* Dùng nh một hình thức bị động khi muốn nhấn mạnh ngời hay vật bị tác động bởi một yếu tố nào đó.. 4/ Passive forms Thể bị động dùng để nhấn mạnh ý nghĩa, đối tợng thực hiện một hành độ
Trang 1Attainment targets – Class 8 (Grammar)
1
My friend
- Revision: The simple present tense: S + V(s,es) + O/A
- Revision: The simple past tense: S + V(ed) + O/A
- The simple present to talk about general truths
- Sentences with “Enough/ Too”
• (not) adj/ adv + enough + to Vinf
• (not) too + adj/ adv + to Vinf
- Attributive and predicative adjectives
- Sentences with “like” (preposition)
• What + be + S + like?
• What + do/ does + S + look like?
- Revision: Exclamatory sentences
• What + a/an + adj + N+ S+ V!
= S + V + such + a/an + adj + N!
• How + adj/ adv + S + V!
= S + V + so + adj/adv!
2
Making
arrangements
- Revision: Talk about intentions with “be going to + Vinf”
- Contrast: Will/ Be going to/ Present continuous (be + Ving)
- Adverbs of place: there, here, inside, outside, upstairs, downstairs
3
At home
- Reflexive pronouns
- Modal verbs: Must, have/ has to, ought to
- Revision: Why – Because ( Because + Clause) 4
Our past
- Revision: The simple past tense: S + V(ed) + O/A
- Preposition of time: in, on, at, after, before, between
- Used to + Vinf
- Get/ Be Used to + Ving
- Contrast: used to/ be used to
5
Study habits
- Adverbs of manner:
• S + V + O + adverb of manner
• Adverb = Adjective + ly
- Modal verb: Should ( S + should + Vinf)
- Commands, request and advice in reported speech:
• S + asked/ told / ordered/ + O + (not) to Vinf
• S + advised + O + (not) to Vinf
Trang 2= S + said (that) + S + Modal verb (not) + Vinf 6
The young
pioneers club
- Simple present tense with future meaning
- Gerunds (Ving)
- Modal Verbs: Can/ Could/ May
• Can/ May/ Could + I/ We + have ?
• Can/ May/ Could + I/We + Vinf ?
• Can/Could + you + Vinf ?
7
My neighborhood
- The present perfect tense with “for” and “since”:
• S + have/ has + P.P + O/A
- To show similarity and difference comparison with
“like, (not) as as, (not) the same as, different from
• S + be (not) as + adj/ N + as +
• S + be (not) the same as + st
• S1 + be + different from + S2
8
Country life and
city life
- Present progressive: S + be + Ving + O/A
• to talk about the future
• to show changes with “get” and “come”
S + be + becoming/ getting + adj
- Revision: Comparative and superlative adjectives
9
A first – aid course
- Clause and phrases of purpose:
• in order (not) to + Vinf
• so as (not) to + Vinf
- Revision: Future simple: S + will/ shall + Vinf + O/A
- Modal “Will/ Shall” to make promises, requests and offers
10
recycling
- Passive forms:
S + V + O
S + be + P.P + by O
- Adjectives followed by:
• an infinitive: S + be + adj + to Vinf
• a noun clause: S + be + adj + that + Clause
11 - _ed and _ing participle
Trang 3Traveling around
viet nam
- Requests with:
• Would/ Do you mind if + V(simple past) + O?
• Would/ Do you mind + Ving + O?
12
A vacation abroad
- Past progressive tense with “when” and “while”:
• S + was / were + Ving + O/A
- Present progressive with “always”:
• S + be + always + Ving
13
festivals
- Passive forms (Continued)
- Direct speech and reported speech:
• S + asked (that) + S + V
- Compound Nouns:
• Noun + Ving > Compound Noun
• Ving + Noun Compound Noun 14
Wonders of the
world
- Passive forms (Cont)
- Indirect questions with “if” and “whether”
• S + asked + O + if/ whether + S + V
- Question words + to Vinf
- Verb + to Vinf with purpose and non – purpose
15
computers
- The present perfect with “yet” and “already”
• S + have/ has + already + P.P + O/A
• S + haven’t/ hasn’t + P.P + yet
• Have/ Has + S + P.P + yet?
- Contrast the past simple and the present perfect
16
inventions
- Passive forms (cont)
• “have” and “get”: S + have/has + st + P.P
• Verbs of opinion: say, think, believe, report, rumour: A: S1 + V + that + Clause (S2 + V + O) P: It + be + P.P + that + Clause
• “need”: S + need + Ving
- Sequence markers
Trang 4
1/ enough - too to 2/ So that - such that
1) Enough / too to:
a/ Enough:
S + be/ V + adj / adv + enough + (for O) + to Vinf
Eg1: I am tall enough to reach to the bookshelf
Eg2: He speaks clearly enough for us to understand
b/ too to:
S + be / V + too + adj / adv + (for O) + to Vinf
Eg1: It is too heavy for her to carry the box.
Eg2: He spoke too slowly for us to understand.
2) so that/ such that:
a/ so that :
S + be / V + so + adj / adv + that + Clause
Eg1: It was so cold that we couldn’t go swimming
Eg2: She gets so early that she can siwish her homework.
b/ such that :
• S + be + such + (a/ an) + adj + N + that + Clause
• S + V + such + adv + N + that + Clause
3/ past Participle and present participle
Một số tính từ có tận cùng là đuôi _ed hoặc _ing còn đợc gọi là phân từ hiện tại
và phân từ quá khứ
Eg: interested interesting
excited exciting
Use:
a) Adjective:
- Đứng trớc cho danh từ để phụ nghĩa cho danh từ đó
Eg: interesting film
- Đứng sau động từ liên kết( linking verb: be; become; get )
Eg: My father becomes worried.
+ Chủ thể chỉ ngời (person subject)
Eg: They’re excited about the vacation to Da Lat
+ Chủ thể chỉ đồ vật hay sự việc (thing subject )
Eg: This film is boring
b) Rút gọn mệnh đề tính từ:
Eg: 1 The girl is in my class She’s reading book.
The girl reading a book is in my class
2 There are many books They are written in English.
Trang 5 There are many books written in English.
c) Nối hai câu cùng chủ ngữ:
Eg: He went away He sang a new song.
He went away, singing a new song
1 past Participle (_ed participle): Thờng bao hàm nghĩa bị động
* Ta dung kết thỳc đuụi _ed để miờu tả cảm giỏc con người, hay con hay con người bị tỏc động bởi 1 yếu tố nào đú
Eg: I am surprised by the news.
* Dùng nh một hình thức bị động khi muốn nhấn mạnh ngời hay vật bị tác động bởi một yếu tố nào đó
Eg: The television made in Japan is very expensive.
2 present participle (_ing participle): Thờng bao hàm nghĩa tác động.
* Ta dùng các tính từ kết thúc bằng _ing để nói về những thứ hay ai đó đã khiến chúng ta có cảm giác nh vậy
Eg: The lesson is boring.
* Sử dụng nh hình thức tiếp diễn, chỉ ai đó đang thực hiện một hành động
Eg: The boy chatting on the Internet is my brother.
Note: Tính từ kết thúc bằng _ing thờng có chức năng bổ nghĩa cho danh từ và nó
có thể đứng trớc danh từ
Eg: The joirney is very tiring
It is a very tiring joirney
4/ Passive forms
Thể bị động dùng để nhấn mạnh ý nghĩa, đối tợng thực hiện một hành động, sự việc trong câu
Cấu tạo:
S + be + P.P + by O Sơ đồ khi chuyển từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động:
Một số lu ý khi chuyển từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động:
Tân ngữ của câu chủ động sẽ làm chủ ngữ của câu bị động
Động từ “to be” ở câu bị động phụ thuộc vào thì của động từ chính ở câu chủ
động
Trang 6 Khi muốn nói hoặc nhấn mạnh ai đó gây nên hành động thì ta phải dùng: by +
O (sơ đồ trên)
Nếu trong câu có trạng từ chỉ địa điểm thì khi chuyển đổi ta cho trạng từ đó
đứng giữa P.P và by O, nếu mà có trạng từ chỉ thời gian thì ta cho trạng từ đó
đứng ở cuối câu
Thể bị động với một số hình thức đơn giản:
1 Thể bị động với thì hiện tại đơn: (The passive form with simple present tense)
S + be (not) + P.P + by O
Eg1 : Nam watches TV everyday.
TV is watched by Nam everyday
Eg2: I don’t buy a car.
A car isn’t bought by me
2 Thể bị động với thì tơng lai đơn: (The passive form with future simple)
S + Will/ Shall (not)+ be + P.P + by O Eg: Hoa will visit her parents next week.
Her parent will be visited by Lan next week
3 Thể bị động với thì quá khứ đơn: (The passive form with past simple)
S + was/ were (not) + P.P + by O Eg: I learnt English last night.
English was learnt by me last night
4 Thể bị động với thì hiện tại tiếp diễn: (The passive form with present progressive)
S + tobe (not) + being + P.P + by O Eg
: He is playing soccer.
Soccer is being played by him
5 Thể bị động với thì quá khứ tiếp diễn: (The passive form with past progressive)
S + was/ were (not) + being + P.P + by O Eg
: She was doing her homework at 8 o’ clock last night.
Her homework was being done at 8 o’clock last night
6 Thể bị động với thì hiện tại hoàn thành: (The passive form with present perfect)
S + have/ has (not) + been + P.P + by O Eg: They have built a new clinic near my house.
A new clinic has been built near my house by them
7 Thể bị động với thì tơng lai gần:(The passive form with “Be going to”)
S + to be(not) going to + be + P.P + by O Eg
: She is going to meet us at my birthday party.
Trang 7 We are going to be met by her my birthday party.
8 Thể bị động với động từ khuyết thiếu: (The passive form with Modal Verb)
S + modal verb (not) + be + P.P + by O
Eg: You should insure the package.
The package should be insured by you
5/ used to, be/ get used to
I Used to: Thờng đã làm gì trong quá khứ Dùng để nói về những thói quen thờng
diễn ra trong quá khứ nhng nay không còn tồn tại
*Form: (didn’t) + use(d) to + Vinf
II Be/ get used to: Quen với, thích nghi với
*Form: get/ be + used to + Ving/ N.
6/ Gerunds
I Gerunds:
- Là động từ đợc thêm bởi hậu tố “_ing”
- Có chức năng nh danh từ
II Juntion: (Chức năng)
1 Làm chủ ngữ (Subject)
Eg1: Smoking is bad for you.
Eg2: Doing morning exercise regulary is good for you.
2 Làm bổ ngữ:
Eg: Her hobby is collecting stamp.
3 Làm tân ngữ:
a) Cho động từ:
• Một số động từ theo sau là danh động từ:
enjoy, love, like, prefer, practise, dislike, finish, admit, avoid,annoy, deny, detest, forgive, imagine, keep, mind, miss, suggest, understand, hate, consider,
Eg: Did you finish working on this project last night?
• Danh từ còn theo sau một số thành ngữ nh:
+ It is no good/ use
+ Can’t bear/ stand
+ Can’t help
+ There is no point in
+ It is (no) worth
+It is a waste of time/ money
Eg: I can’t stand sitting alone.
• Note:
- stop + to Vinf: dừng để làm gì.
+ Ving: dừng hẳn
Trang 8- forget + to Vinf: quên làm gì
+ Ving: quên để làm gì
- remember + to Vinf: nhớ làm gì
+ Ving: nhớ để làm gì
- try + to Vinf: cố gắng
+ Ving: thử
- regret + to Vinf: lâý làm tiếc vì phải làm gì.
+ Ving: Hối hận
b) Cho giới từ:
Eg: He is interested in learning English.
7/ reported speech
I Commands, requests in reported speech:
S + asked/ told + O + (not) + to Vinf
Eg: “(Don’t) Hurry up, Lan” Linh said
Linh asked/ told Lan (not) to hurry up
II Advice in reported speech:
S + advised + O + (not) + to Vinf
= S + said (that) + S + should/ ought to / had better + (not) + Vinf
Eg: “You should read book reqularly, Marry” Nga said
Nga said Marry should read book reqularly
Nga advised Marry to read book reqularly
III Statements:
S + said/ say (that) + S + V
Eg1: He said: “I am a student in class 8C”
He said that he was a student in class 8C
Eg2: Tom says, “I am tired”
Tom says that he is tired
Eg3: Marry said, “I saw Peter”
Marry said that she had seen Peter
Eg4: Hung said, “I have got a new car”
Hung said he had got a new car
Eg5: “She can speak English well”, he said
He said she could speak English well
Eg6: “We will go to China next summer”, Mrs Lan said
Mrs Lan said they would go to China the following summer
IV Yes/ No Questions:
S +
wondered inquired
asked
+ if / whether + S2 + V+
Eg1: “Do you play soccer?”, Ha said.
Trang 9 Ha asked if/ whether I played soccer.
Eg2: “Are you a doctor?”, Tom asked
Tom asked if/ whether I was a doctor
Eg3: “Will Peter be here tomorrow?”, Tom asked.
Tom wondered whether Peter would be there the following day
Eg4: “Do you know Peter?”, Nam asked
Nam asked if I knew Peter
V Wh - questions:
S +
wondered inquired
asked
+ wh - word + S2 + V+
Eg1: “What’s your name?”, she asked me
She asked me what my name was
Eg2: “Where do you work?” Hoa asked me.
Hoa asked me where I worked
Eg3: Mother asked me,”Why don’t you go to school this morning?”
Mother asked why I didn’t go to school that morning
VI Changes:
Tomorrow The next day/ the following day
The day after tomorrow In two days’ time
The day before yesterday Two days before
Next week/ year The following week/ year
Last week/ month/ year • The previous week/ month/ year
• The week/ month/ year before
Present continuous Past continuous
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
Trang 10Can Could
Am/ is / are going to Was/ were going to
8/ polite requests with “mind”
I Would/ Do you mind + Ving ?(Bạn làm ơn (làm) giúp tôi (điều gì) đợc
không?)
Do/ Would you mind + Ving + O?
Eg: Would/ Do you mind driving around the town?
• Chúng ta sử dụng cấu trúc trên để đa ra lời yêu cầu, đề nghị một cách lịch sự
- Agree:
+ No, I’d glad to do that
+ No, I’d happy to do that
- Disagree: I’m sorry, I can’t
II Would/ Do you mind if ? (Bạn/ anh / chị có phiền/ bận tâm nếu tôi ) 1) Do you mind if I + V (simple present) + O? Eg: Do you mind if I give him the key?
2) Would you mind if I + V (simple past) + O? Eg: Would you mind if I smoked here?
• Chúng ta sử dụng hai cấu trúc trên để đa ra lời xin phép lịch sự khi muốn làm gì
- Agree:
+ No, I don’t mind
+ Please do
+ Not at all
+ Please go ahead
+ Never mind/ you’re welcome
+ No, of course not
+ No, that would be fine
- Disagree:
+ I’m sorry, I can’t
+ I am sorry, that is not possible
+I’d rather/ prefer you didn’t
9/ clause and phrases of purpose
I Dùng cụm từ in order to/ so as to (Để mà) để chỉ mục đích.
(+) in order to/ so as to/ to + Vinf
Eg: I study hard to/ in order to/ so as to pass the exam.
(-) in order not to/ so as not to/ not to + Vinf
Eg: I turned on the TV so as not to/ not to/ in order not to watch the news.
II Ngoài ra ta dùng mệnh đề (Clause)
Trang 11• S + V + so that/ in order that + S + Modal verb (can/ will/ should ) + Vinf Eg: I try to study so that/ in order that I can pass the exam > I try to study in order to pass the exam
III Note:
• Chủ ngữ 2 câu cùng chung ta có thể dùng in order to/ so as to
• Khi không cùng chung chủ ngữ thì không thể dùng đợc
• Động từ trong mệnh đề chính ở thì HTĐ thì sau so that/ in order that ta dùng can/ will/ can’t / won’t + Vinf Nếu nh ở thì QKĐ thì sau so that/ in order that thì ta dùng could/ would + Vinf
10/ comparative (cont)
I Comparative of equality:
1 So sánh bằng:
S1 + be/ Verb + as + adj/ adv + as + S2
Eg1: She is tall as me.
Eg2: He speaks as well as native speaker.
2 So sánh không bằng:
S1 + be/ V + (not) + as/ so + adj/ adv + as + S2
Eg1: He isn’t as tall as his brother.
Eg2: I can’t run as quickly as he.
II Các dạng so sánh khác:
1 Like: Giống, giống nh.
Dùng “Like” để so sánh ý giống cái gì, giống ngời nào
* Like + N
Eg: He sings like a singer
2 Different from: Chỉ sự khác biệt, sự đối lập.
* S1 + be + different from + S2
Eg1: We are different from them.
Eg2: This film is diferent from that one.
3 (not) the same as :
* S + be (not) + the same as + st
Eg1: Your car is the same as his
Eg2: Her books aren’t the same as him.
11/ the present progressive with “always”
“Always đợc dùng với thì hiện tại tiếp diễn để diễn tả sự phàn nàn, hoặc thể hiện sự bực mình, tức giận với một vấn đề gì đó
• S + be + always + Ving
Eg1: Nam is always watching TV.
Eg2: She is always forgeting her book.
12/ the present perfect
I Form: