Simple Present Present Progressive Present Perfect Past Simple Get up early Wear a white T-shirt Be abroad Go to the movie theatre last night Ride a bike to school Wear a watch Study En
Trang 1Present Progressive S + am/ is/ are + V-ing
Present Perfect S + have/ has + Past Participle
Past Simple S + V-ed/ Verb in column 2
►Use
Present Simple: something always true (past, present and future)
Nhung rides her bike to school (Her habit every day)
Present Progressive: something happened at/ around the moment of speaking
Ngoc often goes to school by bus, but today she is riding her bike to school (At the moment of
speaking)
Present Perfect:
1 Something beginning in the past and continuing to the present
Binh has studied in that school for four years (He is still studying there now.)
2 Something happening at an unspecified point of time in the past
She has just washed her clothes
Past Simple: something beginning and ending in the past
Huy studied in that school for four years Then, he moved to another school
Exercises
A Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences
1 Tien isn’t at home He at the office
A works B working
C has worked D worked
2 This is the first time Quyen to the Mekong Delta, so everything is strange to her
A is going B has gone
C went D has been
3 Ha _ a dog, but it _ three years ago
A had/ died B had/ dead
C has had/ died D has/ died
4 Thuan in the kitchen She _ dinner
A is/ prepare B is being/ is preparing
C is/ is preparing D is being/ has prepared
5 Nam Cao _ a lot of excellent novels during his life
A writes B is writing
C has written D wrote
6 Mr Nam is a novelist and he a lot of novels
A writes B is writing
C has written D wrote
7 – Can I speak to Vien, please?
- I’m sorry, she _ out
A has gone B has been
C went D was
8 Ngoc badminton in her free time, but now she swimming
Trang 2Ôn t ậ p n g ữ p h á p t i ế n g A n h 1 0
A plays/ prefers B plays Is preferring
C played/ prefers D has played/ prefers
B Supply the correct tenses of the verb in parentheses
1 – What (do) _?
- I (look) for the information about Helen Keller
2 Mr Vinh is a writer He (write) 4 novels
3 My father (retire) _ last months He (work) _ all his life for one company
4 You can use my dictionary I (not/ need) _ it at the moment
5 Hurry up! The bus (come)
6 The team (win) _ 15 games so far this season
Last season, they (win) _ only 13 games
C Write true sentences about yourself, using the activities below, Remember to supply the correct forms of the verbs
Simple Present Present Progressive Present Perfect Past Simple
Get up early Wear a white T-shirt Be abroad Go to the movie
theatre last night
Ride a bike to
school Wear a watch Study English for
more than 5 years
Read a comic
book last week
Brush teeth twice
a day Do English exercises Listen to English
music
Eat a big breakfast
last weekend
Have more than
one sister Stay at home Join an English
speaking club
Help Mum do
housework
yesterday
Like candies Wear glasses See a famous person Be absent from
class yesterday
Example: I get up early
I don’t ride a bike to school
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Trang 310
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
D Make a similar table, using your own information The write sentences Simple Present Present Progressive Present Perfect Past Simple Ôn t ậ p n g ữ p h á p t i ế n g A n h 1 0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ôn t ậ p n g ữ p h á p t i ế n g A n h 1 0
§ 2 Revision of the Past Simple and Past Perfect
Revision
► Form
Past simple S + V-ed/ Verb in column 2
Past Perfect S + had + past participle
►Use
Past Simple
An activity in the past
Hung came to my house yesterday
Past perfect
An activity that was completed before
another activity in the past
I had already gone out when he got to
my house
An activity that had happened before a
point of time in the past
Mai had finished her homework by 5 p.m
yesterday
►Note
When before or after is used, the past perfect is not always necessary because the time relationship is
clear
The basketball match had started before you arrived at the stadium
The basketball match started before you arrived at the stadium
After Lien had started the phone, she went out
Trang 4After Lien answered the phone, she went out
Exercises
A Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences
1 Did anyone forget to lock the door yesterday afternoon?
A I don’t know I went out by noon
B I don’t know I had gone out by noon
2 Why are you so good at advertising?
A I worked for an advertising company for 5 years
B I had worked for an advertising company for 5 years
3 You lived in Hue from 1995 to 2000, right?
A Yes, And I lived in Da Nang by that time
B Yes And I had lived in Da Nang by that time
4 How did the play end?
A No idea I left when it ended
B No idea I had left when it ended
5 Did you see Lan yesterday?
A Yes She was having lunch when I saw her
B Yes She was having lunch when I had seen her
B Simple Past or Past Perfect? Use the Simple Past or Past Perfect tense of the verbs in the list
lend reach be
work change act
meet begin recognize
3 As soon as tourists the village, it to rain
4 Last month, a friend of mine _ me the book “Harry Potter” and I adored it from the very beginning Until that time, I (never) _ it interesting
5 We are very lucky and happy because our country _ independent by the time we were born
6 Last night, I my old friend at the bus stop At first, I (not)
_ her because she a lot
C Reading the following passage and fill in each blank with appropriate tense and form of the word in parentheses
Yesterday, (1) (be) a terrible day to me When I (2) _ (leave)
home for work at 7, it (3) (begin) to rain Since I (4) (not/have) an umbrella, I (5) (run) to the bus stop near my house Then, when I (6)
_ (get) into the bus, I (7) (discover) that I (8) _ (leave) my wallet at home.I was so embarrassed that I (9) (not/know) what to say Luckily, a kind woman (10) _ (lend) me 2000 dong to pay for the ticket
On the way home after work, I (11) _ (remember) that I (12) _ (not/take) the key with me so I couldn’t enter my house I had to wait until my sister (13)
(come) home at night
I thought a lot that night, and I had a lesson from that day All the bad luck of the day (14)
Trang 5_ (be) just because I (15) _ (not/prepare) well the night before
Ôn t ậ p n g ữ p h á p t i ế n g A n h 1 0
§3 Will, Be going to and Present Progressive
Revision
►Form
Future Simple S + will + bare infinitive
Near Future S + am/ is/ are going to + bare inf
Present Progressive S + am/ is/ are + V-ing
►Use
Future Simple: Describe something you have just decided to do now
- Do you know tomorrow is Lan’s birthday?
- Really? I’ll send a card
Near future: Describe something you have already decided to do before now or something that
is sure to happen
- Can you lend me your dictionary?
- Sorry but I’m going to use it
Present Progressive: Describe something you have already decided to do and made an
arrangement
- We are visiting Miss Ha this Sunday Will you join us?
- What a pity! I’m taking part in the TOEFL on that day
Exercises
A Choose the most appropriate reply to each of the following sentences
1 There’s a good film on at Minh Chau movie theatre tonight
A Wow! I’ll go and see it
B Wow! I’m going to see it
C Wow! I’m seeing it
2 The doorbell’s ringing
A I’ll answer it
B I’m going to answer it
C I’m answering it
3 How about the picnic this weekend?
A Sorry I’ll fly to Ha Noi
B Sorry I’m going to fly to Ha Noi
C Sorry I’m flying to Ha Noi
4 What’s wrong with you? Your face looks red
A I’ll be ill
B I’m going to be ill
C I’m being ill
5 Do you want some tea?
A No, thanks I’ll have a cup of coffee at the office, as usual
B No, thanks I’m going to have a cup of coffee at the office, as usual
C No, thanks I’m having a cup of coffee at the office, as usual
B Put the verbs in the correct tense (future simple, near future or present progressive)
Ôn t ậ p n g ữ p h á p t i ế n g A n h 1 0
C Each of the following sentences has a mistake on the verb tense Find and correct it
1 Do you know Miss Mai will get married next month?
Trang 6
2 A: I’m afraid we have to change our plan We can’t meet at the Italian restaurant because it’s
1 Look at the sky There are a
lot of clouds It (rain)
2 Oh dear! We (play)
_ soccer this
afternoon We’ve even bought
a new ball for this match
3 I’m afraid you have to delay
the match I hope the weather
you a hand Anyway, I’m
free all day
Ôn t ậ p n g ữ p h á p t i ế n g A n h 1 0
Trang 7Active: Peter builds a house
Passive: A house is built by Peter
►Use
Passive is used when
- We do not care who causes the action
- We do not know who causes the action
►Note
We cannot change an active sentence into passive if that sentence doesn’t have an object
I go to school everyday
(“go” is an intransitive verb and doesn’t have an object.)
When the subject in the active sentence is “someone, people” or pronouns such as “I, you, he”,
etc… we do not use “by + agent” in the passive sentence
Someone broke the window
The window was broken (NOT: by someone)
When the verb in the active sentence has two objects, (Direct Object Od and Indirect Object Oi), there are two ways to change the sentence into passive
Active S + V + O d + to/ for + Oi
Passive S + be + past participle + to/ for + Oi (+ by agent)
(same tense)
Active: Mary sent a letter to John two weeks ago
Passive: A letter was sent to John two weeks ago
Active S + V + O i + O d
Passive S + be + past participle + O d (+ by agent)
(same tense)
Active: My brother bought me a blue shirt
Passive: I was bought a blue shirt
Exercises
A Correct the mistakes where necessary
1 By 2010, the new house will have been building
Trang 87 I was given to a nice dress for my 18th birthday
B Complete the following sentences with a correct passive construction
1 We require suitable candidates to be bilingual
Suitable candidates bilingual
2 The Chairman of the Board asked the Managing Director to remain in charge for another year The Managing Director another year
3 The entire press corps is interviewing him right now
He right now
4 Didn’t anyone tell you to wear a jacket and tie in the restaurant?
to wear a jacket and tie in the restaurant?
5 They will have to rebuild the entire front of the prototype
The entire front of the prototype
6 Nobody has ever called me “Honey”!
“Honey”!
7 I haven’t decided on anything yet
Nothing yet
8 Someone told me that the road works caused delays
that the road works cause delays
9 People sometimes say that every cloud has a silver lining
It that every cloud has a silver lining
C Fill in the blanks with the suitable tenses and forms of the words in brackets
1 The words _ (explain) by the teacher today
2 We _ (send) a letter the day before yesterday
3 This street _ (already/ close) because of snow
4 A new restaurant _ (open) next week
5 He _ (invite) to his classmate’s party yesterday
6 I _ (give) the book by my friend next Tuesday
D Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks
1 An interesting idea _ for discussion
A put forward B was putting forward
C was putted forward D was put forward
2 My debt _ in five years time
A will paid off B will being paid off
C will be payed off D will be paid off
3 Visitors’ coats _ over there
A can hung up B can be hung up
C can be hanged up D can hang up
4 The flood water _ by barriers
A was be kept back B was been kept back
C was being kept back D was being keep back
5 The protesters _ by the police
A are being held back B are being holding back
C are being hold back D are holding back
6 Nothing _ me
Ôn t ậ p n g ữ p h á p t i ế n g A n h 1 0
A can held against B can be held against
Trang 9C can be hold against D can be holding against
7 She _
A had be never heard of B has never been heared of
C has never been herad of D has never been hearing of
8 The inconvenience _ by this money
A will make up for B will being made up for
C will been made up for D will be made up for
9 Three thousand employees _
A were lied off B were laying off
C were layed off D were laid off
10 _ to you yet?
A Have the book been given back B Have the book been gave back
C Have the book been give back D Have the book being given back
Active: You must do this immediately
Passive: This must de done immediately
Active S + modal + have + past participle + O
Passive S + modal + have been + past participle (+ by agent)
(same tense)
Active: They may have built the house in 1970
Passive: The house may have been built in 1970
Exercises
A Change the following sentences into passive, using the words given
1 It’s time the government took actions to solve the problem of unemployment (must)
B Read the situations and make sentences using passive voice with modals of the verb given
1 The pipe is leaking (repair)
It
2 John is seriously ill today (take)
Trang 10C Underline the correct answer
1 You (mustn’t be overcome/ mustn’t overcome) by the difficulties if you want to succeed in life
2 A party (may be given/ may being given) this weekend
3 Nothing (can’t be hear/ can be heard) because of the noisy surroundings
4 Nobody (could be received/ could receive) the gold medal
5 You (must be feeling/ must be felt) very happy because you’ve passed your final exam with satisfying marks
D Use the correct forms of the verbs in the box together with the modal verbs suggested after each sentence to make meaningful and correct sentences
split up understand shoot throw out spend
shake think of shut write sweep
1 The bottle _ (should not)
2 The class _ into groups of five in this speaking activity (should)
3 He _ in the crossfire yesterday (might)
4 The door _ I can’t remember closing it (can’t)
5 They _ so much money on the army (should)
6 All eventualities _ so that nothing will surprise us (must)
7 Nothing more _ about love (can)
8 Cleanliness is the slogan of the day So everything diligently (must)
9 Batteries _ in the communal waste (must not)
10 He speaks very slowly, so his _ easily (can)
Ôn t ậ p n g ữ p h á p t i ế n g A n h 1 0
§6 Present Perfect Passive
Revision
►Form
Active S + have/ has + past participle + O
Passive S + have/ has been + past participle (+ by agent)
Active: Somebody has eaten all the apples
Passive: All the apples have been eaten
►Use
To express an activity in the past but the result is in the present when it is not important to know the subject
The house is new now It has been painted
(We needn’t know who had painted the house)
To express an activity happening before now without knowing the time and it is not important to
Trang 11know the subject
The letter you sent her hasn’t been read yet
►Note
When we want to show who has performed the action, we use “by + agent”
The computer has been bought by another customer
Exercises
A Each sentence has a mistake Find and correct it
1 I have been invited to a party last week
have been was
2 The house is in a bad condition It has ever been tidied since 1995
B Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect tense, either active or passive
1 Long has to go to school by bus His bike (steal)
2 Nga has a broken leg She (fall) off her motorbike
3 We have to stop since the motorbike (run) out of petrol
4 The letter (send) _ but why _ I (receive) _ it yet
5 It (never, be) so hot this year
6 the meal (prepare) yet?
7 anyone (see) _ Hai recently?
8 It is the first time Nhan (rush) to hospital
C What has happened? Use the present perfect passive
1 The clothes are clean now
They have been washed
2 Mai and Thanh have two invitation cards to a party
7 There is no waste paper in the waste bin
The waste bin
8 People don’t have to pass the river on boats now
A new bridge
D Linda has a robot at home but her mother doesn’t want her to be lazy She wants her to do the
Trang 12house work on her own One day, when she comes home, the house is very tidy She asks Linda some questions Make questions and answers from the words provided, using the present perfect passive
1 The floor / clean
Mother: Has the floor been cleaned?
Linda: Yes, mum
2 The dishes / wash
Mother:
Linda: Of course they have
3 The clothes / iron
Mother: How about the clothes?
Linda: Look They are all in the wardrobe
4 The dinner / table
Mother:
Linda: Yes, it has
5 The bed / make
Mother:
Linda: It was made in the morning
6 The meal / prepare
Mother:
Linda: Yes Can you smell the food?
7 The flowers / water
Mother:
Linda: They are fresh now
8 Homework / do
Mother: You are so excellent
Linda: Yes, Mum
Mother: Hm… Linda Have you done all of the work?
Linda: Hm… I’ve only done my homework The others have been done by the robot
not as/ so + adjective / adverb + as
Tuan is as tall as his brother
Lam is not as clever as Thanh
COMPARISONS OF SUPERIORITY
short adjective / adverb –er + than
more + long adjective / adverb + than
less + adjective / adverb + than
Your CD player is cheaper than mine
The French restaurant is more expensive than the Italian restaurant
This term test is less difficult than the last one
►Use
Comparatives are used to compare two things or places or people
Trang 13►Note
Short Adjectives: adjectives that have only one syllable
Long Adjective: adjectives that have more than one syllable
Two-syllable adjectives that en in –ow, -et, -le, -y are considered short adjectives
narrow narrower quiet quieter clever cleverer
simple simpler busy busier
With some adjectives that end with consonant – vowel – consonant, we double the last letter
big bigger hot hotter
Two-syllable adjectives that end in –y, we make the comparative by changing the y to i and
adding er
angry angrier
Some common irregular comparatives
Adj / Adv Comparative Superlative
good / well better the best
bad / badly worse the worst
much / many more the most
little / few less the least
far farther / further the farthest / furthest
Exercises
A Fill in the blanks with suitable words
1 This exercise is than the previous one I can do the previous one very easily, but not this one
2 Riding a horse is not riding a bike You need more skills and practice
to ride a horse
3 These computers are than those
4 The world problems are getting to solve
5 Bob is than his brother He can solve almost any math problem
6 This time he’s made mistakes because he’s a proofread more carefully
7 – Who is , Mary or Jane?
- I think Mary is She’s 1.75 meters high
Ôn t ậ p n g ữ p h á p t i ế n g A n h 1 0
8 Are you sure that Sydney is than Anchorage?
9 Your glasses are mine Mine cost only 20,000 dong
10 I don’t think this unit is than the previous one I can understand this one better
B In the following six sentences, there is only ONE true sentence Correct the factual mistakes in the rest 5 Write the correct sentences in the spaces provided
1 Mt Blanc is higher than Mt Everest
Trang 146 Living in London is more expensive than living in Ha Noi
C Complete each sentence using an adjective from the box with –er or more or irregular expensive / cheap big / small hot / cold good / bad 1 If something improves, it gets
2 If something deteriorates, it gets
3 If something heats up, it gets
4 If something cools down, it gets
5 If prices go up, they get
6 If prices go down, they get
7 If something expands, it gets
8 If something shrinks, it gets
D Correct the grammatical and spelling mistakes
1 Chicago is dangerouser than London
2 New York is biger than Chicago
3 Americans work more hard than English people
4 The transport in London isn’t as well than San Francisco
5 The Americans drive more fast than the English
6 I’m more happy now because I’ve got a new job
7 Terminator 3 is badder than Terminator 2
8 Basketball players are more taller than baseball players
Ôn t ậ p n g ữ p h á p t i ế n g A n h 1 0
§8 Conditional Sentences
Revision
►Form
If clause Main clause
Type 1
Real in the Present/
Future
Present Simple Future Simple
Type 2
Unreal in the Present Past Simple
would
could + bare infinitive
might
Type 3
Unreal in the past Past Perfect
would
could + have + past participle
might
If the weather is fine, my family will spend the weekend in the country
I would help Hanh if I was/ were you
If it hadn’t been for your help, I wouldn’t have succeeded
►Note
We can use can/ may + bare infinitive in main clause for type 1
Hey! Let’s buy a map We may get lost if we don’t have a map
Trang 15For Type 2, in if clause, we can use either past simple or past subjunctive
(Past subjunctive: we always use were for the verb to be)
If I was/ were a teacher, I would be an English teacher
Exercises
A Choose the correct response for each of the following sentences
1 Excuse me! Can you show me the
way to Tao Dan park?
2 I really want to please my parents but
I don’t know how
3 Will you go on a picnic on Sunday?
4 Hoang! Can you lend me a hand?
5 How much sugar would you like in
your coffee?
6 Yesterday was Tam’s birthday
7 Today’s a volunteer day Every one’s
sweeping the streets outside
A I would have sent her a card if I had
known
B I would if I weren’t busy
C If I were you, I would talk to them
to see what they think
D I would join them if I weren’t ill
E If you go straight a long Nguyen Thi
Minh Khai street, you’ll see it on
your left
F We will if it doesn’t rain
G A little If you add so much, it’ll be
very sweet
B Supply the correct forms of the verb in parentheses, using conditional sentences (Type 1, 2, 3) Phuc: Excuse me, Miss Xuan! I was absent yesterday, so I don’t understand much about
your physics lesson about rains
Miss Xuan: What a pity! If you (1) _ (be) in class yesterday, you
(2) (see) a documentary about rains So what isn’t clear to you?
Phuc: Why does it rain?
Miss Xuan: Well! If the clouds (3) (become) so heavy for the steam in the air,
rain drop (4) (appear) and (5) _ (fall) down
Phuc: What about hails? Is there ice in the clouds?
Miss Xuan: Of course not If the temperature (6) (be) under 0oC, the rain
drops (7) _ (become) ice, like in the refrigerator Is there hail in
Viet Nam, Phuc?
Phuc: Rarely
Ôn t ậ p n g ữ p h á p t i ế n g A n h 1 0
Miss Xuan: Right But if it (8) _ (hail), what (9) you
_ (do) to keep safe?
Phuc: I wouldn’t go out because it would be very dangerous
C Make conditional sentences (Type1, 2, 3) from the following situations
1 Thanh is a good student She is going to take an exam Her parents have promised to give her a
Trang 16new bike as a gift for a good result
If Thanh has a good result, her parents will give her a new bike
2 Mr Thuan had an accident last week His head was badly injured because he didn’t wear a helmet
D Answer the following questions, using conditional sentences
1 What would you do if you were of the opposite sex?
Question word Examples
Who (subject) - Who is knocking at the door?
Who (object) - Who are you talking to?
What (subject) - What happened in 1945?
What (object) - What do you want to be in the future?
Where - Where can I find the best food in the city?
When - When did the World War II start?
Which - Which soup would you like, tomato or potato soup?
Why - Why are you crying?
Whose - Whose pen is it?
How - How do you travel to school?
Exercises
A Supply the correct words for the following questions
Trang 171 Mommy! is the sky so blue?
2 large is Vietnam?
3 There were two cakes on the table, has eaten one?
4 – Please give me my coat I have to leave now
- There are two coats one is yours?
5 Excuse me is the nearest hotel?
6 do you mean by saying you are full? You haven’t had much food Try some more
7 A: Can I speak to Tung, please?
B: He’s gone out
A: will he come back?
B: I’m sorry I don’t know
8 - Hey! I have a new job?
- Congratulations! company?
9 - is the weather?
- It’s the nicest day I’ve ever seen
10 - nationality are you?
- Vietnamese
11 - Nhan has three bags bag does he like most?
- The blue one
B Match the questions in column A to their appropriate answers in column B
A B
1 Who knows the answer?
2 What was the movie about?
3 What brand name is your TV?
4 How long does it take to go to your house?
5 Whose book are you holding?
6 How many times do I have to tell you not to
run around?
7 Where were you last month? I phoned you
but you weren’t in
8 What is the capital of China?
a I’m sorry, Mum
g A sad love story in China
h Lan’s She left it here
i Beijing
j In Beijing I was on
Ôn t ậ p n g ữ p h á p t i ế n g A n h 1 0
9 When will the match start?
10 Why didn’t you go to class yesterday?
business
C Make questions for the following replies
Trang 181
I’d like a beefsteak, please 2
I’m watering the plants in the garden 3
It takes about ten minutes to go to school 4
She’s 1.6 meter tall 5
The red book is mine D Hung is at an oral exam in English Below is the information about him Work in pair One is the examiner and the other is Hung Make questions and answer Name: Dang Van Hung Age: 15 Class: 10B Date of birth: Mar 14, 1991 Place of birth: Can Tho Address: 125 Nguyen Trai Str, District 1 Hobbies: swimming and reading Favourite subject: English and Georgraphy Started studying English: 10 years old in a center near home Reasons for studying English: like it, father is an English teacher Examiner 1 What your name? 2 ………
3 ………
4 ………
5 ………
6 ………
7 ………
8 ………
9 ………
10 ………
11 ………
Hung 1 I’m Hung, Dang Van Hung 2 ………
3 ………
4 ………
5 ………
6 ………
7 ………
8 ………
9 ………
10 ………
Trang 1911 ………
E Now, you are talking the oral exam Ask and answer about yourself and fill in the information below Examiner 1 What your name? 2 ………
3 ………
4 ………
5 ………
6 ………
7 ………
8 ………
You 1 My name is ………
2 ………
3 ………
4 ………
5 ………
6 ………
7 ………
8 ………
Ôn t ậ p n g ữ p h á p t i ế n g A n h 1 0 9 ………
10 ………
11 ………
9 ………
10 ………
11 ………
Name: ………
Age: ………
Class: ………
Date of birth: ………
Place of birth: ………
Address: ………
Hobbies: ………
Favourite subject: ………
Started studying English: ………
………
Reasons for studying English: ………
………
Ôn t ậ p n g ữ p h á p t i ế n g A n h 1 0
§10 Defining Relative Clauses
Revision
►Form
Function
No comma used in defining relative clause
Relative pronouns
Trang 20Person Thing
Subject who / that which / that
Object who / whom / that which / that
Possessive whose whose
►Use
Defining relative clauses are clauses that give essential information to define or identify the
person or thing we are talking about Obviously, this is only necessary if there is more than one person
or thing involved
Students who have good marks will receive presents
(There are many students, but only those with good marks can get presents.)
►Note
The relative pronoun stands in place of a noun This noun usually appears earlier in the
sentence
The woman who spoke at the meeting was my sister
Who, whom and which can be replaced by that This is very common in spoken English
The woman who / that spoke at the meeting was my sister
The relative pronoun can be omitted when it is the object of the clause
The mouse that the elephant loved was very beautiful
Or The mouse the elephant loved was very beautiful
Both of these sentences are correct, though the second one is more common in spoken English
Whose is used for things as well as for people
The man whose car was stolen is my friend’s father
Whom is very formal and is only used in written English You can use who / that, or omit the
pronoun completely
The doctor whom / who / that I was hoping to see wasn’t on duty
That normally follows
- words like something, anything, everything, nothing, all, only, much, little, some, no and
superlatives
I will give you all the money that I have
He was the first person that could answer such a difficult question
Everything that I learned proves to be useful now
This is the most beautiful dress that I have
- mixed antecedent
I haven’t seen the man and his two dogs that passed my house everyday lately
- interrogative pronoun who and that
Who is she that you say hello?
We cannot use that
- in non-restrictive clause
John, who (not that) we are talking about, is a teacher
- after preposition
The bed which we sleep in is very comfortable
(= The bed in which we sleep is very comfortable.)
The bed that we sleep in is very comfortable
Trang 211 The paintings have been found They disappeared from the museum some time ago
The paintings
2 I bought a pair of shoes yesterday They were made in Italy The shoes
3 We listened to her talk last night It was really interesting The talk
4 Do you know that tall man? Our principal is talking to him Do you know
5 The dog is Mr Thompson’s It is very savage The dog
6 The woman lives next door to us She is a top model The woman
7 I wrote Susan a letter this morning Did you send it for me? Did you send
8 This is my close friend I talked to you about him last night This is
B Match the parts on the left (1-5) with the parts on the right (a-e) to make complete sentences Write the suitable relative pronouns on the spaces in front of the right parts, then write the complete sentences in the spaces below 1 The taxi driver a ……… I saw last night wasn’t very good 2 The movie b ……… I spoke to at the party gave me advice 3 The director c ……… took me to the airport was friendly 4 The story d ……… got the most votes received the Oscar 5 The man e ……… we are reading is called “the Lotus Eater” 1
2
3
4
5
C Choose the correct relative pronoun to fill in the gap There may be more than one correct answer for some questions
1 The girl is sitting in front of you now, is a friend of mine
A whom B who C which
2 The letter you sent to our customers last week contained three spelling errors
A to which B who C which
3 The car I fancy most is Mercedes
A that B which C what
4 I am looking for a plant flowers in February
A that B which C who
5 I have just finished a book about a piano player sole ambition in life was to
perform for the pope
A whose B which C whom
6 I have been invited to the birthday party of a friend I haven’t seen for years
A which B whom C whose
7 The person An is most keen on is me
A whom B on whom C which
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Trang 228 Where can I find a shop sells literature books?
A that B who C whose
D Decide if the words who, which and that are the subject or object of each relative clause and
write A or B in the correct spaces
A the SUBJECT of the relative clause
B the OBJECT of the relative clause
1 Long is the person who told me the news Who is
2 Nha is the person who I told the news Who is
3 You must use who if it is refers to
4 You do not need to use who (or whom) if it refers
5 This is the book which uncle Nam lent me Which is
6 I don’t like films which have open endings Which is
7 You must use which if it refers to
8 You do not need to use which if it refers to
9 She’s the one that my brother loves That is
10 The boy and his dog that are having a walk in the park live next door to me That is
Peter, who is a lawyer, talks persuasively
Relative pronouns in non-defining clauses
Person Thing
Subject who which
Object who / whom which
Possessive whose whose
►Use
The information in these clauses is not essential It tells us more about some or something
Elephants that loves mice are very unusual
(That tells us which elephants we are talking about defining clause.)
Elephants, which are large and grey, can sometimes be found in zoos
(This gives us some extra information about elephants We are talking about all elephants, not just one type or group non-defining clause)
►Note
In non-defining clauses, you cannot use that instead of who, whom or which
You cannot leave out the relative pronoun, even when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause
He gave me the letter, which was in a blue envelope
He gave me the letter, which I read immediately
Non-defining clause can be introduced by expressions like all of, most of, any of, (a) few of, both of, each of, either of, half of, many of, much of, none of, one of + relative pronoun
(whom / which)
There were a lot of people at the party, many of whom I had known for years
He was carrying his belongings, many of which were broken
Trang 23Which can be used to modify the whole idea In this case, it must follow a comma
You passed the exam And this makes me happy
You passed the exam, which makes me happy
Exercises
A Combine the following sentences, using non-defining clauses
1 The world’s biggest melon would have fed 400 people It weighed over 90 kilos
B Rearrange the jumbled sentences below Add commas where necessary
1 our month headmaster is wife is teacher retiring an next whose English
C Add commas where necessary
1 The people who live next door helped us move the furniture
2 Have you got the letter that I sent you?
3 Lam whom I’ve known for years is a very nice person
4 I met Loan last night with a friend who is studying at Tran Dai Nghia High School
5 The chair that was broken has now been repaired
6 Last week I met Lan who told me she was going on holiday soon
D Fill in the gaps with the suitable relative pronouns Add commas where necessary
1 I can’t find a book _ you lent me last week
2 He wrote a book _ the critics disliked
3 The management didn’t consider my application _ I thought was rather unfair
4 Kevin Slob _ used to be plumber is now a movie star
5 His second film _ was released last week is called Big Frank
6 The song Teardrops _ reached the number two in the hit list ten years a go has become very popular again
Trang 24Ôn t ậ p n g ữ p h á p t i ế n g A n h 1 0
§12 Reducing Relative clauses
Revision
1 A relative clause is an adjective clause
Anyone who wants to get the news can listen to the massage
2 A reduced relative clause is a phrase
Anyone wanting to get the news can listen to the message
►Note
If the relative clause is in active voice, it will be reduced into present participle phrase (Ving)
The teacher who is teaching me is very good
The teacher teaching me is very good
If the relative clause is in passive voice, it will be reduced into past participle phrase
The man who was beaten by a dog has been taken to the hospital
The man beaten by a dog has been taken to the hospital
Exercises
A Change the relative clauses into participle phrases
1 The man who is sitting at the corner table seems familiar to me
B Fill in the blanks using present participle or past participle
1 Peter is the boy _ (carry) the flag
2 Have you seen any books _ (write) by Mark Twain?
3 The train _ (stand) at platform 6 is for Nha Trang
4 Children _ (bear) in Africa suffer a number of disadvantages
5 The man _ (send) to repair our central heating was totally incompetent
6 People _ (live) in high-rise blocks of flats often complain about loneliness
C Choose the correct equivalents
1 The girl invited us to the party She dropped me a message this morning
A The girl dropping me a message this morning invited us to the party
B The girl dropped me a message this morning invited us to the party
2 The song was performed by Sting It’s becoming nationally popular
A The song performing by Sting is becoming nationally popular
B The song performed by Sting is becoming nationally popular
3 The man was not English He was talking to us about psychology
A The man talked to us about psychology was not English
B The man talking to us about psychology was not English
Trang 254 The guy was very nice He interviewed me
A The guy interviewed me was very nice
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B The guy interviewing me was very nice
5 The big sum of money was found this morning by the police It had been lost some day before
A The big sum of money lost some days before was found by the police
B The big sum of money losing some days before was found by the police
6 I like that boy He gave me a lift to school this morning
A I like the boy giving me a lift to school this morning
B I like the boy given me a lift to school this morning
D Write sentences from the words given, using reduced relative clauses and making any changes
or additions where necessary
1 man / wear / big / hat / be / Mr Brown
“Don’t spend too much money on shopping”, said a friend of mine
A friend of mine advised me not to spend too much money on shopping
“I’ll finish your shirt next week”, said the tailor
The tailor promised to finish my shirt the following week
S + suggest
recommend + V-ing
“Let’s go to Ha Long on summer vacation.”
Trang 26he suggested going to Ha Long on summer vacation
S + apologize + (to + O) + for + Noun / Noun phrase
+ V-ing
“Sorry I’m late”, said Lan
Lan apologized (to me) for
+ that + S1 + bare inf
“Science serves to improve our lives”, say scientists
Scientists insist that science serve to improve our lives
(me) (not) (eat) too much fat
(does) morning exercises regularly
(make) me angry last week
(study) together
(go) on a picnic with me
(think) of my future career
(travel) on summer vacation
(lend) me some of his reference books
(stay) up late
(come) to my birthday party
The doctor advised me not to eat too much fat
Trang 271 Mr Trong has a heart disease; so the doctor him not to work so hard
2 The step mother Cinderella to do all the housework if she wanted to go to the prince’s festival
3 If you want to be a good teacher in the future, I studying more and more
4 Long had to to his friend for his silly joke
5 Last night, Le that there be nobody downstairs although I heard somebody
making noise And now, we found out that our money has disappeared
6 At last, Duyen to come to our party although she was very busy with her study
7 “Where’s Phuoc? Yesterday, he to go with us; but now we can’t find him
anywhere.”
8 In the meeting last month, we changing new computers in the office but nothing has been done
C Following is what Chung’s mother talked to him Be Chung and report them to his friend
Don’t go out so late It’s very dangerous
I’m free this weekend We’ll go to the water park Do you like it?
Your shirt is still new; so don’t ask for a new one It’s a waste of money
Why don’t you study in the morning and go to bed early? It’s not good to stay up late to study
I know you don’t like vegetables, but you must eat them You are very fat now
Your report
1 Mr Khoa promised to raised out salary the salary the following month
2
3
- I’ll raise your salary next month
- Tell Mrs Linh not to use the office phone for
Trang 28By the way, I’m
- Tell Mr Khoa that I will never use the office
phone for personal calls
- I need the letter to the customers from Mr
Hoang to type it You know, I have to finish it
Trung kept going although I told him to stop
I don’t mind staying at home alone
Some verbs are followed by gerund:
Trang 29…
Verbs + to-infinitive
V + to-infinitive
He promised to lend me his bike but he forgot
Some verbs are followed by to-infinitive:
The man told me to turn left to the nearest hotel
Some verbs are followed by O + to-infinitive
Some verbs can go with either gerund or to-inf
remember, forget + Gerund = remember / forget something that happened in the past remember, forget + to-inf = remember / forget to perform a duty
Long never remembers to lock his bike
Where’s my key? I remember giving it to you
try + gerund = experiment with a new thing (thử)
try + to-inf = make an effort (cố gắng)
I’ve lost my key I tried opening the door with another key but it didn’t work
Linh tried to work hard to support her family
stop + gerund = stop something you are doing
stop + to-inf = stop in order to do something
The dog stopped eating because there was no meat left in the bowl
The boys stopped to take a rest
Trang 30(eat) more fruits and vegetables
(read) books in my free time
Tommy is a 12-year-old boy from the USA This is the first time he been to Vietnam and he
likes Vietnam a lot He (1) riding his bike along Sword Lake in the morning On
Sunday morning, he goes swimming with some of his Vietnamese friends Although Ha Noi in
October is cold, he doesn’t (2) swimming in cold water because he is used to the
coldness in his country
Four months ago, his father (3) him to attend a Vietnamese course At first, he
didn’t like it, but now he enjoys the course so much because his Vietnamese is much better He (4) speaking since he has a lot of chances to practice with his friend; but (5) Vietnamese grammar However, he will never give up He promises to himself that he will (6)
to master Vietnamese grammar since he (7) to be researcher in
Vietnamese studies
C V-ing or to-inf? Ngan and Hang are on a picnic by the seaside Read the conversation and use
the correct form of the verbs in brackets
Ngan: Hang! Did you remember (1) (bring) the water?
Hang: Of course Here is it! Want some more?
Ngan: Thanks! Oh dear I forgot (2) (take) the can-opener How can we open the
food cans?
Hang: No problem Let’s try (3) (open) them with a knife Oh! Where’s the knife? I
remember (4) (put) it in the backpack last night
Trang 31Ngan: Is it over there? In the box?
Hang: Ah, yes! I’ll prepare the food while you are setting up the tent
(10 minutes later)
Ngan: The tent’s OK now Let’s stop (5) (go) swimming The weather’s so nice Hang: Good idea Don’t forget (6) (put) everything in the tent
D Choose the correct answer for each sentence
1 Bao is too fat The doctor eating less meat
3 Do you happen to see my key?
A I remember to see you put it on the desk
B I remember see you put it on the desk
C I remember you put it on the desk
D I remember seeing you put it on the desk
4 Some people are very indifferent They going when they see an accident
A keep B decide
C still D aren’t
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5 Oh! It’s 9 pm It’s time to go! Good bye
A Bye Hope to see you again B Bye Hope seeing you again
C Bye Nice to see you again D Bye Nice seeing you again
6 He likes being alone
A He hopes to meet people B He hopes meeting people
C He avoids to meet people D He avoids meeting people
Ôn t ậ p n g ữ p h á p t i ế n g A n h 1 0
§15 Adjective Used as Nouns
Revision
►Form
Some Adjectives can be used as Nouns
Blind people have difficulty studying in normal high school
OR The blind have difficulty studying in normal high school
►Note
Normally, we use the before the adjectives used as nouns
The black have been fighting for their rights in South Africa
Normally, adjectives used as nouns refer to a group of people / things that have the feature, and they go with plural verbs
The old normally live on pension
Sometimes, adjective used as nouns refer to specific people / things, and they go with singular verbs
That is a strange family There are two members; one is good and other is bad The good often helps other villagers while the bad hates them
Exercises
A What can’t these people do?
The blind
Trang 32express their feelings by saying out
hear what people say
Buy they are still useful They can do a lot of things
express what they think by writing down
help their children with things around the house
read books written in Braille system
talk to others by gestures
study and work with hearing-aids
Match the things they cannot do and things they can do
1 The blind can’t see things but they can read books written in Braille system
2
3
4
5
B Replace Adj + N with an adjective where possible If it is impossible to do so, write I
1 The city has a project to help poor people often living in slums along the river
C Fill in each blank with an appropriate adjective in the box below If they function as nouns,
add the If they function as adjective, keep their form
young elderly blind good
Tuan: Hi Thang! I didn’t see you in the library yesterday Where were you?
Thang: Yesterday morning? I taught English at Nguyen Dinh Chieu School
Tuan: Is it a school for (1) _?
Thang: Yes You know (2) _ children are very smart And they like English
Tuan: Sure So you are a volunteer, aren’t you?
Thang: Yes We are in a group of almost all (3) _ students
Tuan: I know (4) _ are very enthusiastic and active
Thang: So are (5) _ Our group leader, Mr Tai is a retired teacher who is 60 years
old; but he is always available whenever he is needed He sets a good example for all of us
Trang 33Tuan: Wow Can I join you?
Thang: Why not? The children really need you Love other people with all your heart, and you’ll
fell happy Mr Tai said that (6) _ always feel peaceful and happy
Tuan: Ok Next time I’ll go with you
Ôn t ậ p n g ữ p h á p t i ế n g A n h 1 0
§16 Compound Adjectives
Revision
►Form
Noun + Adjective Compound Adjective
This is a frost-free fridge You can take the food out easily whenever you need it