Sy dap iing vl nhu ciu hpc tap cho nhan dan tiiy thudc vao kha nang ngan sach ciia Nhd nude, ma ngan sdch danh cho GD igi khdng thupc thir ty uu tien khodng 5% trong tdng chi ngdn sach [
Trang 1DA DANG HOA CAC HINH THtTC D A O TAO
vA LOAI HINH TRirCJNG L d P - MOT HIEN THU'C SINH DQNG CUA XA HOI HOA GIAO DUC Of THANH PHO HO CHI MINH (1996 - 2010)
NGUYEN GIA KIEM' TOM TAT
Thdnh pho Ho Chi Minh (TPHCM) la do thi co so ddn nhap cu dong ddn ^^" sugia tdng ddn sd nhanh Vi vdy, viec ddp Ong nhu cdu hgc tap cho nhdn ddn la nhiem vu nang
ne ddi v&i ngdnh gido due (GD) TPHCM Irong dieu kien ngdn sdch ddnh cho GD con han che V&i viec da dgng hda cdc logi hinh trucmg l&p trong thuc hien xd hgi hda (XHH) GD, ngdnh GD Thdnh pho (TP) dd gidi quyet dugc mdu thudn giira nhiem vu GD vd khd ndng ngdn sdch ddp img nhu cdu hgc tap ngdy cdng cao cua nhdn ddn Thdnh pho
Tir khda: cac logi hinh ddo tao, xa hpi hoa gido due
ABSTRACT
Diversifying training types and schools - the reality of socializing the education system
in Ho Chi Minh City (1996-2010)
Ho Chi Minh city is one of the cities in the country with a large number oj immigrants, leading to fast population growth Therefore, it is a challenging task for Ho Chi Minh City department of education to meet the need for education of the people while the budget for education is still limiled By socializing the education system throu^ diversifying training types and schools, the department has managed to solve the problem, meeting the increasing need for education of the people
Keywords: training types, socializing the education system
1 Dat van de
Sau khi ddt nude thdng nhit, nam
1975, Nha nude da cdng lap hda cac
trudng hpc d miln Nam, GD dupe xem la
nganh phuc loi xa hpi, nhan dan dugc
quyin hudng thy GD do Nha nude cung
cdp Sy dap iing vl nhu ciu hpc tap cho
nhan dan tiiy thudc vao kha nang ngan
sach ciia Nhd nude, ma ngan sdch danh
cho GD igi khdng thupc thir ty uu tien
(khodng 5% trong tdng chi ngdn sach) [2]
trong khi nhu cdu hpc tap cua nhan ddn
Igi phat trien ngay cdng cao Viec phat
triln GD khdng thudn Ipi do thilu kinh
'ThS, Truiitig Cao(JingGiaolh6ngVSnlaiTPHCM
phi hoat ddng, trudng ldp khdng dil cho
sd lupng hpc sinh (HS), sinh vien (SV) ngdy cang tdng, chuang trinh ddo tao theo Idi mdn chua cap nhat theo yeu cau phat trien mdi
Cuoi nhimg nam 70 thi ki XX, CD nude nha phdi ddi dien vdi nhilu thach tiiirc, khd khan nghiem trpng Tir kinh nghiem phdt triln GD trong thdi ki ching
MT, Ddng va Nha nude da van dpng toiui
xa hpi ciing chia se khd khdn vdi ngdnh
GD, thyc hien cai each giao due theo tmh thin Nghj quyit 14/NQ-TW ngdy
Il-l-1979 cua Bd Chinh trj vl cai cdch h8 thdng GD, xay dyng vd phat triln dpi ngi GV ciing cdc bien phap dl ddm bao
Trang 2thuc hien nhiem vu nay
2 Chu truotig xa hgi hda giao di^c
Ngdy 19-3-1981, Hpi ddng Chinh
phii ra Quyet dinh 124/CP vh viec thdnh
lap Hdi ddng GD cac cap vdi chuc ndng
va nhiem vu co ban la: " dpng vien, td
chuc, phdi hop, sii dung hpp li cac luc
luong xd hdi va huy ddng dung kha nang
cua dia phuong de phat trien su nghiep
GD cua dia phuong" Tuy nhien, co chd
bao cdp da lam cho GD van bi don ddc
trong cdc hoat ddng ciia nganh
Dudng ldi ddi mdi tu Dai hpi VI
cua Dang da thay ddi tu duy va hanh
dpng trong phuong each quan li va dieu
hanh dat nude, nen kinh te thi trudng
(theo djnh hudng xa hpi chii nghia) dupe
thira nhdn, ph^m vi bao cap ciia Nha
nude ddn thu hep de nhudng chd cho
nhan dan cung tham gia vao cac hoat
dpng xa hpi Ve ITnh vuc GD, chii truong
XHH GD nhdm dua GD trd ve dung ban
chat xa hdi cua nd, v^n dpng todn xd hdi
chdm lo cho GD va xem GD la qudc sach
hang ddu
3 Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh day
manh cdng tac xa hoi hda giao due
TPHCM trude day la thii do cua
chinh th8 Viet Nam Cdng hda (Sai Gdn),
nai tap trung cac trudng dai hpc, vien
nghien cuu, cdc co quan ddu ndo cua
chinh quy^n miln Nam, cd dan sd ddng
nhdt so vdi cae tinh d mien Nam Trude
ngay 30-4-1975, do tinh trang chidn tranh
nSn dan chung tap trung vao khu vuc npi
thanh sinh sdng, khu vuc ngoai thanh bd
trdng nhiSu, chii yeu la canh tdc ndng
nghiep, vi vdy ca sd h? tang rat han che
Hda binh, dan eu tu chd tap trung chuydn
sang phan tan, them lupng ddn nhap cu ddn TP lap nghiep nhieu, ddn ddn qua trinh dd thi hda tu phat diln ra nhanh Thanh phdn eu dan TP cung da dang, ngodi ddn tdc Kinh Id chu dao, cdn cd cu dan gdc Hoa (khoang gan mdt trieu ngudi sdng tap trung d cac quan: 5, 6, 11 va Tan Binh) va 23 dan tdc khac cung chiem
ti le kha eao [7] Nhung vdn de nay ddi hdi ngdnh GD TP phdi cd ke hoach phdt trien ca ve quy md va phuang phap giang day de dap iing nhu cau hpc tap cua nhan dan, nhu eau ngudn nhan luc cua TP Theo sd lieu thdng ke, ed !4 sd dan TP dang di hpc Neu chi tinh sd ngudi di hpc trong dd tudi dudi 22 thi ti le huy ddng la 58%, chiem ti trpng 16% trong he thdng
GD qudc dan tren dia ban TP [9]
Tu 1975 dgn 1986, xd hdi dd cd nhieu ddng gdp cho GD Giai doan
1986-1993, cdc bien phap v^n ddng XHH GD chu yeu tap trung ddng gdp ngudn luc cho he cdng ldp duy tri hoat ddng trong hoan canh ngdn sach khd khan, chua phai
la giai phap giiip nganh GD phat trien dn dinh va lau dai
Nganh GD TP vdn edn nhieu khd khan edn phai giai quyet, dd Id: co sd vat chdt trudng ldp xudng cdp, 50% trudng ldp d dang cdp 3, cap 4 [9], trang thiit bi phuc vu giang day vua thieu vua lac hau, trong khi do sd lupng HS tang nhanh; tiin dp phd cap GD d vimg sdu, viing xa edn han chi; viee day nghi chua duac quan tdm diing muc de dap iing eho nhu eau cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda Xa hdi cang phat trien thi nhu cau sinh hoat
vd hudng thu cudc sdng ngay cang eao, eho nen, thu nhap ciia nha giao mac dii dd
Trang 3dupe cdi thien nhung vin lac hdu so vdi
su phdt triln kinh tl - xa hpi Ndm hoc
19961997 vdn cdn 1485 GV, CNV tiidi
-bd viec vdi nhieu li do khdc nhau, trong
dd cd 33% do hoan canh khd khan [7]
Nam 1993, Nghj quyit Trung uong
4 (khda VII) ra ddi da chi dao cdng tac
XHH GD mpt cdch cu the ban, kl din
Nghj quyit Trung uong 2 khda VIII
(1996) tilp tyc khing dinh thyc hien theo
tinh thin Nghj quyet Trung uong 4 (khda
VII): "Giii vai tro nong cot cua nhd
tru&ng cong ldp di doi v&i da dgng hoa
cdc logi hinh GD - ddo tgo, tren ca sa
Nha nu&c thong nhdt qudn li, tie ndi dung
chuang trinh, quy che hgc, thi cir, vdn
bdng, tieu chudn GV, tgo ca hgi cho moi
ngu&i CO the li/a chgn cdch hgc phii hgp
v&i nhu cdu vd hodn cdnh cua minh Phdt
trien cdc truong bdn cong, ddn lap &
nhirng nai cd dieu kien, timg bu&c ma
cdc tru&ng tu thuc & mot so bdc hgc nhu:
mdm non, phd thong trung hgc (cdp 3),
trung hgc chuyen nghiep, dgy nghe, dgi
hgc M& rgng cdc hinh thirc ddo tgo
khdng tap trung, ddo tgo tirxa, timg buoc
hien dgi hoa hinh thirc GD " [7]
Tiep thu tinh than chi dgo ciia Dang
vd Nha nude, Thdnh dy TPHCM dd ban
hanh chuang ti-inh hanh dpng 05/CTr-TU
ve thyc hien chien lupc phdt triln sy
nghiep GD - Ddo tgo TP Theo do, ngan
sach TP hang nam ddnh hang trdm ti
ddng cho xdy dyng co bdn, nhung so vdi
chi tieu de ra din nam 2000 (trong
chuang trinh hdnh ddng ciia Thanh uy)
thi mirc dp ddp iing cua ngdn sach con
ban chi Vi dy tinh tit 1997 - 2000, TP
cin xay mdi 210 trudng hpc vdi 5500
phdng hpc, bao gdm; 55 trudng mdm non (MN), 100 trudng tilu hpc (TH), 37 trudng tnmg hpc co sd (THCS), 8 tiudng trung hpc phd thdng (THPT) vd iO trudng trung hpc nghi Do dd, binh qudn mdi nam (1997 - 2000) TP cin xdy 1375 phdng hpc mdi dap iing yeu ciu, trong khi ngdn sach ddnh cho GD cfii ddm bao 50-60% yeu cdu [7]
Trude tinh hinh ndy, TP dd diy mgnh cdng tdc XHH GD nhdm vgn ddng ngudn lyc cua nhdn ddn Trong giai doan nay, cdng tac XHH GD d TP cd budc phdt trien mdi trong viec da dgng hda cac hinh thiic ddo tgo va trudng ldp
3.1 Ba dgng hda cdc hinh thiic tail
tgo
Da dang hda dupe hieu la cac don
vj dao tao thudc he cdng lap khai thac co hieu qua ca sd vat chdt va dpi ngii lao dpng cua don vj minh de thyc hi?n cdng tdc ddo tao, nhdm ndng cao chat lupng va phdt trien ve sd lupng de dap iing nhu cdu hpc tap eho nhan dan, dong thdi ciing tgo dieu kien cho cae dan vj dao tao co tich luy de cdi tao co sd vat chat vd tang thu nhap cho GV, CB, CNV Tit dd, cac
CO sd ddo tao cdng lap dd td chiic cac chucmg tritih ddo tao khac nhau, ehii ylu
la cac nganh nghe ma xa hdi dang can (ngoai ngir, tin hpc, dien - dien tir, di^ Ignh, ke toan )
6 TPHCM, cdc CO sd dao tao cong Igp dd nhay ben trong viec thuc hi?n da dgng hda cac hinh thiic dao tao nhdm dap iing nhu ciu hpc tap ciia nhan ddn, nhu cdu lao ddng chuyen mdn cua sdn xuat, mac dil ngdn sdch Nha nude chua thi mo rdng vl quy md Ngodi ra, viec chu dpng
Trang 4da dang hda ode hinh thiie dao tgo, edc
don vj ddo tao cd dilu kien phat huy thi
mgnh chuyen nganh cua minh
3.1.1 6 bdc hpc phd thdng, viec da dgng
hda cac logi hinh ddo tgo Id cdng tac ddo
tgo HS gidi, HS ndng khilu trong cac
trudng chuyen ldp chpn theo 8 chucmg
trinh myc tieu md Bd Gido due vd Dao
tgo (GD-DT) de ra [3], md he ban trd cho
HS, dgy them ngogi ngO (Anh, Phdp) cho
HS cip T H ' Ben cgnh dd, mdt sd
trudng cdn lien ket vdi cac trudng dai
hpc de day ngogi ngii, tin hpc, ke toan,
qudn li kinh te, bdi dudng van hda
3.1.2 He thdng cdc trudng nghe da keu
gpi diu tu tir cac ngudn ngoai ngdn sdch
cua Nhd nude de diu tu them trang thiet
bj nhdm md r$ng quy md dao tgo vdi
nhilu ngdnh nghi, hinh thurc dao tao khdc
nhau (ngdn hgn, ddi bgn, cip tdc), cd vdi
ttung tdm day nghi cip TP da phat triln
tit 4-5 nghi len 25 nghi khdc nhau [7]
3.1.3 Ddi vdi cdc truimg dgi hpc, cau
ding, trung hpe chuyen nghiep d TP, viec
da dang hda cac hinh thiic ddo tgo la viec
tdn dung CO sd vat chat vd dpi ngii GV
cua trudng dl phdt triln them cdc chuyen
ngdnh, nghS ddp tgo theo yeu cdu cua xa
hdi; da dgng hda cac hinh thuc ddo tgo:
ddo tao til xa, ngin hgn, boi dudng
chuygn nganh, ndng cap chuySn mdn
3.1.4 Cae tnmg tam gido dye thudng
xuySn (TTGDTX), trude day Id cac
trudng bd tuc van hda (BTVH), vdi
nhi?m vy chinh la xda mii chO: (XMC),
phd cgp GD (PCGD) TH vd THCS eho
jcac ddi tupng la CB, CNV Nhdm ddp
ling nhu cdu hpc tap cho nhdn ddn, cdc
TTGDTX dd phdt ttiln thanh cdc tiimg
tdm da chile nang: XMC, PCGD, BTVH, dao tgo bdi dudng tai chuc, van hda ngoai gid, dgy tin hpc, ngogi ngir, nghe phd thdng, nghe ngan hgn Ddc biet ve BTVH, nganh GD tiiudng xuyen da cd nhilu tien bd trong viec dao tao h? phd thdng cho cdc doi tupng Id HS, vl hoan cdnh muu sinh khdng cd dieu kien di hpc
d cdc trudng phd thdng, cae ngudi Idn tudi mudn nang cao trinh dp van hda Cdc trung tam da boat ddng nhu cdc truimg phd thdng, trucmg nghe [3]
3.1.5 Du hpc va du hpc tai chd dupe bit
diu tir nam 1995, khi kinh tl Viet Nam
da bit ddu khdi sic, nhiing ngudi cd kinh
tl khd gid hodc cd than nhan d nude ngoai dd cho con di du hpc ty tuc Ddy Id tin hieu ddng mimg vi Nhd nude khdng phdi ddu tu ma igi cd dupe d^i ngQ tri thirc dupe dao tao d nude ngodi Du hpc
cd nhilu hinh thiic:
Du hpc trao ddi vdn hda: Day Id hinh thilc du hpc do cac td chile GD qudc
tl tuyIn chpn vd cdp hpc bdng (thuimg Id 50%) Hang ndm cd khoang vdi tram HS
d TP dupe tuyen chpn
Du hpc tai chd: La hinh thiic lien kit giira td chdc GD Vipt Nam va tiordng hpc nude ngodi HS, SV se dupe hpc chuang trinh cua trudng lien ket vd dupe trudng do cip bdng; hodc cdc trudng nude ngodi thanh ldp tgi ViSt Nam, chieu sinh HS, SV Viet Nam, thanh phin giang vien todn bd ngudi nude ngoai, chuang trinh vd bing cip do trucmg ben nude ngodi quy djnh
Chucmg trinh lien kit dao tgo giiia
td chile GD Vipt Nam vd trudng nude ngodi: nita thdi gian ddu SV se dupe ddo
Trang 5tgo trong nude, nOra thdi gian sau se sang
nude ngoai hpc tiep de tdt nghiep
3.2 Ba dgng hda tru&ng l&p
Trong viec thuc Men cdng tac XHH
GD, xa hpi tham gia ciing Nha nude
trong cdng tac dao tgo He thdng trudng
ngoai cdng lap ra ddi gdp phin thuc day
cho GD phat triln, lam nhe bdt gdnh nang
ngan sach cua Nha nude ddnh cho GD
3.2.1 He B trong tru&ng pho thong cdng lap
Trude ddi mdi GD, quy md GD chi
cd he cdng lap Khi ngan sdch danh cho
GD ban chi, con ducmg phat trien cua
GD nude nhd ldm vao khung hoang De
gidi quyit vin de'ndy, nam 1988, Qudc
hpi cho phep nganh GD thu mpt phdn hpc
phi (nhung chi mang tinh tupng tnmg:
3kg ggo/thang vdi HS THCS, 4kg
gao/thdng vdi HS THPT vd tiln co sd vat
chit 15.000d/ndm vdi mdi HS) Ngudn
hpc phi dupe thu chua the giup nganh
GD vupt qua khimg hoang Trong hoan
canh nay, TPHCM budc diu hgn chi sy
bao cap cua Nha nude trong ITnh vuc ddo
tao, tir nam hpc 1989-1990 trd di, Sd GD
da cho phep cac trucmg THCS va THPT
cdng lap md he B trong ciing trudng, hpc
phi he B thudng gap 3, 4 Ian he A Ddi
tuang HS he B Id nhiing HS khdng cd hd
khiu thudng tru tgi TP, HS trai tuyen
Viec hinh thanh he B duoc xd hdi
ddng tinh, todn TP da cd 31.371 HS
(chilm 17,6% tdng sd HS THCS va
THPT Rieng Quan 10 da danh rieng Trudng Phd thdng Ca sd Dien Hdng dl nhdn HS he B) nam 1988 [7]
3.2.2 Truong bdn cong
Trong qua trinh hoat dpng, he B trong trudng cdng lap chua dap img dupe yeu ciu phdt trien GD cua TP \» sd lupng
HS ngdy cdng tang do nhan dan cdc noi din TP lao ddng, lap nghiep ngay cang nhilu, ddng thoi phdt sinh mdt sd hgn che (cd su phdn biet HS he A va B trong ciing mpt trudng, viec quan li thu chi ) Thuc hien chii trucmg da dgng hda trudng Idp,
TP da di diu (so vdi cd nude) trong viec hinh thdnh trudng bdn cdng
Tir chu truong cua TP, cdc quan, huyen chpn mot sd trudng cd co sd vat chit xudng cip (ngan sdch Nha nude chua thi cdi tao dupe), d nhiing khu dan
cu ddng de cho cac td chiic nghi nghiep,
td chiic xd hdi cai tgo co sd vat chdt, hinh thanh trudng ban cdng
Nam hpc 1989-1990, Qugn 10 va qudn Tan Binh Id hai don vj di dau trong viee md trudng ban cdng vdi hai trucmg
d cdp phd thdng ca sd la: Trucmg THCS Suang Nguyet Anh (Quan 10), Trudng THCS Tan Binh (qudn Tan Binh) Sau
dd, nganh GD da cho chuyen mdt so trucmg cdng lap sang bdn cdng d cap THCS va THPT Giai dogn 2000-2005,
sd luong trucmg ban cdng dupe thdng ke nhu sau (xem bdng 1):
Bdng 1 Sd luang tru&ng bdn cong a TP
Nam
Sd trudng
2000-2001
15
2001-2002
30 2002-2003
44 2003-2004
49 2004-2005
54 y-Ngu6n:,£]
Trang 6Bdng 1 cho thay viec hinh thdnh
midng ban cdng dupe nhdn ddn TP ddng
tinh nen tir 2 trudng ndm 1989-1990 da
tdng len 54 trudng (cd 2 cip THCS vd
PTTH) nam hpc 2004-2005
Trudng bdn cdng ra ddi da phdn
ndo dap ung dupe yeu cdu ve chat lupng
giang day, nhd ca che tu chu (td chile, tdi
chinh, chuong trinh dupe linh boat hon)
nen cd dieu kien tgp trung viec nang cao
chat lupng dgy vd hpc, ddng thdi giam dp
lyc qua tdi HS cho he cdng Idp
Ndm 2006, Uy ban nhdn ddn
TPHCM ban hdnh Quyit djnh sd
54/2006/QD-UBND (10-4-2006) vl viee
chuyin ddi trudng ban cdng sang trudng
cdng lap, vdi co chi hogt d^ng tu chii
theo N ^ i djnh 43/2006/ND-CP
3.2.3 Tru&ng ddn lap
Sd lupng HS ngdy cdng ddng id khd
khdn Idn nhat cua nganh GD TP Kinh te
TP dgt dupe nhirng tien bd nhat djnh,
ngan sdch TP ddnh cho GD eiing tang
(thudng til 20% din 25% trong tdng ngdn
sach cua TP) nhung chu yeu dimg dl chi
tra luong cho gido vi6n (GV), can bd
(CB), cdng nhan vien (CNV) trong nganh
(thudng chilm khoang 80%) [7] Trong
Bdng 2 Tmh hinh HS & TP
khi dd, de dap img nhu cdu hpc tap cho nhdn dan TP, ngdnh GD phdi phat trien mgng ludi trudng ldp, diu tu trang thilt
bj phyc vy cho dgy va hpc (nam hpc 1999-2000, dan sd TP la 5.096.487, binh qudn cd 21,74% ddn sd dang theo hpc d cac trucmg do ngdnh GD TP qudn Ii, sd lupng HS tang nhieu d bgc MN vd THPT) (xem bdng 2) Ndm 1997, TP chu truong dgt phd cdp THCS, do dd can phdi
md rOng quy md trudng Idp Trong hodn canh nay, viec ra ddi cua cdc trudng phd thdng ngodi cdng Igp thyc sy da giiip ngdnh GD gidi bai toan khd giira hai vin de: kha nang va nhiem vy
Vdi chil truong XHH GD, cdc td chiic xa hpi da thdnh lap cae trudng hpc tham gia vdo cdng tdc ddo tgo phd thdng, dgy nghi Tuy nhien, giai doan
1986-1996, viec da dang hda cac loai hinh trudng Idp, ngodi logi hinh trudng bdn cdng, he B trong trudng cdng ldp (cd tir nam 1989) thi cdc trudng dan lap chua cd dilu kien phdt triln do chua cd hudng ddn ey thi vl da dgng hda cac logi hinh trudng vd tdm li phy huynh HS chua mdn
md lim vdi he trudng dan lap
Nam hpc
1996-1997
1999-2000
2004-2005
1 2009-2010
Bac hoc
MN 153.675 169.440 199.263 270.841
TH 406.559 423.502 411.389 472.131
THCS 290.873 299.571 312.278 307.738
THPT
92837 137.123 158.329 179.884
' Bang 2 cho thdy sd lupng HS tdng
hdng ndm, nhilu nhit Id d bgc hpc MN vd
THPT do tinh frgng ddn nhgp cu vdo TP
Do dd, sy ra dcri cua cdc trudng ngoai
Ngudn: [7]
cdng ldp la xu thi tit ylu ciia qud trinh ddi mdi GD Tir 1986 din 1996, TP chi
cd 5 trucmg phd thdng ngodi cdng ldp Tit nam 1996 h-d di, he thdng cdc trudng
Trang 7ngoai cdng Igp bit ddu phat ti-iSn manh
tren ca sd cac ylu td sau: Sy ra ddi ciia
Nghj quyit Trung uong 4 (khda VII) rdi
Nghj quyit Trung uong 2 (khda VIII)
khuyin khich cac td chirc ca nhdn dau tu
vdo viec xay dung trudng 0 TP, he
thdng trucmg edng Igp da qua tdi (nam
hpc 1997-1998 cd 1.236.467 HS cdc bac
hpc, tdng 45.701 HS so vdi ndm hpc
1996-1997, ri6ng HS THCS va THPT
tang 14.000 HS; trong khi dd, TP chi dau
tu them 400 phdng hpc cho cac bac hpc)
Ngoai ra, nhu ciu hpc ban tnl vd npi trii
ciia HS ciing tang trong khi hp thdng
Bdng 3 So luang HS cong lap vd
trucmg cdng lap chua the dap img dupe [9]
Tit 5 trucmg dan lap giai doan 1991-1996, den nam hpc 1996-1997 da
cd 10 trudng, nam hpc 1997-1998 cd din
47 hirdng (tdng them 37 trudng) Tuy Nhd nude khuyin khich viee thanh lap cdc tnrdng ngoai cdng lap, ifliung he thdng trudng cdng lap vdn phai giii vai ti-d chii dgo vdi vite tilp nhgn sd lupng
HS phd thdng Vi vay, sd lupng HS cdng lap va bdn cdng vdn chenh lech nhilu (xem bdng 3)
ngodi cong lap ndm hgc 1997-1998
Hf truxmg
Cdng lap
Bdn cdng
Dan lap
COng
So HS nam hpc 1997-1998 THCS
224.962 59.794 5.777
290.533
THPT
55.723 47.808 5.116
108.647
C6ng
% so vdi tong s6) \
280.685 (70,3%) *! 107.602(27%)
10.893(2,7%) ''y
399.180
Do hpc phi cao vd thanh kien cua
xa hpi vdi trudng tu (dan Igp), nen lupng
HS ddn lap vin cdn Id con sd khiem tdn
He thdng trudng dan Igp phdt trien nhanh
nhung cimg ed mpt sd trucmg phdi giai
the do hogt ddng khdng hieu qud (sd
lupng HS it khdng dii chi phi hogt dpng)
Ngdy 18-4-2005, Chmh phu ra
Nghj quyit sd 05/2005/NQ-CP vl diy
manh XHH cac boat dpng GD, y tl, van
hda vd thi dye thi thao Trong dd cd kl
Bang 4 Ti le HS ngodi cong
Nguon: [7]
hoach phdn ludng HS giQa he cdng lap va ngoai cdng lap nhu sau:
Nhd tre ngoai cdng lap chilm 80% tdng sd tre; miu giao ngoai cdng Igp chilm 70%
6 bac phd thdng thi chu uuong nam 2010 dgt ti le binh qudn trong ca nude d bdc TH ngoai cdng lap Id 1%, THCS ngoai cdng lap 3,5% va THPT ngoai cdng lap 40%
lap so v&i tdng so HS a TPHCM
Nam
2004 - 2005
2006 - 2007
Nha tre
49,2%
57,6%
Mau gido
37,6%
43,4%
TH 2,4%
4,1%
THCS 18,0%
12,9%
THPT
48,2%
44,3%
THCN
29,5%'i 38,4%
Ngudn: [9f
Trang 8Nguyen Gia Kiem
Bang 4 the hien sy chenh lech kha
ro vl sd lupng HS giiia cac bdc hpc eiia
he trucmg cdng lap vd ngoai cdng lap
Dilu ndy cd thi li gidi nhu sau:
Nhd tre vd mdu giao cua he thdng
midng ddn lap vdi co chi thoang (khdng
phdn biet thudng tni vd tam tru, thdi gian
tilp nhgn tre linh boat ) nen cd sd lupng
tre ddng hon
0 cap TH, h^ thong trudng cdng lap
phai dam bao tilp nhdn 100% HS trong
dp tudi nSn sd lupng HS ngodi cdng lap
chiSm ti le thdp hon
Tir 1997-2003, TP phin diu hodn
thanh phd cap THCS (vdo nam 2003) nen h$ thdng trudng cdng lap phdi dam bdo tilp nhgn hiu hit cdc HS Prong dp tudi (cdn HS ddn lap chu ylu tit cdc tinh vao
TP hpc tap) Ngodi ra, he thdng trucmg ddn lap hdu het cd che dp ban tni vd ndi tnl nen thu hut HS thudc edc gia dinh khdng cd dieu kien dua ddn
6 cip THPT, he thdng trucmg cdng Idp chi tilp nhgn khodng 60% HS da tdt nghiSp THCS vao ldp 10
Ve sd luang trudng ngoai cdng ldp, thdng ke trong giai dogn 2004-2010 nhu sau (xem bang 5):
Bdng 5 Cdc tru&ng ngodi cong lap
Nam
2004 - 2005
2005 - 2006
2007 - 2008
2009 - 2010
TH
23
30
THCS
2
4
4
35 4
THPT
32
33
40
60
Bdng 5 cho thdy, sd lupng trudng
TH tdng kha nhanh, chd ylu cac trudng
c6 ylu td nude ngodi (h| thong trudng
qu6c tl), thu hdt bO phdn cu ddn cd thu
nh|p cao Tir khi cd kl hogch phdn lu6ng
HS cua Bd Gido dye vd Ddo tao (Quyit
djnh sd 05/2005/NQ-CP), cac tiirdng ddn
Igp THPT cd dilu kien tilp nhdn HS nen
phdt trien diu
Trong he thdng trudng ngoai cdng
ldp, cd nhirng trudng da khdng djnh dupe
hudng phat trien Nhiing ndm gdn day,
tiong s6 10 trudng d TP cd ti le dd hi tai
100% thi cd din 2/3 la trucmg ngoai cdng
l$p, sd HS tning tuyIn vao dgi hpc, cao
(ling cOng rit cao'
3.2.4 Hf thdng tru&ng nghi
Nguon: [7j
Viet Nam da cd nhiing tien bd nhdt djnh ve mpi mat, nen kinh te ngdy cdng phat triln, qud trinh h$i nhdp qu6c tl ngay cdng sdu, diu tu nude ngodi vdo Viet Nam ngdy cdng nhilu Dilu ndy ddn din CO ciu ngdnh nghi eiing chuyin djch, mdt sd ngdnh nghi truyln thdng mai mdt din (nganh nghi thu cdng don gidn) nhudng chd cho nhiing nganh nghi mdi (thdi trang, tin hpe, qudng cdo, van hdnh thilt hi may ) ddp ilng cho nhu ciu phdt tri6n
TPHCM cd mile tdng trudng kmh
tl cao ndn nhu ciu vl nguon lao ddng cao, ddi hdi phdi dupe ddp iing ngay trong luc he tiidng ddo tao nghi cdng ldp chua till thich img kjp Phdt tiiln XHH
Trang 9dgy nghi la chu truong kjp thdi dl tao
ngudn cung lao dpng cho nhu cdu phat
trien; qua dd, he thdng dgy nghe ngoai
cdng lap cd dieu kien phdt trien da dang
Cac CO sd day nghi, tiudng nghi, cac
TTGDTX, cdc trudng tnmg cdp chuyen
nghiep, eao dang, dai hpc, cdng ti, xi
nghiep cung tham gia cdng tac dgy nghe
XHH trong ddo tgo nghe d TP cd
chuyen ddng nhung chua dupe nhu mong
mudn ca ve sd lupng trudng nghe, Ian sd
lupng hpc vien vd chat luong ddo tao
Nam 2005, todn TP cd 281 co sd dgy
nghe (chua ke cae eo sd dgy nghe khdng
dang ki, cac co sd truyln nghi), trong do
cd 14 trudng day nghe ngoai cdng lap,
204 CO sd dgy nghi ngdn ban d TP, nam
2004, tdng ngudn luc tai chinh cho dgy
nghe Id 440 ti ddng; trong dd, sd ngoai
ngdn sach la 252 ti ddng (57,2%) Day la
tin hieu tich eye cho viec ddo tao nghi
ciiaTP [3]
3.2.5 Cdc tru&ng co von ddu tu nuac
ngodi 100%
TPHCM Id n oi cd nhiieu try sd cua
td chile va co quan Dgpai giao nude
ngoai; do dd, nhu ciu Irudng hpc cho con
cua ngudi nude ngoai Id cin tiiilt Ban
diu chi la mdt sd trudng ddnh cho con
cae CB nhan vien sil qudn Khi nhdn thiy
nhu cau nay ngdy edng cao, cdc nhd diu
tu trong nude va nude ngodi da diu tu
xay dung tiTtdng tit nha tre din dgi hpc
de ddp ting nhu ciu hpc tap cho mdt bd
phan ngudi nude ngoai d TP (sau nay,
cac gia dinh Vipt Nam cd dilu kien kinh
te cung cho con theo hpc)
Logi hinh trudng cd vdn diu tu
nude ngodi, ben canh ca sd vat chit tdt
cdn dem din nhiing phuang phdp GD Men dai cimg vdi phuong thurc quan li trudng ldp hieu qua, tgo dieu kien cho
GD nude nha nit ngdn dupe thdi gian hoi nhdp
4 Ket lu^n
Viec da dang hda trudng ldp Id xu thi chung trong GD Men dai? He thong trucmg ngoai cdng lap d bgc phd thdng mang tinh cgnh tranh vdi Nha nude chii khdng phdi nhim chia se nhiem vy vdi he cdng lap Gidm tilp nhan HS bdc THPT vao he cdng Igp la chat them gdnh nang cho ngudi ddn Viec ban che ddu tu md rpng quy md cho ngdnh hpc nhd tre va
MN cung da dnh hudng den cudc song ciia mdt bd phan khdng nhd nhan dan lao ddng
XHH GD, trong dd viec da dang hda cdc logi hinh ddo tao vd trudng ldp la yeu ciu tit ylu eua ddi mdi GD, phii hpp vdi xu the phdt tiien GD chung ciia the gidi Xay dyng xa hdi hpc tgp dang tro thdnh tieu chi chung ciia GD hien dai, trong dd cdc thanh vien cd the vira id thay
va cung cd the vira la trd Da dgng hoa cdc hinh thilc ddo tao va trudng Idp budc hit Id dap ilng kjp thdi cho nhu ciu hjc tap ngdy cdng da dgng ciia nhdn dan, tao
CO hpi cho ngudi dan dupe tham gia vao cdc hoat ddng GD, ddng thdi ngudi dan ciing dupe quyin lira chpn dja chi ddo tao phil hpp nhit Tuy nhien, cac trudng nen tiiy theo dae dilm ciia minh (chuye| ngdnh ddo tao cua truimg) ma chiSu sinn
dl dat hieu qud cao va tao dupe t6n tu6i cho tiTTong, khdng nen chay tiieo loi nhudn dl ddo tgo da nganh nhung kem chat luang
Trang 10' Nhung tkn nSm 20t) 1-2002, BO GD v4 Dao tao khuyin cSo Idiong nin 16 chiic trirong chuyin ldp chpn *
bJcTHCS [7]
'THPT Nguyin Khuyin, Truong VTnh Ky, Thanh Binh c6 ti 1? HS trung tuyIn cao ding - dai hpc ffen 80%
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Bp Chinh trj (1979), Nghi quyit 14/NQ-TW ngdy 11-01-1979 vi cdi cdch gido due
2 Bp Giao dye vd Ddo tgo (2005), Bdo cdo triin khai cong tdc xd hgi hoa trong ngdnh gido due Ha Npi
3 Bp Gido due vd Dao tao (2007), Bdo cdo tdm tdi tinh hinh giai dogn 1 (2001-2005) , chiin luge phdt trien gido due 2001-2010, Ha Npi
4 Bp Lao dpng, Thuong binh vd Xa hpi (2005), Bi dn phdt triin xd hgi hda dgy nghi den ndm 2010, Ha Npi
5 Cue Thing ke TPHCM (1997-2007), Nien gidm thing ke tir 1997 den 2007, Nxb
Thdng k8
6 Ddng Cdng sdn Viit Nam (1993), Vdn kien hgi nghi Idn thd tu Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uong khda Vll, Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia Ha Npi
7 Dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam (1997), Vdn kien hgi nghi Idn thir 2 Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uong khoa Vlll, Nxb Chinh trj Qudc gia Ha Npi
8 Sd Gido dye vd Ddo tao TPHCM (2010), Cdc bdo cdo tdng kit ndm hoc
1996-2010
9 Sd Giao due va Ddo tgo TPHCM (2001), Phdt triin gido due phd thong Thdnh phd
Ho Chi Minh den ndm 2010 vd nhirng chi lieu thuc Men 5 ndm 2001-2010
10 Uy ban nhdn dan TPHCM (2002), Hgi thdo ve eg che, chinh sdch vd gidi phdp huy dgng, khai thdc cdc ngudn vdn xd hdi de ddu tu phdt trien co s& hg tdng gido due -ddo tgo
U Vi^n Khoa hpc Giao due (1999), Xd hgi hda cong tdc gido due, nhgn thiec vd hdnh dgng, Nxb Chinh trj Qudc gia
(Ngiy T6a sogn nhin dugc bii: 17-S-2012: ngiy piiin bi$n dinh gii: 02-7-2012:
ngiy chip nh$n ding: 31-10-2012)
15?