Moi lien he ngh'e nghiep trong cac nganh trQ giup.... Anh hudng cua mQt so nganh trgf giup den nganh tham van chuyen n ghiep.... Nha tham van la ngudi hanh nghe chuyen nghiep.... Phan ti
Trang 1G T 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 8 6 6
HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA N HA N VAN
.TS T ra n Thi M in h DQc
t u i n h
THAM VAN
TAM LY
PHO NG T H A M VAN
Trang 2g iA o t r i n h THAM VAN TAM LI
Trang 3DAI H O C Q U O C G IA HA NQI TRUONG DAI HOC KIIOA HOC XA HQl VA NHAN VAN
GS.TS TRAN THI MINH DlTC
Giao trinh
THAM VAN TAM LI
(Tai ban lan thur 2 co chinh sua bo sung)
NHA XU A T BAN DAI HOC QUOC G IA HA NOI
Trang 4LCJI mcj d a u
T j o n g k h o a n g mufti n am lai day, toe dQ phat trien kinh te - xa
hQi q u a n h a n h d V i?t N am da keo theo nhuTig th a y doi va xao
trpn ta m li cua nhi'eu ngtfefi, lam tang cao nhu cau v'e dich vu
th a m v a n ta m li cua xa hQi Dieu nay the hi?n a sir ra d&i va phat
trien da d an g cua nhi'eu trung tam th am van, p h o n g th a m v a n tai cac CQng d on g, b£nh vi£n va cac trtfcfng hQC vc/i cac dich v y trQ giu p ta m 11 k h a c nhau
Hi£n nay, du N h a nUcfc chtfa cap m a so cho ngh'e trQ giup tam
li, n h im g vi th e cua cac nha th am vain, tri li£u tam li d an g ngay can g dtfQc k h a n g dinh trong xa h Q i V i v a y vai tro cua cac nha tam
li hQC tr o n g v i?c dao tao sinh vien ch uyen n g a n h Lam san g va
T h a m va n n g a y can g dtfQc cung co va n an g cao
G ia o trin h T ham van tam U nay nhin n han th a m van nhir
mQt n g a n h k h o a hQC im g d ung tron g thtfc h a n h ch am soc tam li con ngufti, dtfQc trinh b a y trong 8 chirong T ro n g do, 3 chirong
d au la m ro tin h chat kh oa hQC cua m on T h a m va n thtfc hanh Cac
kh ai ni£m nhir: trQ g iu p tam li, tit van, th a m van v a tri li£u tam li,
c u n g nhir rniic tieu, n h i?m vu ditQc dua vao n g a y tro n g c h u o n g I
C h iron g II trin h b a y mQt cach khai quat q ua trin h h in h th a n h va
p h at trien n g a n h T h a m van tren the gi6i va 0 Vi£t N a m , s u giao
th o a cua no vo’i mQt so nganh trQ giup lan can nhir T a m li hQC,
C o n g tac xa hQi, T a m th an I i q c Phan gicri th i?u mQt so q uan diem tiep can th a n chii tron g thtfc h an h th am k h a m ta m li con ngtfdi dtfQc th e hit?n tr o n g c h u o n g III
ViQC x a y dtfng m oi quan h£ th am van dtfa tren n'en ta n g cua sir ton tr g n g va tin ttfOng lan nhau gitfa n h a th a m v a n va th an chu tro n g thtfc h a n h ngh'e dtfQc khai q uat tron g chtfOng IV Nc?i d un g
Trang 5chtfOng n a y se giu p ngtfdi h(?c co q u a n ni£m d u n g d^n v'e than chu va n an de cua th a n chu; giup ngtfcri hQC htfcfng den each nhin
ch uyen n g h ie p ve n h a th a m van vcfi n h im g p h a m ch at v a n a n g lire tron g thtfc h a n h ngh'e
De g iu p ngtfeft hQC n an g cao kh a n a n g thtfc h a n h ngh'e, euon
T ham van tam U gicri thi£u nhtfng kh ia can h dao due v a p h a p li
tro n g thtfc h a n h ca (chtfOng V), htfcmg d an m o t so k i n a n g th a m
va n can b a n (chtfOng V I) va q u y trin h th a m v a n (chtfOng V II) V a cuoi cung, de cu n g co nhtfng tri thirc tiep th u dtfQc q u a m oi chtfOng, c h u n g toi x a y dtfng cac b ai tap tin h h u o n g tr o n g thtfc
h a n h th a m v a n ta m li D ieu n a y th e hi£n tr o n g chtfOng V III
G ia o tr in h n a y dtfQc ch u a n b i tr o n g nhi'eu n a m C a c noi d u n g
ch in h d a dtfQc dtfa v a o g ian g d ay cho sin h v ie n dtf6i d a n g bai
g ian g b a t d au tir k h o a h o c 19 9 7 - 1998 v a dtfQc ch in h stfa, n a n g cap q u a m o i k h o a h o c V i vay, h'au nhtf cac tri th u c can b a n tr o n g tai lieu n a y d eu it nhi'eu q u e n thu<?c v 6 i sinh v ie n cac th e h£
n g a n h T a m li h o c, th u o c Trtfcmg Dai h o c K h o a h o c X a h o i v a
N h a n v a n D ai h o c Q u o c gia H a Noi
C o th e giao tr in h v a n con nhi'eu dieu phai b a n lu a n v a bo sung N htfng, xet tr o n g h o a n canh gian g d ay ta m li h o c thtfc h a n h
d Vi<?t N a m h ie n nay, vi£c ra ddi cua cac tai li£u lien q u a n den
th a m v a n v a tri li£u ta m li la h e t sire can thiet N o k h o n g chi ch o nhtfng ngtfdi thtfc h a n h th a m van, cac g ia n g v ie n v a sin h vien
n g a n h T a m li h oc, m a con co ich cho nhtfng ngtfdi h o a t d o n g
tr o n g cac n g a n h trQ g iu p khac, nhtf C o n g tac xa hoi, G ia o d ue h oc,
T a m th a n hoc
T a c gia x in ch an th a n h cam On nhtfng d o n g go p q u y b a u cua cac q u y vi v a cac b a n de cu on sach dtfQc h o a n thi£n h o n sau nay
fT' * • ’
Tac gia
Trang 6MUC LUC • •
Trang
Lori md d a u 5
Chirofng 1 THAM VAN TAM LI LA MOT KHOA HQC LfNG DIJNG 9
I Cac khai nipm 10
II Moi lien he ngh'e nghiep trong cac nganh trQ giup 22
III Doi tirqng, muc dich, nhi?m vu va hi?u qua cua tham v a n 29
IV Cac hinh thurc tham van 41
Chirang 2 SO L U Q C LICH SIT HiNH THANH V A PHAT TRIEN n g A n h t h a m v A n t Am l i 59
I Anh hudng cua mQt so nganh trgf giup den nganh tham van chuyen n ghiep 60
II Sir ra ddi cua nganh tham van tren the g id i 63
III Diem qua vai net ve hoat dong tham van 0 Viet N a m 74
Chircmg 3 CAC LI TH U Y E T TIEP CAN CA NHAN TRON G THAJNI V A N TAM L I 11?
I Mot so li thuyet tam li hpc nen tang n g II Mot so phiro'ng phap tiep can than chu trong tham v a n
ChiM ng 4 NH A THAJNI V A N VA THAN CHU TRON G MOI QUAN HE THAM VAN TAM L I l8l I Nha tham van la con ngtfcri can b an g l8 l II Nha tham van la ngudi hanh nghe chuyen nghiep 1gy III Than chu va nan de cua than c h u 204
IV Moi quan h£ tham v a n 226
Chtrcmg 5 DAO DLTC TR O N G THAM VAN TAM L I 237
I Moi quan he giu'a luat phap va quy dieu dao du'c trong tham van 238
II M$t so nguyen tac dao du'c co b a n 243
III Gio'i thi?u cac tieu chuan dao du'c trong nganh tham v a n 251
IV Chimg chi hanh nghe tham van ,
Trang 7Chirotag 6
K Y nAn g T H A M V A N tAm L I 271
I KI nang lang nghe 274
II KI nang dat cau h o i 285
III K3 nang thau h ie u 300
IV KI nang phan hoi 3 °9 V / KI nang diin giai 3 20 VI KI nang xirli s y im la n g 324
VII KI nang thong d at 3 3 2 VIII KI nang cung cap thong tin 340
IX K3 nang b§c 1q ban than 345
X KI nang duong d au 349
C h u 'tfn g 7 Q U Y T R I N H T H A M V A N T A M L1 355
I Cac mo hinh tham v a n 3 5 5 II Lap ho so danh gia ban d au 375
III Htfdng dan thuc hi£n ke hoach xir l i 377
IV Phan tich s\rbien doi tam li trong qua trinh tham van/tri li£u 380 V Cong tac giam sat trong tham v a n 384
C h iftm g 8 L U Y E N T H V C H A N H T H A M V A N T A M L I 395
I Hinh anh ban than vdi tu cach la mot ca nhan va mot nha tham v a n 395
II Dao du'c nghe n gh iep 411
III KI nang tham v a n 416
IV Phan tich moi quan h? giira nhan thu"c - xuc cam - hanh v i 439
V Hoat dong tham van 445
Trang 8CHtTONG 1
THAM VAN TAM U
LA MOT KHOA HOC UNG DUNG
Cau hoi: Can bao nhieu nha tam li hoc de co the chuyen dcfi mot cu hanh?
Trd Idi: Chi can mot ngitdi, nhung cu hanh phai thiXc sit muon di chuyen.
Cau truyen vui tren phan anh triet li cua sit thay do'i trong tham van tam li la: Bat cu: thay doi nao dien ra trong cuoc ddi ban phai bat dau tit ban v&i nhitng co gang cua chinh ban Nha tam li hoc co the hit&ng dan ban vitcft qua nhitng nan de cua ban, nhitng khong ai co the lam thay ban.
(Raymond Lloyd Richmond)
T ron g chirong mQt, hoat d<?ng th a m van ta m li dirgfc nhin nhan nhir mQt n gan h k h o a hQC img dyng Chung toi se phan biet cac khai ni?m gan gui vcri th am van, nhir trQ giup tam li, th am van tam li, tir van va tri li£u tam li Cung vc/i cac khai ni£m nay chung toi se trinh
b ay m oi quan h<? gifra cac n g an h trQ giup, nhiT: T a m li hQC, T h am van, C on g tac xa h(?i va T am than hQC de ngirdi hQC th ay diTQc ranh gidi giira cac k h o a hQC co chung mQt hoat dQng trQ giup ta m li con
ngircri Do th a m van ta m li la mQt khoa hQC va mQt nghe, nen viec xac djnh m y c dich va nhi?m \ai cua no la het sure can thiet Cuon
“ T ham van tam I f n ay ditQc trinh b ay dircri goc do th a m van ca nhan, \i v ay \iec gio’i thi?u so b<? ve tham van n h o m va th am van gia dinh, theo ch u n g toi, la can thiet trong chiTQng nay
Trang 910 G I A O T R I N H T H A M V A N T A M II
i cAc k hAi n i e m
Cuqc s o n g lu o n lu o n d at ra nhtfng k h o kh an , th ach thu"c bu<?c con ngtfdi p h ai dtfOng dau V d i nhi'eu ngtfdi, ho co the de d a n g
h o a c v a t va ttf \arQt qua nhtfng k h o k h a n m a k h o n g can tcri sir trQ giup cua ngtfdi khac Nhtfng co k h o n g it ngtfdi da k h o n g t u lam dtfQc dieu nay, hQ can mQt stf trQ giup m a n g tinh k h o a h o c va
ch uyen n gh iep de co the vUQt q ua dUQc nhtfng k h o k h a n cua m inh
T ro n g trtfdng hQp k h o n g quan tam den stf g iu p d o b en ngoai, ca nhan co the ttf h u y hoai b an th an va n gu d i k h a c de co dUQc mQt cuqcso n g h a n h p h u c hQn T h a m van tam li ra ddi ch in h la de giup
d o cac ca nhan, n h o m ngtfdi theo cach n ay h a y cach kh ac, co dUQc mQt cuqc son g h a n h p h u c h on Trtfdc khi b an v'e th a m v a n vd i t u cach la mQt k h o a hQC, co mQt so th u at ngtf th tfd n g d u n g g'an vd i
kh ai n iem th a m va n can dUQc lam san g to
l TrQ giup tam li1
TrQ g iu p la mQt k h ai n ie m c h u n g
n h a t, dUQc d u n g tro n g cac m oi q uan
h e giao tiep deft thucrng, th eo cach
"giup n h au " - ai do giu p ai do D ac
biet, kh ai n ie m dUQc sir d u n g nhi'eu
tr o n g cac lin h vUc h o a t d o n g th uc
h a n h nhir t a m li hQC, c o n g tac xa hQi,
t h a m v an , t a m t h a n hQC Khai n iem
"trQ giu p " to n tai tir kh i xuat hien xa
hQi loai ngucfi v a h o a t dQng trQ giup
n a y co trUcfc khi cac n g a n h k h o a hQC
trQ giup ra deft N h tfn g hien tUQng
lien k e t giiJa con ngtfeft v 6 i n h au nhir:
"La la n h d u m la rach", "Ciru m an g",
"H o trQ" k h o n g d o n thu'an chi noi
den k h ia c a n h giu p d o vat chat, m a
d an g sau c h u n g con c h u a d im g y
Mpt so ngirdi co nhirng tir chat “bam sinh” de lam tham van Mot so khac khong the trd thanh nha tham van tot dii da qua nhi'eu khoa dao tao Hau het
chung ta dang a dau do giua
nhimg ngudi nay Chung ta bat dau tham van vdi vo so ! thoi quen tot va xau Vi \ a\- ^ chung ta phai duqc dao tao
va thudng xuyen nghien ciru cac nguyen tac chung ma mpt nha tham van can phai lam va co le quan trQng hern
la nhimg gi khong nen lair, trong tham van
1 Jill Taylor va Sheelagh Stewart - Tai li£u tap huan, (Trich tir: Bao life tinh due va bao lire gia dinh: Nhimg ho trgf, phuc hoi va hanh dong a Zimbabe).
Trang 10C H U O N G I: T h a m van t am If la m o t khoa hoc ufng dung 11
nghia "n an g d a tinh than" T ro n g khi do, n h im g khai niem nhtf
"Cho ldi k h u y e n " , "Chia se tam tinh", "Cam thong" h oan toan phan anh stf giu p d o tam li cho ngtfdi co nhu cau dtfQc trQ giup Phan n ay tap tr u n g noi v'e sit trQ giup tam li (H elp Pch ych ology),
vi vay co nhi'eu ch o ch ung toi chi d un g th u at ngtf "TrQ giup" nhung no dtfQc h ieu theo khia canh la trgf giup tinh than, ma khong de cap d en kh ia canh trQ giup vat chat
TrQ giup tam li, co the hieu mQt cach don gian, la mQt hoat dQng (mQt cong viec) giup dd cho ngtfdi dang co kho khan tam li
niem trQ giup tam li bao ham nhtfng cong viec cua ngtfdi giup do khong chuyen - tat ca mQi ngtfdi, va cong viec giup dd cua nhtfng ngudi chuyen nghiep - cong viec cua cac nha tam li hQC, nha tham van, nhan vien cong tac xa hQi, bac si tam than, nha giao due
Nhtf vay, tir viec ngtfdi nhi'eu tuoi bao ngtfdi it tuoi, ngtfdi co kinh nghiem bao ngtfdi chtfa co kinh nghiem, cha m e bao ban con cai, dac biet, nhtfng gia lang, trtfdng ban, thay lang, thay thuoc, thay cung, th'ay tu, th'ay giao den cac nha tam li hQC, cac chuyen vien ttf van hanh ngh'e tai cac cO sd deu la nhtfng ngtfdi lam cong viec trQ giup ngtfdi khac, bang cac cach khac nhau nhtf cho ldi khuyen, ran day, ttf vain, tham van va tri lieu Vdi cach hieu nhtf vay, trong xa hQi co rat nhi'eu kieu ngtfdi dang lam cong tac trQ giup va mire dQ hieu qua giup dtfQc ciia hQ la khong giong nhau Trong xa hQi co ba loai trQ giup ttfOng ting vdi ba kieu ngtfdi trQ giup:
-N g it& i tr'o' g iu p chuyen nghiep {p rofession a l helper): Do la
nhtfng ngtfdi dtfQc dao tao sau va chuyen biet ve nhtfng kien thtic,
ki nang tam li, h a n h vi con ngtfdi, ki nang giao tiep va giai quyet cac van de theo ch uy en nganh ciia hQ de co the dap ting vd i ddi
ttfQng m a hQ g iu p dd, nhtf ngtfdi lam ngh'e tam li hQC, th a m van,
co n g tac xa hQi, tam than hQC Cac nganh trQ giup ch uyen nghiep
n ay p han anh nhtfng m oi quan he trQ giup kh ac nhau, nhtf moi quan h e gitfa th a y th u o c - b en h nhan, nha th a m van - than
ch ii/khach h ang, can stf xa hQi - ddi ttfQng/than chu, n h a tri lieu tam li - th an ch ii/b en h nhan Hau het nhtfng ngtfdi trQ giup
ch uyen n gh iep deu co m oi quan he trQ giup chinh thtic Dd la moi