ giu p lu on dtfQc xay dtfng dtfa tren b o lu at bao ve con ngtfdi do cac cQ quan lap phap th on g