• Luot Mountain are relatively homogeneous with low hills, with little division, consisting of two successive hills running about 2 km in the east to west direction. • A peak with an absolute height of 133m. The other peak has an absolute height of 76m, the average slope is 150, where the steepest is 270. • Direction main in the northeast, northwest and southeast. The topography is favorable for afforestation. Some indigenous species have been planted here: Erythrophleum fordii (Lim xanh), Dalbergia tonkinensis Prain (Sua bac bo), Fernandoa (Dinh thoi). In places where big sloping is prone to erosion, it is important to plant broadleaved and staggered species
Trang 1I. INTRODUCTION
A. Luot Mountain
1. Natural condition
a. Topographic
• Luot Mountain are relatively homogeneous with low hills, with little division, consisting of two successive hills running about 2 km in the east to west direction
• A peak with an absolute height of 133m The other peak has an absolute height of 76m, the average slope is 150, where the steepest is 270
• Direction main in the northeast, northwest and southeast The topography is favorable for afforestation Some indigenous species have been planted here: Erythrophleum fordii (Lim xanh), Dalbergia tonkinensis Prain (Sua bac bo), Fernandoa (Dinh thoi) In places where big sloping is prone to erosion, it is important to plant broad-leaved and staggered species
b. Geology and soil
• The soil in the Luot Mountain area is the yellowish brown feralite developed on the
Poocfiarite parent rock belonging to the neutral igneous rock group, the thick or medium layer depending on the location of the terrain
• The thick soil is concentrated at the foot of two hills, the south-eastern slope of the hill and the southwest slope of the hill The thin clay layer is concentrated on the top of the hill, the Northeast side of the hill is low and the hillside of the Southeast is high The thin soil layer
is also concentrated rocky rocks, rocky road heads concentrated on the top and near the top
133 m
• Land in the area is quite complex in terms of its nature and formation, the core elements required in the rock ratio, and the soil layer and after the actual operation of the object Under the most meat from the meat When a forest is special to undergrowth forest some of the soil properties are significantly improved Humus content in the soil is 2-3%, pH <7
c. Climate and hydrology
• Climate :
- Luot Moutain in the tropical monsoon climate with two distinct seasons: the rainy season lasts from April to October and the dry season lasts from November to March
- Humidity: Air humidity is relatively high on average of 84%, but uneven between months of the year Annual average evaporation is 602mm, highest and May (78.5mm), lowest in February (47.6mm)
- Rain regime: The total rainfall in the year is 1753mm, the average rainfall is 146mm, the rainfall is unevenly distributed in the year, the highest monthly rainfall (July and August) is 312mm, and the lowest month (January) is 15mm
- Thermal regime: the annual average temperature is 23.20C, the average temperature of the hottest month (July, August) is 28.50C, the coldest month (January) is 16.50C, the hot season Temperatures above 250C last from May to mid-September, the cold season has average temperature below 200C, last from December to March, and the remaining months have the average temperature of 20 - 250C
Trang 2- With the temperature, humidity and precipitation levels, the monsoon tropical vegetation is rich and diverse, suitable for big and big timbers such as: Erythrophleum fordii (Lim xanh), Fernandoa (Dinh Thoi), Aglaia (Goi)…
• Hydrology :
- The area has two rivers flowing, surrounded by Bui River and Tich River with the area of rivers and streams is 29.43ha In addition, there are also systems of lakes, dams such as Vai reservoir, Tung dam, ensuring sufficient water supply for the whole area of rice and other land
- However, ground water in this area is relatively deep, which is quite unfavorable for plants
in hot weather
d. Animal and plant
- Plant: Experimental Forests Pinus has recorded in the area of 342 species of vascular plant species, belonging to 257 genera and 90 families Regional plants are diverse in forms of life and values: there are 9 types of life and 7 groups of values
- Animal: There are 156 species of vertebrate species in 20 orders, 60 families and 104 species in which 21 species of rare animals 409 species of insects from 87 families and 13 insects have been identified The set includes 208 species, 135 varieties, 30 families, 10 classes, 4 sub-branches
2. Social and economic conditions
a. Socio-economic situation
The Xuan Mai area is predominantly Muong and Kinh Cultivation practices are sedentary farming and forestry The level of culture as well as life in recent years has improved In addition, there are other units of the army and schools that have contributed to boosting the socio-economic development and raising the intellectual level of indigenous peoples
Regarding traffic, the National Road 21A has been upgraded for convenient transportation and transportation of agricultural and forestry products, fertilizers and seedlings With abundant rural human resources sufficient to meet the demand for manpower for
development forestry
b. The situation of production and business
The method of business to take advantage of the forest to date: Luot Mountain is an experimental forest of the VNUF, which is a special-use forest, mainly for study and research of students The main ways of doing business in forest use are forest plantation, pruning of bent trees and pests that are not meaningful to the forest In the selection of the former crop, two species of trees were planted here: pine and acacia However, we find that these two species
do not really fit the site conditions here, so the average growth rate is even weak, so in recent years have planted some indigenous and indigenous species In the coming time, it is necessary to continue to gradually replace pine and acacia species to increase biodiversity
B. The subject: Dasia olivacea
Trang 3Description
Mature individuals of Dasia olivacea have a green back, with bronze scales towards the flanks and 12 bands of ocelli (eye-like spots) reaching from side to side The head is primarily a dark olive-green colour with black markings; the underside of the head is a bluish to yellowish green Distribution
Dasia olivacea is found south of approximately 15° north in Southeast Asia, including parts of Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam, Laos, Malaysia and Singapore as well as throughout the island of Borneo, on Java, Sumatra and nearby Indonesian islands, and the Indian Andaman and Nicobar Islands It is known from a single locality in Cambodia The northernmost locality for D
olivacea is the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station in the Nakhon Ratchasima Province of eastern Thailand
Habitat and Ecology
This species is a canopy-dwelling arboreal species (R Inger pers comm.), living almost
exclusively in trees and only coming down to the ground to nest or move between trees (Grismer
et al 2006) It has been found in flatland trees as well as coastal areas (Rogner 1997) A study in
1986 found the species in primary rainforests, cultivated patches, in gardens and on individual isolated palm trees (Grossmann 1986)
The species is oviparous The eggs undergo an incubation period of 69 days (Grossmann 1986) Clutch sizes may range up to 14 eggs and more than one clutch may be produced each year (Das 2002)
Major Threat(s):
Conversion of forest in southeast Asia into agriculture or mosaic, and degradation to savanna or woodlands results in habitat destruction for the native arboreal species The annual deforestation rate in southeast Asia has been calculated at 0.91% from 1990-1997, with much higher rates in specific regions (Archard et al 2002) Central Myanmar, Central Sumatra, and Southern Viet Nam, all regions where this species is present, have experienced annual deforestation rates of
~3.0%, 3.2-5.9% and 1.2-3.2%, respectively (Archard et al 2002)
Inger (pers comm.) states that though widespread in Borneo, the species is dependent on the continued existence of large areas of forest and that, as a forest-restricted species, the rate of deforestation puts it at risk
The tourism industry in this region may also cause habitat destruction or degradation The Seribuat Archipelago of Malaysia, for example, supports a growing tourism industry, but the effects of this on the species is not yet known (Grismer et al 2006)
Trang 4Though this species is impacted by these threats in parts of its range, it remains widespread and these are not considered major threats at this time
Through this field trip, we will learn more about the habitats and food sources of reptiles and amphibians in the Luot Mountain area
Trang 5II. Method:
1 Field investigation
1.1.Study site survey
In 2 day at Luot mountain, we conduct the survey on study site from 19h00 to 22h30 Because at that period time, almost reptile and amphibian species finding out foods in order to investigate study site for finding those species, we established 2 plots ( about 1000m 2 each one) at Luot mountain, first day at steep of Love hill slope, about 200m far from Second across of Luot mountain Next day, at first across Another group vice versa Two plots with 2 groups aims to compare the result from study site investigation of 2 groups.
In order to find new species and make sure that is all of new species in the both of 2 plot at which 2 group surveyed.
In each of plots, we also established 4 plots are the same each other So we have 3 sub-plots has 2 people in each on and last sub-plot has only one people We go thought the forest to find out reptile and amphibian species
2 Sampling
2.1 Sample instruments
- Plastic bag: to store samples which taken from field.
- GPS: checking points at which taken samples
Trang 6- Snake catching stick
- Camera or mobile phone for taking photo
2.2.Taking sample method
- Before we catch any reptile or amphibian species in study site, we take photo in natural condition and check point by GPS at the same time
Trang 7- When we follow and catch that species, blow a little bit of air in plastic bag for its respiring, put it into plastic bag and keep it carefully
Note: + with each of species, we should take one sample in order to protect number of individuals in nature.
+ with a snake and dangerous species, we use snake catching stick and call for teacher help.
2.3 Sampling method
2.3.1 Sampling instruments
- Water resistance pen for record samples detail on tag
- Verminous and Tag for record sample details
- Ethanol 70 ˚ for analysis sample and sample reservation.
Trang 8- Sample vase or jars for store and sample reservation
- Syringe for pricking Ethanol into samples
- Caliper to measure parameters of sample
Trang 92.3.2 Sampling method
- Choose one individual of reptile or amphibian species
- Take pictures naturally and for some characteristics of that species If sample has fast movement , we can prick some ethanol or make it shocked by your hand.
- Prick enough Ethanol 70 ˚ into its stomach and wait for minutes
- Record sample details by water resistance pen on tag : + location year/ order
+ date and month
- Spray Ethanol on sample skins and wait 40-45 minutes Sample should be covered by a tissue and continuously spray ethanol for humidity kept.
- Put sample into sample vase and add enough of ethanol for sampling reservation.
- After 1 hour, take sample out of vase reservation and measure some parameter
Trang 10III. Result
The first sample site was held at: 20.912046, 105.566513
The second sample site was held at: 20.913329, 105.574892
The time when field work is conducted is around 7-10PM
Beside the main subject Dasia olivacea, we also collected various of others amphibians such as
Odorrana livida and Duttaphrynus melanostictus
Because Odorrana livida and Duttaphrynus melanostictus are not in out interest of research, we
decided to free them all
Anatomy Detail:
- Subject was a male
- The dorsal and lateral colour is greenish-brown, with transversely arranged black spots (with white central portions)
- Back of the head with black markings which are confined to the edges of the scales; belly is paleblue, green or yellowish
- Snout is moderately pointed; supranasals are not in the contact with one another; frontonasal is
of square shaped; prefrontals large, generally in contact with one another
- frontal is as long as or a little longer than the frontoparietals and inter-parietal together;
interparietal completely separates the parietals
- A pair of nuchals is always present
- Supraoculars are 4 in number (second is the largest, first two in contact with the frontal), supraciliaries are 8, the first one is longer than the others
- Both the anterior and posterior loreals are longer than high; temporal scales are not enlarged; ear-opening is small; tympanum is deeply sunk; upperlabials are 7, fifth one is the longest is below the eye; dorsal scales are equal, with 3-7 keels; 28-30 scales round the body; preanals not enlarged Limbs are moderate, 17-22 lamellae beneath the fourth toe, palms of hands and soles of feet with flat tuberles, the keel is with 2-3 much enlarged ones Tail tapers to a point, the median series of scales on the under side are transversely enlarged Standard length 115 mm.; taillength
153 mm
Trang 15IV. CONCLUSION
Biodiversity is our life If e Biodiversity got lost at this rate then in near future, the survival of human being will be threatened So, it is our moral duty to conserve Biodiversity as well our Environment Long-term maintenance of species and their management requires co-operative efforts across entire hardscapes Biodiversity should be dealt with at scale of habitats or ecosystems rather than at species level.
Forests contain a greater range of biodiversity than any other ecosystems on earth Only a fraction of the species found in forests have been examined and studied A single massive tree in the Amazon rainforest can be home for thousands of species The wide variety of trees and plants found in tropical forests comprises particularly intensive biodiversity This biodiversity is be important on its own terms in ways
we may not currently understand, as interdependent species have evolved over millions of years to interact and flourish.
Trang 16Luot Mountain is the largest gathering place for the number and diversity of flora and fauna throughout the area Is a place to teach scientific research of students and faculty in the VNUF So protecting the biodiversity of Luot Mountain is important and necessary.
Dasia olivacea make up a significant proportion of the middle-order predators that keep our natural ecosystems working Without them the numbers of prey species would increase to unnatural levels and the predators that eat snakes struggle to find food Dasia olivacea contributes to reptile diversity in particular and Luot mountainous ecosystems in general.