The Scientific RevolutionThe Rise of Science 16th – 18th cents.. The Scientific RevolutionRevolution in Astronomy – Ptolemaic Theory GEOCENTRIC universe Group of concentric spheres Bibl
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The Rise of Science (16th – 18th cents.)
– The Ancient and Medieval Mindset
Dependent on Greco-Roman thinkers
No clear-cut lines between science and pseudoscience Europe still very “religious” and “superstitious”
– Science became more “modern” (by 17th cent.)
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Revolution in Astronomy
– Ptolemaic Theory
GEOCENTRIC universe Group of concentric
spheres Bible, human observation “support” this
– Celestial bodies
contain “ether”
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
– Polish cleric
Proposed HELIOCENTRIC universe
– Remained hypothesis
initially
Many astronomers hesitated to adopt it Mathematical concerns
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The Copernican system
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Johann Kepler (1570-1630)
confirmation for Copernicus’s theory
Motion
Planets follow elliptical orbits, not circular
Distance and time of revolution in constant ratio
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Galileo Galilei
(1564-1642)
Padua
telescope
Imperfections on moon
Sunspots
– Demonstrate
uniformity between heavens and Earth
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Trang 9Galileo: Outspoken Advocate of Copernican Theory – Asked to treat theory as hypothesis, not fact…
– Did not! summoned to Rome (1632), house arrest
– Trial before Inquisition (1633)
– Died within Catholic Church (1642)
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2009
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Questions?
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Further Advances
– Physics: Law of Gravity
Sir Isaac Newton
(1642-1727)
Gravity: same force that
holds object on Earth
holds planets in orbits
– Chemistry: use chemicals
to treat disease
Old theory: disease the
result of imbalance in
humors bloodletting
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Discoveries in Biology
with microscope
Vesalius and students
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The Scientific Method
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Scientific Discoveries Revolution in Thought
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John Locke (1632-1704)
– English writer, political
theorist
– People possess “natural
rights”: life, liberty, property
– Function of government
Protect everyone’s rights
Mutual contract between
ruler and ruled
Break in contract ruled
have right to reconsider
ruler, even rebel!
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Questions?