Study on internet of things nghiên cứu về internet của vạn vật

LIST OF ACRONYMS 6LoWPAN - IPv6 over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks API- Application Programming Interface ARAT – Active Reader active tag AWS – Amazon Web Service BLE - Bluet

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

-

JOÃO FILIPE OFIÇO

STUDY ON INTERNET OF THINGS

SCIENTIFIC SUPERVISOR:

Dr TRƯƠNG THU HƯƠNG

Hà Nội – 2016

CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM

Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc

BẢN XÁC NHẬN CHỈNH SỬA LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ

Họ và tên tác giả luận văn : João Filipe Ofiço

Đề tài luận văn: Nghiên cứu về internet của Vạn vật

Chuyên ngành: Kỹ thuật viễn thông

Mã số SV: CB141072

Tác giả, Người hướng dẫn khoa học và Hội đồng chấm luận văn xác nhận tác

giả đã sửa chữa, bổ sung luận văn theo biên bản họp Hội đồng ngày 24/08/2016

với các nội dung sau:

1) Thay đổi đoạn 3.2 thành “M2M standard and protocols”

2) Luận án đã gần như tuân theo đúng chuẩn yêu cầu của một luận án thạc sĩ

cần có Nhưng các liên kết giữa các tiểu mục trong luận án cần được

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Internet of Things is "born" between 2008 and 2009 [3] 7

Figure 2.2: Common IoT devices and Technologies [9] 9

Figure 2.3: Real Time Stream Processing- Google IoT [11] 12

Figure 2.4: IBM IoT Foundation [12] 13

Figure 2.5: ThingWorx IoT foundation [13] 14

Figure 2.6: Electric Imp and ThingSpeak IoT [14] 16

Figure 2.7: Digital Service Cloud IoT foundation [10] 17

Figure 2.8: Data streaming from Gateway to cloud by Amazon Kinesis [10] 18

Figure 2.9: Microsoft IoT foundation [15] 20

Figure 2.10: IoT Connectivity [18] 22

Figure 2.11: IoT Architecture [22] 28

Figure 2.12: Applications of IoT [6] 33

Figure 3.1: Three basic stages of M2M technology [26] 36

Figure 3.2: M2M Protocol Stack and Technical Challenges [29] 42

Figure 3.3: Architecture of M2M system [30] 45

Figure 3.4: Examples of components of M2M system [30] 45

Figure 4.1: House design with distribution of the smart devices in each area 47

Figure 4.2: Structure of the Internet of Things system 48

Figure 4.3: Duty Cycle PWM [31] 51

Figure 4.4: PIR sensor 52

Figure 4.5: Raspberry Pi 3 [33] 54

Figure 4.6: Raspberry Pi interface after installing Rasbian OS 56

Figure 4.7: Connection diagram of Arduino LED and Motion sensor [38] 57

Figure 4.8: Bluetooth connection between smart devices with Gateway 68

Figure 4.9: IoT ecosystem 69

Figure 4.10: PIR sensor data 71

Figure 4.11: Node-Red 72

Figure 4.12: Login for access the interface RockMongo 73

Figure 4.13: Interface RockMongo (management software MongoDB) 74 Figure 4.14: Testbed for the Usecase Ecosystem 75

LIST OF ACRONYMS

6LoWPAN - IPv6 over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks API- Application Programming Interface

ARAT – Active Reader active tag

AWS – Amazon Web Service

BLE - Bluetooth Low Energy

BSS – Billing Support system

CoAP - Constrained Application Protocol

DSC – Digital service cloud

DSL - Digital Subscriber Line

EC2 – amazon Cloud Compute

ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute

GSM - The Global System for Mobile Communication

HTTP - Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol

IEEE – Institute of electrical and electronics Engineers

IETF – Internet Engineering Task Force

IoT - Internet of Things

IP - Internet Protocol

IPv6 - Internet Protocol version 6

ISM - Industrial, Scientific and Medical radio band

JSON - JavaScript Object Notation

LAN- Local Area Network

LTE - Long-Term Evolution

M2M – Machine to Machine

MCU - Microcontroller

MQTT - Message Queuing Telemetry Transport

NFC - Near Field Communication

PaaS - platform as a service

PAN - Personal Area Network

REST - Representation State Transfer

RF - Radio Frequency

RF4CE - Radio Frequency for Consumer Electronics

RFID- Radio frequency Indentification

ROM - Read-Only Memory

RTOS – Real Time Operating System

TCP - Transmission Control Protocol

TIA - Telecommunications Industry Association

UDP - User Datagram Protocol

UI - Unique Identifier

URL - Universal Resource Locator

WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WPAN - Wireless Personal Area Network

WSN - Wireless Sensor Network

XML- Extensible Markup Language

ABSTRACT

This work aims to explain the concepts of the M2M communication and IoT concept, reference models, architectures and protocols used in the Internet of Things My thesis intends to give an overview on the Internet of Things, as well as helps beginners build Internet of Things applications by their own

In this research, the IoT and M2M communication will be discussed, terms that have arisen with the creation of devices that can access the network to communicate and exchange information Those can optimize and facilitate tasks like collecting information of things and of the environments where they are

The implementation of this thesis aims to build an infrastructure for an IoT ecosystem with the server responsible for collecting, storing data and also to allow the viewing of the data generated by the motion sensors and cloud, which are responsible for light monitoring Despite some difficulties encountered during the work, the defined goals were met

Contents

DECLARATION i

LIST OF FIGURES ii

LIST OF ACRONYMS iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi

ABSTRACT vii

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 2

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Motivations 3

1.3 Goals 4

1.4 Research Questions 4

1.5 Structure of the thesis 5

CHAPTER 2 - INTERNET OF THINGS OVERVIEW 6

2.1 Internet of Things vision 6

2.1.1 What is Internet of Things? 7

2.1.2 Smart Objects 7

2.1.3 IoT Devices 8

2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of IoT 9

2.2.1 Advantages of IoT 9

2.2.2 Disadvantages of IoT 10

2.3 Internet of Things platform 10

2.3.1 Introduction to IoT platform 10

2.3.2 Some platform of IoT 11

2.4 Transmission Technology 20

2.4.1 Process of IoT 20

2.4.2 Connectivity for the Internet of Things 21

2.5 Internet of Things Architecture 28

2.5.1 Sensor Layer 28

2.5.2 Gateways and Networks Layer 29

2.5.3 Management Service Layer 30

2.5.4 Application Layer 31

2.6 Application 31

2.7 Operating System for the Internet of Things 33

2.8 Chapter conclusion 34

CHAPTER 3 - MACHINE TO MACHINE COMMUNICATION 35

3.1 What is M2M? 35

3.1.1 M2M Platforms 36

3.1.2 Types of M2M Platforms 37

3.2 M2M standards and protocols 38

3.2.1 Protocols and networking standards 38

3.2.2 Protocols 39

3.3 M2M protocol stack and technical challenges 41

3.4 Architecture and components of M2M 42

3.5 Chapter conclusion 45

CHAPTER 4 - CASE STUDY TESTBED ESTABLISHMENT AND RESULTS 47

4.1 IoT system 48

4.1.1 Smart device 48

4.1.2 Gateway 52

4.1.3 Cloud server 54

4.2 Hardware selection 55

4.3 Description of the experience 55

4.3.1 Protocol for the connection between Smart Device Gateway 68

4.3.2 Architecture 68

4.3.3 Operation Modes 69

4.4 Results 70

CONCLUSION 76

REFERENCES 77

Appendix A: Arduino code for the Second Floor 81

The next generation of the Internet will be the Internet of Things which can be acknowledged as a worldwide network of interconnected objects [2] In this new model, any object has a unique ID and can join a common and known network which is the Internet [1]

The Internet of Things is a new way of information exchanging that is different from that one that is frequently used Now things can communicate not only with people but also with other devices

If we analyze the impact that the internet brought to the humanity in general, we can conclude that the internet is one of the most important and powerful creations in the history IoT represents a progress that will make use of revolutionary applications [3]

For connection within the internet, wireless communication can be used as it is popularly presented nowadays With the increasing universal demand in wireless connections, the applications such as wireless sensors networking and the internet

of things become more and more popular [4] Sensors are devices which are used to

get information about the environments These can be used as a network to communicate with other devices

A sensors network has many sensors devices distributed in a certain environment This kind of network can be applied for controlling, tracking and processing in different situations, for example, security monitoring [3]

The IoT thesis title is supported by the fact that it represents an innovation in the network concept This is a system that collects useful data, through sensing devices and to process the collected data Many data are collected through IoT, it can be an advance to the society

As we all know that the global network of computers that are interconnected through TCP/IP is called internet Internet changed the way long distance communication was conducted, it created new ways to share and acquire knowledge; it changed the way awareness was spread across communities and so

on Internet also changed the entertainment and media industry It was a great leap when people from different parts of the world were able to connect with each other through internet to share, learn and care

A new concept associated with the “Future Internet” is called “Internet of Things” describes a vision where real objects become part of the internet: where each object is uniquely identified, and accessible to the network [5]

To create a real life scenario, one can imagine a smart home; a house full of smart objects: smart TV, smart phone, lights, heating system and etc All these objects are connected to each other creating an IoT network and connected to the internet with a special Gateway device The owner is able to control these devices with his smart phone or laptop from his job or anywhere he can connect to the internet For a more specific situation: the owner of the house checks the temperature sensor values and decides to turn the heating system of the house on

the house Since variety of smart objects are on the market, working with Bluetooth, ZigBee, ANT or 6LoWPAN, the most important component of this scenario is to build the IoT network inside the house; while the main challenge is to avoid the unauthorized people to get control of your house [6]

These were the major motivations of the study, since the topic is of public interest today

 To identify the Internet of Things reference model;

 To identify some protocols that are used in the Internet of Things;

 To check the operating system used in the Internet of Things

What is the Internet of things?

What is the M2M communication?

What are the protocols used in the Internet of Things?

What are operating systems used in the Internet of Things?

1.5 Structure of the thesis

The rest of the thesis is structured as follows:

Chapter 2: Presents the overview of the Internet of Things, including advantages and disadvantages of the internet of things;

Chapter 3: Presents some theories about M2M communication, M2M protocols stack and technical challenges, M2M standards and protocols, Architecture and components of M2M

Chapter 4: Presents the case study testbed establishment, description the material used for the implementation and the final results

In the end, it presents the conclusion, some recommendations for future work and references

CHAPTER 2 - INTERNET OF THINGS OVERVIEW

In this chapter we discuss the concept of the Internet of Things, transmission technologies and architecture of the Internet of Things, applications, Smart objects, Smart devices, Internet of Things platform, advantages and disadvantages of IoT and Operating System for the Internet of Things

The term was first proposed by Kevin Ashton in 1999 IoT represents the moment that the things connected to the internet over trough the quantity of the people, making and receiving lots of traffics In 2003, there were about 6.3 billion

of people in the planet and 500 millions of devices connected to the internet, resulting 0.08 devices per person In that period IoT didn’t exist yet, if we consider the number of the objects connected [3]

With crescent use of smartphones and tablets it was increased the number of devices connected to the internet, about 12.5 billion in 2010, increasing the number

of devices connected per person to more than 1.84 for the first time [3]

Observing the figure 2.1, which belongs to an investigation of cisco internet Business solutions Group, it was observed that that the quantity of devices connected to the internet will grow in next years Consequently the number of devices connected per person will also increase [3]

In this new model of internet, the communication will be done not only by people, but also by people and things and by own object It will be the join of the physical world with the information world It will be possible if each machine communicates with another machine, with the aid of one unique identification form,

as occurs on the Internet current [2]

Figure 2.1: Internet of Things is "born" between 2008 and 2009 [3]

2.1.1 What is Internet of Things?

In 2005, ITU published an annual report of the Internet of Things, which extended the concept of the Internet of things and posed the foreground of "Any Time, and Any Place, and Any Things Connection", “Ubiquitous networks” and

“Ubiquitous Computing”, except RFID technology, sensor technology, nanotechnology and smart things technology will be more widely applied [7]

The IoT is defined as a dynamic global network infrastructure with configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual “things” have identities, physical attributes and virtual personalities, use intelligent interfaces and are seamlessly integrated into the information network [8]

self-2.1.2 Smart Objects

Any object which not only has a state, which has certain data associated with a state but an object which can also determine nature of connectivity, duration of connectivity and connectivity protocol are called smart objects

RFID, Bluetooth Low Energy and NFC make it possible to use our phone as readers We can extract information from certain objects just by tapping it or

bringing our device close to it RFID tags do not have any embedded system or does

a NFC tag has But data can still be brought to internet by reading through a reader These are called smart objects Non-processor entity whose data can be acquired and migrated over internet falls under these category

Short-range low-energy sensor technology has given rise to smart objects So say a T-Shirt comes with a smart tag We can tap our phone over it and we get information about the quality of material, it's size, other color variants, dye information and so on which helps us making our purchase decision As the information is acquired, it can be passed as a search query to obtain similar results where we can compare the price-quality for similar tags

Therefore, researching in this particular subsection has taken significant time Finally, we have put together some most common and popular technologies in IoT

to make an overview of what devices we are really talking about

We divide the IoT devices into two broad categories: The wearable ones and Microcontroller/Microprocessor driven embedded IoT ones Some of the embedded devices like Arduino Lilly pad are minisque and anybody can further utilize them to make their own wearable solution However, wearable hardware which is pretty standard and IoT has only software scope for the developer [9]

Here is a diagram of common peripheral hardware that one might have to learn while working with IoT hardware in embedded level

Figure 2.2: Common IoT devices and Technologies [9]

So not being a hardware geek can be started with Wearable and start making apps for popular wearable platforms Being a hardware enthusiast, can be started with Embedded IoT platform Any of the broader technologies like Raspberry Pi, Arduino or Galileo and startup with IoT development, must be selected [9]

2.2.1 Advantages of IoT

Some of the most important advantages of IoT are as follows [6]:

Transportation: IoT eases and simplifies the entire process by introducing a

monitory sensor that helps to track distance and time locations and other contributing factors

Inventory Management: IoT is used to tag radio frequency sensors to track the

location of products in real time It has been instrumental in tracking the level of

inventory and to stock it in advance, making alerts for unforeseen stoppages, automatically placing orders, etc

Assessing web user intelligence: IoT is used by third party web data aggregators

to have a better understanding of their key customer by tracking them on social media networks to know their preferences

Integration into Health Care Systems: This could prove to be incredibly

beneficial for both an individual and a society A chip could be implemented into each individual, allowing for hospitals to monitor the vital signs of the patient

2.2.2 Disadvantages of IoT

Considering that IoT is still an emerging technology, it has its unfulfilled drawbacks [6]:

Compatibility: Currently, there is no international standard of compatibility for

the tagging and monitoring equipment The manufacturing companies of this equipment need to agree to a standard, such as Bluetooth, USB, etc

Privacy: In light of the NSA spying revelations, having more information

accessible on the web to government agencies, data aggregators, and hackers may not be a comforting thought for members of the public

Potential of widespread malware: The interconnection of devices could make it

much easier for malware to spread throughout a home’s integrated system, with results ranging from complete corruption to minor inconveniences

Complexity: As with all complex systems, there are more opportunities of failure

With the Internet of Things, failures could sky rocket Infrastructure is still being

developed and it will still take quite some time to overcome these disadvantages

2.3.1 Introduction to IoT platform

Platform: A platform could be a hardware plus software suite upon which other

applications can operate Platform could comprise hardware above which Operating

system can reside This Operating system will allow application to work above it by providing necessary execution environment to it [10]

2.3.2 Some platform of IoT

Various IoT platforms are now a day available that can be used for developing an IoT solution but in this thesis we have covered seven popular platforms that are widely used for IoT solution building

Google Cloud Platform provides the infrastructure to handle streams of data fed from millions of intelligent devices

Google is one of the popular IoT platforms because of: Fast global network, Google's BigData tool, Pay as you use strategy, Support of various available services of cloud like RiptideIO, BigQuery, Firebase, PubSub, Telit Wireless Solutions, Connecting Arduino and Firebase and Cassandra on Google Cloud Platform and much more [10]

Figure 2.3 shows real time stream processing by Google Devices send their status information to App Engine So first load balancer makes sure that the load is balanced among various app engines Then compute engine performs data computation and publication of data Multiple instances of compute engine are available to insure reliability and scalability The data is stored and backed up using cloud storage Big query allows speedy insertion of data in tables of cloud database The results can be presented to the end users by means of various analysis and visualization technique

 Provided support if required;

 Assurance of Google Grade security and compliance for your applications;

 Environment safe cloud

Figure 2.3: Real Time Stream Processing- Google IoT [11]

IBM BlueMix is a platform as a service cloud which is developed by IBM It supports programming languages like java, php, Python, Node.js, Go and much more Integrated DevOps allows to build, run, deploy as well as to manage applications over IBM BlueMix cloud [10]

IoT foundation shown in Figure 2.4 combined with IBM BlueMix platform provides powerful application access to IoT data and devices IBM BlueMix support rapid development of analytics applications, visualization dashboard, and mobile IoT applications We can create our IoT application with IBM Bluemix and then IBM provide REST and secure API to connect our device data with our application IBM IoT foundation is the Hub where we can set up and manage our connected devices IBM IoT foundation uses MQTT protocol to securely transfer device data to cloud [12]

Key features:

 Powerful web dashboard

 Device Registration

 Scalable connectivity

 Security of communication

 Storage of data

 Provided support if required

Figure 2.4: IBM IoT Foundation [12]

by a ThingWorx's following leading products and services: ThingWorx Composer, Codeless Mashup Builder, Event-Driven Execution and 3D Storage, ThingWorx SQUEAL, ThingWorx Edge MicroServer [10]

As shown in figure 2.5 ThingWorx IoT platforms provide device cloud to connect millions of device with IoT application It provides always on communication using REST, MQTT and sockets Above the layer of communication there are system service integration, 3D storage engine and business

logic System service integration interact with business systems like ERP, CRM etc 3D storage engine enables big data analytics Above it there is a layer for REST APIs that helps to implement and use social services and cloud services Then the data is presented via various visualization techniques [10]

Key features:

 Modern and Complete Platform provisioning;

 Faster deployment;

 Integrate People, Systems and Machines;

 Deploy in the way we Like to do it;

 Let your Application evolve and grow Over Time

 Search-based Intelligence;

 Allows collaboration;

 Flexible Connectivity Options

Figure 2.5: ThingWorx IoT foundation [13]

2.3.2.4 ThingSpeak

ThingSpeak is an application platform for the development of IoT systems It can help to build the application which works upon the data collected by sensors ThingSpeak is an open data platform for IoT application development ThingSpeak

is the perfect complement to an existing enterprise system to tap into the Internet of Things It provides the ability to integrate our data with a variety of third-party platforms, systems and technologies, including other leading IoT platforms such as ioBridge and Arduino ThingsSpeak channel is used to send and store data [10] Figure 2.6 shows ThingSpeak IoT with Electric Imp platform Here Electric Imp

is a platform with provides connectivity of WiFi devices with cloud services It provides access to the Electric Imp modules Once the connectivity to such modules

is simplified by Electric Imp cloud, data services from ThingSpeak are used to get IoT experience [10]

Key features:

 It provides real time collection of data storage;

 Data analytics and Visualization using MATLAB;

 Device Communication;

 Open API support;

 Provides Geolocation data;

 Facilitates plugins

Figure 2.6: Electric Imp and ThingSpeak IoT [14]

Digital service cloud is an open IoT platform It allows IoT innovators to own their customers the way customers own their products It supports product start-ups, global technological brands and product innovators It is a platform that accelerates time to market process for a new innovation By using the readymade infrastructure provided by DSC, one can build needed customized IoT solutions by connecting devices and using plug and play dashboard Then one has to monitor and manage the product over its lifetime It connects our product with a network of millions of devices It runs a UI-driven rules engine that requires no coding It monitors and streams a petabyte of real time data It operates on a secure tenant based system and provides quick launch of our application with a wizard based app builders [10] Figure 2.7 shows Digital service cloud IoT foundation Here consumer devices equipped with variety of sensors can connect to IoT application available on cloud and can communicate with application Various networking and connectivity techniques are available that can connect the devices over cloud Cloud provides device management and app development Data analytics and visualization through powerful dashboard are supported to end users [10]

Key features:

 Scalability;

 Security;

 Plug and Play;

 Unified customer service;

 Big data analytics;

 Monitoring, maintenance and management of devices;

 Multi-channel support delivery;

 Preventive support through support cloud;

 Users across diverse verticals

Figure 2.7: Digital Service Cloud IoT foundation [10]

Amazon Web Services allows Internet of Things on a global scale by facilitating security, services and support It facilitates immediate access to desired computing power by means of EC2 Helps to performs big data analytics and supports high volume data Amazon Kinesis helps to ingest data from thousands of sensors AWS provides security to your data which can be in transit or at rest AWS provide pay-as-you-go model for IoT applications It has it multiple pricing models like tiered pricing, Reserved Instances, and an active marketplace AWS supports on demand infrastructure to accommodate need of IoT system It provides access to more storage, compute capability and global resources when needed AWS provides

flexibility for IoT applications in terms of tools, programming languages, data management and other infrastructure resources ActiveMq and Mosquito servers help in managing and analyzing IoT applications User identity, device analytics, and device messaging/notifications are all common parts of an Internet of Things application Amazon Web Services provides services that take the effort out of these important parts of your application Services like Amazon Cognito, Amazon Mobile Analytics, and Mobile Push to take care of the undifferentiated heavy lifting while you focus on the differentiated benefits of application [10]

As shown in figure 2.8, Amazon Kinesis can collect high throughput data from devices and gateways, and then it can analyze and store it over cloud so that applications can consume it and can generate quick decision It can support data up

to any scale

Key features:

 Scalability;

 Privacy and Security;

 High availability and flexibility;

 Data analytics and storage of high volume data;

 On demand services like other platforms;

 Provides Hardware resources

Figure 2.8: Data streaming from Gateway to cloud by Amazon Kinesis [10]

2.3.2.7 Microsoft Azure Cloud

Azure is Microsoft’s cloud computing platform, a rising collection of integrated services analytics, database, computing, networking, mobile, storage and web for moving quicker, accomplishing more and saving money

Azure IoT Suite helps securely connect millions of Linux, RTOS (Real Time Operating System), iOS, Android and Windows devices to reliably send telemetry and receive commands from your application back-end in the cloud [15]

Figure 2.9 shows how Microsoft provides IoT solution The core of Microsoft IoT foundation is Microsoft Azure cloud platform It provides connectivity of millions of devices and sensors with IoT application It provides remote access, monitoring, and content distribution and configuration management facilities for connected devices It provides big data analysis, social as well as business integration and dash boarding tools to IoT application to build an IoT solution Key features [10]:

 Build on what already established;

 Get more benefits from your existing assets;

 Small changes and big reflection;

 Trusted support;

 Expertise in development to deployment;

 Connectivity of any device;

 Skilled partners and powerful innovation;

 Data insights;

 Scalability;

 Easy way for business transformation;

 Agility

Figure 2.9: Microsoft IoT foundation [15]

2.4.1 Process of IoT

To achieve a successful integration, IoT must be supported from some innovational technologies RFID is one of the key enablers of IoT Connecting and communicating with small objects require a uniquely identified system and real time tracking, which RFID can provide by getting information about the location and status of objects The IoT can be divided into three processes [16]:

a) Items signing and identifying: The popular identification technology now is radio frequency identification, in short RFID technology RFID is a kind of non-connecting Auto-ID technology, it uses the radio frequency to identify the target item and acquire the relevant data RFID consists of three components: tag, which is made up by and IC, every single tag has a unique electronic code, adhering to the items to identify the target; reader, a device which can read(sometimes can write in) the tag’s information, has two forms, handset or fixed one; antenna, sending the radio frequency signal between the tag and the reader [17]

b) The process of information transmission: Information transmission can be divided into a wired transmission and wireless transmission In the Internet

of Things, the two transmissions will be involved in the transmission process

of data from the collection device to the background processing center The process that the item identification information is read by the collection equipment and the process that the Information from the collection device transmitted to the Internet backbone network are wireless transmissions The backbone of the Internet of Things refers to the current communication network, including Internet, telecom net and Enterprise networks and so on, which is a typical wired transmission mainly responsible for the transmission between the information processing center and external communication devices

c) Backstage center intelligent processing: The center mainly does the work of pooling, converting, analyzing on the collection of information and data, and adapt the information according to the specific needs of the user's and trigger the event Because a large number of original data is obtained from the ending note and only after the original data is converted, selecting and analyzing has the actual value for the users The center also arranges these data collation according to the specific content of services and correspondingly respond according to the user’s triggering event

2.4.2 Connectivity for the Internet of Things

The embedded systems can use a range of connectivity to connect with other devices or the internet, as show in figure 2.10

Figure 2.10: IoT Connectivity [18]

The following are some communication technologies of smart devices:

An important short-range communications technology is of course Bluetooth, which has become very important in computing and many consumer product markets It is expected to be key for wearable products, in particular, again connecting to the IoT albeit probably via a smartphone in many cases The new Bluetooth Low-Energy or Bluetooth Smart, as it is now branded is a significant protocol for IoT applications Importantly, while it offers similar range to Bluetooth

it has been designed to offer significantly reduced power consumption [19]

However, Smart/BLE is not really designed for file transfer and is more suitable for small chunks of data It has a major advantage certainly in a more personal device context over many competing technologies given its widespread integration

in smartphones and many other mobile devices According to the Bluetooth SIG, more than 90% of Bluetooth-enabled smartphones, including iOS, Android and Windows based models, are expected to be ‘Smart Ready’ by 2018 Devices that employ Bluetooth Smart features incorporate the Bluetooth Core Specification

Version 4.0 (or higher the latest is version 4.2 announced in late 2014) with a combined basic-data-rate and low-energy core configuration for an RF transceiver, baseband and protocol stack Importantly, version 4.2 via its Internet Protocol Support Profile will allow Bluetooth Smart sensors to access the Internet directly via 6LoWPAN connectivity (more on this below) This IP connectivity makes it possible to use existing IP infrastructure to manage Bluetooth Smart ‘edge’ devices Bluetooth 4.2 core specification:

 Standard: ZigBee 3.0 based on IEEE802.15.4;

 Frequency: 2.4GHz;

 Range: 10-100m;

 Data Rates: 250kbps

WiFi connectivity is often an obvious choice for many developers, especially given the pervasiveness of WiFi within the home environment within LANs It requires little further explanation except to state the obvious that clearly there is a wide existing infrastructure as well as offering fast data transfer and the ability to handle high quantities of data [19]

Currently, the most common WiFi standard used in homes and many businesses

is 802.11n, which offers serious throughput in the range of hundreds of megabit per second, which is fine for file transfers, but may be too power-consuming for many IoT applications [19]

 Standard: Based on 802.11n (most common usage in homes today);

 Frequencies: 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands;

 Range: Approximately 50m;

 Data Rates: 600 Mbps maximum, but 150-200Mbps is more typical, depending; on channel frequency used and number of antennas (latest 802.11-ac standard should offer 500Mbps to 1Gbps)

 Standard: ISO/IEC 18000-3;

 Frequency: 13.56MHz (ISM);

 Range: 10cm;

 Data Rates: 100–420kbps

A key IP-based technology is 6LowPAN Rather than being an IoT application protocols technology like Bluetooth or ZigBee, 6LowPAN is a network protocol that defines encapsulation and header compression mechanisms The standard has the freedom of frequency band and physical layer and can also be used across multiple communications platforms, including Ethernet, WiFi, 802.15.4 and sub-1GHz ISM A key attribute is the IPv6 stack, which has been a very important introduction in recent years to enable an IoT IPv6 is the successor to IPv4 and

embedded object or device in the world to have its own unique IP address and connect to the Internet Specially designed for home or building automation, for example, IPv6 provides a basic transport mechanism to produce complex control systems and to communicate with devices in a cost-effective manner via a low-power wireless network [19]

Designed to send IPv6 packets over IEEE802.15.4-based networks and implementing open IP standards including TCP, UDP, HTTP, COAP, MQTT, and websockets, the standard offers end-to-end addressable nodes, allowing a router to connect the network to IP 6LowPAN is a mesh network that is robust, scalable and self-healing Mesh router devices can route data destined for other devices, while hosts are able to sleep for long periods of time

 Standard: RFC6282

 Frequency: (adapted and used over a variety of other networking media including Bluetooth Smart (2.4GHz) or ZigBee or low-power RF (sub-1GHz)

 Range: N/A

 Data Rates: N/A

2.4.2.6 Z-Wave

Z-Wave is a low-power RF communications technology that is primarily designed for home automation for products such as lamp controllers and sensors among many others Optimized for reliable and low-latency communication of small data packets with data rates up to 100kbit/s, it operates in the sub-1GHz band and is impervious to interference from WiFi and other wireless technologies in the 2.4-GHz range such as Bluetooth or ZigBee It supports full mesh networks without the need for a coordinator node and is very scalable, enabling control of up to 232 devices Z-Wave uses a simpler protocol than some others, which can enable faster and simpler development, but the only maker of chips is Sigma Designs compared

to multiple sources for other wireless technologies such as ZigBee and others [19]

 Standard: Z-Wave Alliance ZAD12837 / ITU-T G.9959

in IoT, M2M and smart city and industrial applications Optimized for low-power consumption and supporting large networks with millions and millions of devices, data rates range from 0.3 kbps to 50 kbps [19]

 Standard: LoRaWAN

 Frequency: Various

 Range: 2-5km (urban environment), 15km (suburban environment)

 Data Rates: 0.3-50 kbps

2.4.2.8 ANT

ANT is a proprietary WSN technology featuring a wireless communications protocol stack that enables semiconductor radios operating in the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical allocation of the RF spectrum ("ISM band") to communicate by establishing standard rules for co-existence, data representation, signaling, authentication and error detection [20]

Radio frequency identification is the wireless use of electromagnetic fields to identify objects Usually, would install an active reader, or reading tags that contain a stored information mostly authentication replies Experts call that an Active Reader Passive Tag (ARPT) system Short range RFID is about 10cm, but long range can go up to 200m What many do not know is that Léon Theremin invented the RFID as an espionage tool for the Soviet Union in 1945 An Active Reader Active Tag (ARAT) system uses active tags awoken with an interrogator signal from the active reader Bands RFID runs on: 120–150 kHz (10cm), 3.56 MHz (10cm-1m), 433 MHz (1-100m), 865-868 MHz (Europe), 902-928 MHz (North America) (1-12m) [21]

a) Pros and Cons of RFID

Pros:

Cons:



 Not compatible with smartphones

Examples include animal identification, factory data collection, road tolls, and building access RFID tag is also attached to an inventory such that its production and manufacturing progress can be tracked through the assembly line We believe RFID technology will very soon be replaced by NFC technology in smartphone [21]

IoT architecture consists of different suite of technologies supporting IoT It serves to illustrate how various technologies relate to each other and to communicate the scalability, modularity and configuration of IoT deployments in different scenarios [22]

Figure 2.11: IoT Architecture [22]

The functionality of each layer are described follow:

2.5.1 Sensor Layer

The lowest layer is made up of smart objects integrated with sensors The sensors enable the interconnection of the physical and digital worlds allowing real-time