Francisco Borrero is a high school Earth science and Spanish teacher at Cincinnati Country Day School and a research associate and Adjunct Curator of Mollusks at Cincinnati Museum Center
Trang 1Francisco Borrero • Frances Scelsi Hess • Juno HsuGerhard Kunze • Stephen A Leslie • Stephen LetroMichael Manga • Len Sharp • Theodore Snow • Dinah Zike
National Geographic
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Trang 2Copyright © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Trang 3Student Guide
Reading for Information xxii
Scavenger Hunt xxv
Unit 1 Earth Science 2
1 The Nature of Science 4
2 Mapping Our World 28
Unit 2 Composition of Earth 56
3 Matter and Change 58
4 Minerals 84
5 Igneous Rocks 110
6 Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks 132
Unit 3 Surface Processes on Earth 160
7 Weathering, Erosion, and Soil 162
8 Mass Movements, Wind, and Glaciers 192
9 Surface Water 222
10 Groundwater 250
Unit 4 The Atmosphere and the Oceans 278
11 Atmosphere 280
12 Meteorology 312
13 The Nature of Storms 342
14 Climate 374
15 Earth’s Oceans 404
16 The Marine Environment 436
Unit 5 The Dynamic Earth 464
17 Plate Tectonics 466
18 Volcanism 498
19 Earthquakes 526
20 Mountain Building 560
Unit 6 Geologic Time 586
21 Fossils and the Rock Record 588
22 The Precambrian Earth 618
23 The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras 646
Unit 7 Resources and the Environment 674
24 Earth Resources 676
25 Energy Resources 706
26 Human Impact on Resources 732
Unit 8 Beyond Earth 760
27 The Sun-Earth-Moon System 762
28 Our Solar System 794
29 Stars 828
30 Galaxies and the Universe 860
National Geographic Expeditions 890
Student Resources 940
Skillbuilder Handbook 941
Reference Handbook 954
English/Spanish Glossary 966
Index 1004
Credits 1027
Contents in Brief iii
Trang 4Dr Francisco Borrero is a high school Earth science and Spanish teacher
at Cincinnati Country Day School and a research associate and Adjunct Curator of Mollusks at Cincinnati Museum Center in Cincinnati, Ohio He has taught Earth science and Spanish for over 20 years Dr Borrero holds a BS in zoology from Universidad del Valle, Colombia, and MS and PhD degrees in biological sciences from the University of South Carolina at Columbia Dr Borrero’s research examines the rela-tionship between physical habitat characteristics and the diversity and distribution of natural populations of mollusks
in New York She received her BS and MS in science from the State University at Oneonta, and her EdD from Columbia University Dr Hess is a Fellow of the Science Teachers Association of New York State, and has received numerous teach-ing awards, including the Phi Delta Kappa Reed Travel Scholarship to Australia and New Zealand
of California, Irvine She holds a BS in physics and Earth science from National Taiwan Normal University, an MS in atmospheric sciences from National Taiwan University, and a PhD in atmospheric sciences from Massachusetts Institute of Technology Before beginning her graduate work, Dr Hsu taught 9th-grade Earth science Her research interests include the dynamics of monsoons, climate regime shifts, and modeling global-scale atmospheric chemistry
Akron in Ohio He has a BS in science and a PhD in geophysics from Penn State University He was an NRC research associate at Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas from 1973–1974 In 1990, Dr Kunze was awarded a senior Fulbright scholarship to teach geophysics at the Institute of Geophysics, a department of the University of Kiel in Germany
Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Arkansas in Little Rock His areas of research include paleontology, stratigraphy, and the evolution of early life
on Earth He has a BS in geology from Bowling Green State University, an MS in geology from the University of Idaho, and a PhD in geology from The Ohio State University
Trang 5About the Authors v
Service, the media, and private industry since 1971 He currently serves as the
Meteorologist-in-Charge of the National Weather Service office in Jacksonville,
Florida He received his BS in meteorology from Florida State University with an
emphasis on tropical meteorology He is a member of the National Hurricane
Center’s Hurricane Liaison Team, and has received numerous awards,
includ-ing an award for his role in restructurinclud-ing the National Weather Service
U.C Berkeley He has a BS in geophysics from McGill University and a PhD
in Earth science from Harvard University His areas of research include
vol-canology, the internal evolution and dynamics of planets, and hydrogeology
He is a MacArthur Fellow, and has received the Donath medal from the
Geological Society of America and the Macelwane medal from the
American Geophysical Union
30 years He has a BS in secondary education and an MS in science
educa-tion from Syracuse University Mr Sharp was president of the Science
Teachers Association of New York from1991–1992, and president of the
National Earth Science Teachers Association from 1992–1994 He was a
Presidential Awardee in 1995, and received the 2005 Distinguished Teacher
Award from NSTA and the 2006 NAGT—Eastern Section, Outstanding
Earth Science Teacher
Colorado He has a BA from Yale University, and an MS and PhD from the
University of Washington Dr Snow is a founder and former director
of the Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy at the University of
Colorado Dr Snow led instrument development programs for space-based
telescopes, and is now a member of the Science Team for an ultraviolet
spec-trograph to be installed aboard the Hubble Space Telescope in early 2008
has developed educational products and three-dimensional, interactive graphic
organizers for over 30 years As president and founder of Dinah-Might
Adventures, L.P., Dinah is the author of more than 100 award-winning
educa-tional publications, including The Big Book of Science Dinah has a BS and an
MS in educational curriculum and instruction from Texas A&M University
Dinah Zike’s Foldables are an exclusive feature of McGraw-Hill textbooks.
diffu-sion of geographic knowledge, is the world’s largest nonprofit scientific and
educational organization The Children’s Books and Education Division of
National Geographic supports National Geographic’s mission by developing
innovative educational programs National Geographic’s Visualizing and
Expeditions features are exclusive components of Earth Science: Geology,
the Environment, and the Universe.
Trang 6vi Reviewers
Each teacher reviewed selected chapters of Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and
the Universe, and provided feedback and suggestions for improving the eff ectiveness of
Sussan Nwabunachi Oladipo
Wells Academy High SchoolChicago, IL
Angela Jones Rizzo
AC Flora High SchoolColumbia, SC
Teacher Advisory Board
de-sign of the Student Edition We thank these teachers for their hard work and creative suggestions.
Reviewers
Trang 7Consultants & Teacher Advisory Board vii
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
and Department of Mechanical and
Storke-Doherty Lecturer & Doherty
Associate Research Scientist
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Columbia University
New York, NY
Jose Miguel Hurtado, PhD
Associate Professor of GeologyUniversity of Texas at El Paso
Content consultants each reviewed selected chapters of Science Earth Science:
Geology, the Environment, and the Universe for content accuracy and clarity.
Trang 8viii Table of Contents
Student Guide
Reading for Information xxii
Scavenger Hunt xxv
Unit 1 Earth Science 2
Chapter 1 The Nature of Science 4
Section 1 Earth Science 6
Section 2 Methods of Scientists 10
Section 3 Communication in Science 17
Chapter 2 Mapping Our World 28
Section 1 Latitude and Longitude 30
Section 2 Types of Maps 34
Section 3 Remote Sensing 41
Unit 2 Composition of Earth 56
Chapter 3 Matter and Change 58
Section 1 Matter 60
Section 2 Combining Matter 66
Section 3 States of Matter 73
Chapter 4 Minerals 84
Section 1 What is a mineral? 86
Section 2 Types of Minerals 96
Chapter 5 Igneous Rocks 110
Section 1 What are igneous rocks? 112
Section 2 Classification of Igneous Rocks 118
Your book is divided into chapters that are organized around Themes, Big Ideas, and Main Ideas of
Earth Science.
THEMES are overarching concepts used
throughout the entire book that help you tie what you learn together They help you see the connec-tions among major ideas and concepts
BIG Ideas appear in each chapter and help you focus on topics within the themes The Big Ideas are broken down even further into Main Ideas
MAIN Ideas draw you into more specifi c details
about Earth science All the Main Ideas of a chapter add up to the chapter’s Big Idea
THEMES
Change Structures Geologic Time Systems Scientifi c Inquiry
BIG Idea
one per chapter
MAIN Idea
one per section
Trang 9Table of Contents ix
Chapter 6
Sedimentary and Metamorphic
Rocks 132
Section 1 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks 134
Section 2 Types of Sedimentary Rocks 141
Section 3 Metamorphic Rocks 145
Unit 3 Surface Processes on Earth 160
Chapter 7 Weathering, Erosion, and Soil 162
Section 1 Weathering 164
Section 2 Erosion and Deposition 171
Section 3 Soil 176
Chapter 8 Mass Movements, Wind, and Glaciers 192
Section 1 Mass Movements 194
Section 2 Wind 201
Section 3 Glaciers 207
Chapter 9 Surface Water 222
Section 1 Surface Water Movement 224
Section 2 Stream Development 232
Section 3 Lakes and Freshwater Wetlands 238
Chapter 10 Groundwater 250
Section 1 Movement and Storage of Groundwater 252
Section 2 Groundwater Weathering and Deposition 259
Section 3 Groundwater Supply 263
Unit 4 The Atmosphere and the Oceans 278
Chapter 11 Atmosphere 280
Section 1 Atmospheric Basics 282
Section 2 Properties of the Atmosphere 289
Section 3 Clouds and Precipitation 297
Chapter 12 Meteorology 312
Section 1 The Causes of Weather 314
Section 2 Weather Systems 318
Section 3 Gathering Weather Data 324
Section 4 Weather Analysis and Prediction 329
Chapter 13 The Nature of Storms 342
Section 1 Thunderstorms 344
Section 2 Severe Thunderstorms 350
Section 3 Tropical Storms 355
Section 4 Recurrent Weather 361
Chapter 14 Climate 374
Section 1 Defining Climate 376
Section 2 Climate Classification 381
Section 3 Climatic Changes 387
Section 4 Impact of Human Activities 393
Chapter 15 Earth’s Oceans 404
Section 1 An Overview of Oceans 406
Section 2 Seawater 413
Section 3 Ocean Movements 421
Contents
Trang 10x Table of Contents
Contents
Chapter 16
The Marine Environment 436
Section 1 Shoreline Features 438
Section 2 Seafloor Features 447
Unit 5 The Dynamic Earth 464
Chapter 17 Plate Tectonics 466
Section 1 Drifting Continents 468
Section 2 Seafloor Spreading 473
Section 3 Plate Boundaries 480
Section 4 Causes of Plate Motions 486
Chapter 18 Volcanism 498
Section 1 Volcanoes 500
Section 2 Eruptions 508
Section 3 Intrusive Activity 514
Chapter 19 Earthquakes 526
Section 1 Forces Within Earth 528
Section 2 Seismic Waves and Earth’s Interior 534
Section 3 Measuring and Locating Earthquakes 539
Section 4 Earthquakes and Society 545
Chapter 20 Mountain Building 560
Section 1 Crust-Mantle Relationships 562
Section 2 Orogeny 567
Section 3 Other Types of Mountain Building 574
Unit 6 Geologic Time 586
Chapter 21 Fossils and the Rock Record 588
Section 1 The Rock Record 590
Section 2 Relative-Age Dating 595
Section 3 Absolute-Age Dating 601
Section 4 Fossil Remains 606
Chapter 22 The Precambrian Earth 618
Section 1 Early Earth 620
Section 2 Formation of the Crust and Continents 623
Section 3 Formation of the Atmosphere and Oceans 628
Section 4 Early Life on Earth 633
Chapter 23 The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras 646
Section 1 The Paleozoic Era 648
Section 2 The Mesozoic Era 655
Section 3 The Cenozoic Era 660
Unit 7 Resources and the Environment 674
Chapter 24 Earth Resources 676
Section 1 Natural Resources 678
Section 2 Resources from Earth’s Crust 682
Section 3 Air Resources 687
Section 4 Water Resources 693
Trang 11Table of Contents xi
Contents
Chapter 25
Energy Resources 706
Section 1 Conventional Energy Resources 708
Section 2 Alternative Energy Resources 714
Section 3 Conservation of Energy Resources 720
Chapter 26 Human Impact on Resources 732
Section 1 Populations and the Use of Natural Resources 734
Section 2 Human Impact on Land Resources 737
Section 3 Human Impact on Air Resources 743
Section 4 Human Impact on Water Resources 748
Unit 8 Beyond Earth 760
Chapter 27 The Sun-Earth-Moon System 762
Section 1 Tools of Astronomy 764
Section 2 The Moon 770
Section 3 The Sun-Earth-Moon System 775
Chapter 28 Our Solar System 794
Section 1 Formation of the Solar System 796
Section 2 The Inner Planets 804
Section 3 The Outer Planets 811
Section 4 Other Solar System Objects 816
Chapter 29 Stars 828
Section 1 The Sun 830
Section 2 Measuring the Stars 837
Section 3 Stellar Evolution 847
Chapter 30 Galaxies and the Universe 860
Section 1 The Milky Way Galaxy 862
Section 2 Other Galaxies in the Universe 869
Section 3 Cosmology 878
National Geographic Expeditions are referenced within the units and chapters at point of use, to support or extend chapter content Student Resources Skillbuilder Handbook 940
Problem-Solving Skills Make Comparisons 941
Analyze Information 942
Synthesize Information 943
Take Notes and Outline 944
Understand Cause and Effect 945
Read a Time Line 946
Analyze Media Sources 947
Use Graphic Organizers 948
Debate Skills 949
Math Skills Measure in SI 950
Convert Temperature 950
Make and Use Tables 951
Make and Use Graphs 951
Reference Handbook 954
Safety in the Laboratory 954
Physiographic Map of Earth 956
Topographic Symbols 958
Weather Map Symbols 959
Periodic Table of the Elements 960
Relative Humidity 961
Minerals 962
Rocks 964
Solar System Charts 965
Glossary/Glosario 966
Index 1004
Credits 1027
Trang 12Chapter
LAUNCH Lab Start off each chapter with a hands-on introduction to the subject matter
1 Why is precise communication important? 5
2 Can you make an accurate map? 29
3 What do fortified cereals contain? 59
4 What shapes do minerals form? 85
5 How are minerals identified? 111
6 What happened here? 133
7 How does change relate to surface area? 163
8 How does water affect sediments on slopes? 193
9 How does water infiltrate? 223
10 How is water stored underground? 251
11 What causes cloud formation? 281
12 How does a cold air mass form? 313
13 Why does lighting form? 343
14 How can you model cloud cover? 375
15 How much of Earth’s surface is covered by water? 405
16 Where does chalk form? 437
17 Is California moving? 467
18 What makes magma rise? 499
19 What can cause an earthquake? 527
20 How does crust displace mantle? 561
21 How are fossils made? 589
22 How do liquids of different densities model early Earth? 619
23 How is oil stored in rocks? 647
24 What natural resources do you use in your classroom? 677
25 Can you identify sources of energy? 707
26 What resources are used in classroom items? 733
27 How can the Sun-Earth-Moon system be modeled? 763
28 What can be learned from space missions? 795
29 How can you observe sunspots? 829
30 How big is the Milky Way? 861
Chapter
David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit