EVALUATION OF IMPACT OF HYBRID RICE AND purebred RICE ON SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN BAC KAN PROVINCE – CASE STUDY IN CHU HUONG, THUONG GIAO COMMUNES BA BE DISTRICT AND TU TRI, TAN TIEN COMMUNES BACH THONG DISTRICT

Rice production plays a particularly important role to the agricultural production of the country. It plays an important role to food security, income generation, job creation and foreign currencies gains for Viet Nam (Bernabe 2008). In 2007, rice area accounts for 45% of the area of total agricultural land in the country (GSO 2008). Rice is the staple food crops and the main source of income of farmers. It is also a crop of the high export value. Hybrid rice has been planted experimentally in northern Vietnam since 1991, and soon its area was brought into cultivation on the large scale due to their advantages in productivity

Center for Sustainable Rural Development

No 56, Lane 19/9, Kim Dong Str, Hanoi, Vietnam

Tel: 84-4-3943-6676/78 Fax: 84-4-3943-6449 Email: info@srd.org.vn Website: www.srd.org.vn

RESEARCH REPORT

By Nguyen Minh Duc, Do Truong Lam and

Hoang Thi Huong Tra

EVALUATION OF IMPACT OF HYBRID RICE AND purebred RICE

ON SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN BAC KAN PROVINCE – CASE STUDY IN CHU HUONG, THUONG GIAO COMMUNES- BA BE DISTRICT AND TU TRI, TAN TIEN COMMUNES- BACH THONG

DISTRICT

(Hanoi, October 2010)

We inherit CIDSE Vietnam’s 28 year experience (CIDSE – Coopération Internationale pour le Development et la Solidarité)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 4

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 10

3 RESEARCH FINDINGS 16

4 CONSLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 41

LIST OF TABLES Table 1 - Volume, value and average price of export rice of Vietnam from 1998 to 2009 5

Table 2 - The structure of the area under rice varieties through the years 7

Table 3 - The age of household, labor and the number of people of the surveyed households 13 Table 4 - Education level of household surveys by the type of household 13

Table 5 - The change in the area and investment for hybrid rice production 16

Table 6 - The change in area, investment and income from purebred rice of surveyed households in 5 last years 17

Table 7 - Number/ rate of households having material for rice production 18

Table 8 - The area and productivity of purebred rice and hybrid rice of surveyed households in 2009 19

Table 9 - The number of households cultivating hybrid rice and purebred rice by crop in

2009 20

Table 10 – Rice variety planted pattern in the harvest crop in 2009 (% surveyed household) 20 Table 11 – Pattern of planted rice varieties in the spring crop of 2009 (% surveyed household) 21

Table 12 - Sources of rice seeds of surveyed household by crop in 2009 22

Table 13 - The situation of rice consumption of surveyed household in 2009 23

Table 14 - Structure of household with non-agricultural production 24

Table 15 - The situation of revenue’s sources of surveyed households in 2009 (million) 24

Table 16 - Comparison of some criteria between hybrid rice and purebred rice 25

Table 17 - Chemical medicines in the spring crop (Thousand/1000 m2) 28

Table 18 - Medical medicines in the harvest crop (thousand vnd/1000 m2) 29

Table 19 – Chemical fertilizers in the spring crop (kg/1000 m2) 30

Table 20 - Income from rice in the spring crop in 2009 (Average of 1000m2) 31

Table 21 - Income from rice in the harvest crop in 2009 (average of 1000m2) 32

Table 22 - Comparison of productivity between hybrid rice and purebred rice 33

Table 23 - Causes of stability of rice productivity 33

Table 24 - Comparison of resistant cold, resistant drought and ease sale between purebred rice and hybrid rice 34

Table 25 - The training situation of purebred rice of surveyed households 35

Table 26 - The situation of hybrid rice training of surveyed households 36

Table 27 - The number of surveyed household borrowing 37

Table 28 - Situation of borrowing of surveyed households 38

Table 29 - Purposes of borrowing loan of households 39

Table 30 - SWOT analysis in the production of purebred rice and hybrid rice of households in 2009 39

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The overview of rice production in Vietnam

Rice production plays a particularly important role to the agricultural production of the country It plays an important role to food security, income generation, job creation and foreign currencies gains for Viet Nam (Bernabe 2008) In 2007, rice area accounts for 45%

of the area of total agricultural land in the country (GSO 2008) Rice is the staple food crops and the main source of income of farmers It is also a crop of the high export value Hybrid rice has been planted experimentally in northern Vietnam since 1991, and soon its area was brought into cultivation on the large scale due to their advantages in productivity

There are two largest rice production regions in Vietnam, which are Red River Delta and Mekong River Delta Rice yield of two deltas accounts for 70% of the country’s total Both these plains are accreted by the alluvium of the Red river and Mekong river, land in these two areas are very fertile so that rice productivity is very high One reason is that in two areas has tradition of rice cultivation, so intensive farming level of people is very high that lead to high productivity compared to national productivity and higher than other areas Yield of The Red river delta is 54.4 quintals per hectare, yield of The Mekong is 50.3 quintals per hectare while the average of national yield is 48.9 quintals per hectare (AGROINFO 2009)1

Since 1988, after the policy “renewal’’ through Resolution 10, the rice production in Vietnam increased clearly In later years, the country gained the amount of rice export yield significantly of about 1.4 million tons, worth $ 290 million In the year after that, the quantity of rice annually was about 2-3 million tons per year In 1998 it exported 3.7 million tons, and nearly 6 million tons in 2009 In 2009, Vietnamese rice exports went to 20 major markets, but mainly to the Philippines, Malaysia, Cuba and Singapore Exporting to the Philippines reached the largest with over 1.7 million tons, worth 917.13 million USD, accounting for 28.7% of rice export and 34.4% of export turnover; followed by export turnover to Malaysia reached 272.19 million, accounting for 10.22%; then to Cuba reached

191 million USD, accounting for 7.17%; to Singapore reached 133.6 million USD, accounting for 5.02% (see graph 1)2

1 AGROINFO (Information Center for Agriculture and Rural Development) 2009 Vietnam Rice Yearbook 2008 and Outlook for 2009

2 2009, Asia market plays a important role in rice export of Vietnam

http://www.bsc.com.vn/News/2010/2/26/82959.aspx and The rice export market of Vietnam

2009 nam-nam-2009

http://www.infotv.vn/xuat-nhap-khau/tin-tuc/41660-thi-truong-xuat-khau-gao-viet-Table 1 - Volume, value and average price of export rice of Vietnam from 1998 to 2009

(million tons)

Value (million USD)

Average prices (USD/ton)

Malaysia, 10.3

Cu ba, 7.6 Singapore, 5.5 Taiwan, 3.4

Iraq, 2.9 Russia 1.4

Hongkong, 0.7 Africa, 0.6

Ukrainian, 0.6

other countries 38.3

Source: 2009

http://www.infotv.vn/xuat-nhap-khau/tin-tuc/41660-thi-truong-xuat-khau-gao-viet-nam-nam-Hybrid rice production

Hybrid rice and its development in Asia

3 Exported-imported rice data from 1998 to 2010 http://www.vinanet.com.vn/xnk10.aspx and http://www.vinanet.com.vn/tin-thi-truong-hang-hoa-vietnam.gplist.302.gpopen.17878-9.gpside.1.gpnewtitle.so-lieu-thong-ke-xuat-nhap-khau-nam-2009.asmx

Hybrids are produced by crossing two inbred – genetically fixed – varieties of a particular crop Hybrids are special because they express what is called "heterosis" or hybrid vigour or the tendency of off springs to perform better than either of the parents in one or more physical or agronomic traits, particularly in terms of yield Since its discovery, heterosis has been exploited to produce crops with traits that have high commercial value, especially in terms of higher yields.

According to Elenita C Daño (2006) the demonstration of heterosis in rice has been observed as early as 1926 However, hybrid rice research began in China only in 1964 and began to bear fruit in the 70s The first commercial hybrid rice was developed and was made available to Chinese farmers in 1976 At the same period of time, East Asian countries were dazed with excitement over the breakthroughs in rice breeding coming out from the newly established IRRI under the optimistic banner Green Revolution IRRI developed and released the first “miracle rice”, code-named IR-8 in 1966 It brought significant yield increases in rice production with an average yield of around 10 tons/hectare IR-8’s genetic potential has been so dramatic that it has never been surpassed by subsequent modern varieties developed by IRRI

The developments in hybrid rice in China encouraged IRRI to explore the potentials and challenges of the technology outside China The first commercial hybrid rice developed by IRRI was released in Vietnam in 1993 This has been subsequently followed by limited releases in India and the Philippines

Because of the need to develop their own hybrid lines, many countries have initiated their own hybrid rice research activities By 1998, the Asian countries that carried hybrid rice research in their agricultural programs include Korea, Philippines, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, Japan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Most of the countries in Asia that adopted hybrid rice cited the need to provide food for the expanding population as their main reason for adopting the technology More than two decades after the first discovery and development of hybrid rice in China, the technology has been widely tested and acknowledged in the region

However, there are many remaining issues of hybrid rice production They include technological constraints such as labor-intensive; knowledge intensive, irrigation dependence, and yield plateau; economic concerns like location-specific performance (the value of these yield increases seems to vary depending on location), lower net returns, poor grain quality, high seed costs, and higher labor costs; and socio-cultural impacts, especially, impact on the traditional rights of farmers to save and reuse seed, which probably lead to the rice farmers’ total dependence on commercial seed companies for their seeds

Hybrid rice production in Vietnam

Adoption process

Hybrid rice technology has been successfully developed in China for last decades This technology has helped to increase grain yield and farmers’ income and contributed to more rural job opportunities through hybrid rice seed production in China and in other countries This seem to proves hybrid rice as a key factor for food security, poverty alleviation which results in hybrid rice adoption in Vietnam

Vietnam is considered the next success story in hybrid rice adoption, after China, but at present, it is experiencing a setback For Tran Duc Vien et al (2006) and Nguyen Tri Hoan (2003) hybrid rice, proven to have 20% yield advantage over inbred rice in China, was first introduced in Vietnam in 1991 with demonstrations in selected provinces in the North Hybrid rice was then planted on a wide scale in the following year with an area of 1200 ha However, Vietnam has failed to reach its target of rapidly expand hybrid rice production area (see table 1) The hybrid rice production area increased significantly at the beginning period and reached the peak in 2003 and then slowly declined Many farmers have stopped growing hybrid rice because of its limitation such as high production cost and susceptibility

to pest In 2009, although hybrid rice was grown in 40/64 provinces, the total area of hybrid rice was only 700,000 hectares

Table 2 - The structure of the area under rice varieties through the years

Unit: % Year

Source: General Statistical Office 2007

Government’s roles in hybrid rice development

The government has played a key roles in hybrid rice development In 1992, with full support from the government, the National Hybrid Rice Research Program was launched

and the Hybrid Rice Research Center (HRRC) was established At the present, there are two more institutions engaging in hybrid research namely, Cuu Long Rice Research Institute and the Agricultural Genetic Institute The government covers all financial requirement to technical capacity building, R&D, training of researchers, and up to extension and transfer

of the technology Consequently, hybrid rice adoption has since then increased (EARWG

2006, Elenita C Daño 2006, Tran Duc Vien et al 2006 )

Moreover, the government has given a massive subsidy on hybrid rice production to farmers that enable them to adopt the hybrid rice technology First national government offered seed subsidy in order to rapidly introduce hybrid rice to the farmers While seed subsidies from the national government to hybrid rice farmers were all removed in 2003, the agriculture ministry (MARD) continued to extend direct subsidies to farmers who commercially grow hybrid seeds Additionally, in the poorer mountainous regions in the north, 60 percent subsidy on the purchase of parental and restorer lines and 40 percent subsidy for the purchase of the required inputs such as gibberelic acid and fertilizers were extended (EARWG 2006, Elenita C Daño 2006)

Aside from this, roles of government structures from provincial to communal level is very crucial in expanding hybrid rice production through the promotion and delivery of hybrid rice seeds to The local governments exercise control over state-owned seed enterprises which are registered and operate locally Local seed enterprises serve as the direct channel

of national seed companies which are considered private entities while the government maintains substantial share in the distribution, promotion and selling of hybrid rice seeds to farmers The same local structure also has the discretion and power

to offer incentives for farmers to grow hybrid rice seeds, thus benefiting the local seed enterprises in the process (EARWG 2006, Elenita C Daño 2006)

Obviously, there were huge public investment in hybrid rice development During the period 1998-2006, the average import quantity of seed was recorded at 11,172 tons yearly, valued at 14.5 million USD Total budget spent for the extension program and R&D in hybrid rice production from 1993-2005 is recorded at 82.4 billion VND (approximately 5.5 million USD) (Tran Duc Vien et al 2006, Elenita C Daño 2006)

Existing issues

Dependence of imported seed Over the past decade, considerable progress was made in

several national hybrid rice programs, especially in breeding research, F1 seed production, and technology transfer However, domestic supply of F1 seed has not been able to meet the demand On average, total domestically produced seeds meet 18.54% demand Depended on imported seed which mostly came from China (Tran Duc Vien et al 2006, Tran Van Dat

2003, Elenita C Daño 2006)

Risks Many farmers in Vietnam encounter serious problems both economically and

technically They experienced difficulty in marketing their produce especially in the north and in the central regions due to the inferior quality of hybrid rice seeds, particularly in terms of taste Furthermore, imported Chinese rice hybrids are generally susceptible to ragged stunt virus and brown plant hopper especially in the south and bacterial leaf blight in the north Although the Vietnamese government has encouraged local seed production activities, however, many small farmers are generally reluctant to produce hybrid rice seeds locally because of high risks involved, very high financial requirement, lack of proper warehouses and storage space for unsold seeds, and the unavailability of pure CMS lines (EARWG 2006, Tran Duc Vien et al 2006, Elenita C Daño 2006)

Unsustainable development caused by the government subsidy on hybrid rice production

The high cost of hybrid seed production at present is resolved by the subsidies provided

by the government, specifically from the provincial and district levels in terms of direct subsidies in addition to the indirect subsidies from the central government in the form of research, development and extension support If the government withdrew the subsidies, many farmers would stop producing hybrid rice because of financial limitation as well as economic inefficient (EARWG 2006, Elenita C Daño 2006)

1.2 Rationale

As mentioned above, rice production plays critical roles in national economy and farmer household economy as well In order to meet the country’s target of increase in rice productivity to reach food security and poverty reduction, Vietnamese government had invested much in the National Hybrid Rice Research Program leading to the rapid expansion

of hybrid rice production in the country However, there are very limited researches on sustainability of hybrid rice production, especially at farmer level Therefore, it is reasonable

to question that will it bring risks to sustainable livelihoods of people, especially the poor when the hybrid rice replaces purebred rice without thorough consideration

Therefore, this research aims to synthesize the experience of hybrid rice as well as purebred rice production at household level With a case study in Bac Kan, a mountainous province of Vietnam, it hopes to analyze and discuss the strategies to maintain the purebred rice seeds to contribute poverty reduction and sustainable community development

1.3 Research objectives

The specific objectives of the study consist of:

- Survey on the production of purebred rice and hybrid rice varieties in Bac Kan

Graph 2 Map of the research site

- Analyze the impact of hybrid rice on sustainable agricultural development ( including impact on environment, economic and social)

- Analyze the role and status of domesticated rice in the community and the system of local rice today

- Survey on conditions and opportunities for farmers, especially farmers who grow hybrid rice

- Provide strategies to conserve and maintain the purebred rice seeds in the next time

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 Research site

selected Chu Huong and Thuong Giao commune; In Bach thong, we selected Tu Tri

Ba Be is a mountainous district

located in the Northwest of

lies at Cho Ra being on highway

Son district, the East of Tuyen

Quang province, North of

district, and South of Pac

agricultural land is 6,770, forest land is 54,876 and not used land is 13,167 hectares (Ba Be People Committee 2009)5.

Bach Thong is also a mountain district of Bac Kan province It is situated to the South and Southwest of Ngan Son and Ba Be districts, the West of Na Ri district, the East of Cho Don district, and the North of Bac Kan capital It is 18 km far from the Bach Thong to bac Kan capital

Phu Thong is a township and capital town of Bach Thong district The population of Bach Thong is 31,585 and the total area is 546 km2 The district is divined into one township and

16 communes The main ethnic groups are Tay, Kinh and Dao (Bach Thong People Committee 2009)6

In the survey, rice production of farmers occurred in the spring crop and harvest crop The area and yield of these crops are affected by many factors such as weather, pest epidemic, and irrigation water In the spring crop with cold weather households often tend to plant hybrid rice In the harvest crop with dry weather, litter rain, and most of the area’s rice farmers are not actively being water, so they often plant purebred rice varieties which resist water such as: Bao Thai, Khang Dan It yield is often higher than for the spring crop yield from 20 to 40kg/1000 m2

2.2 Research sample

 In each commune, we discussed with two farmer groups, each group of 20 people Thus, eight groups of farmer were discussed which are about 50% of SRD project and 50% of not belong to SRD project

 In each commune, we selected randomly 20 farmers to interview by questionnaires were designed Thus, the total of farmers interviewed was 80

 The economical and social characteristics of the surveyed household sample

Economic condition: the farmers have mainly economic condition in the middle and nearly

poor (about 85%), the remainders are economic wealthy and poverty It suggests that this economy is poor Specifically, the economic structure of these households is expressed in the following figure:

5 http://giamngheo.molisa.gov.vn/index.php/thong-tin-chung/130-ba-be.html

6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1ch_Th%C3%B4ng_District

Graph 3 the structure of the surveyed

household is divided by income

The wealthy The average

The nearly poor The poor

Source: Bac Kan’s surveyed

households, 2010

structure of the surveyed households The result shows that people in the survey area include ethnic groups

as Kinh, Tay, Nung and Dao Tay and Nung‘s people account for the majority of 70% and 22.5% divided fairly by all types of households This shows that ethnics make equally economic There is no difference in the economy between households belonging to different ethnic

Labor and demographic: Results showed that labor resources are abundant in this region

Labor and average household size was 3 and 4 people This means that each employee has 5 people attached This is an opportunity for farmers to boost agricultural production to escape poverty In particular, labor and people of poor households are the lowest and most average households The main cause is established by the new households having low labor and in the form of poor villages The situation of household age, labor, and people of these households is shown in Table 4

Table 3 - The age of household, labor and the number of people of the surveyed households

Classification of household by income The number of people (person) Labor (person)

Source: 2010 Household survey

The educational level of the head of household: The survey shows that 100% of

households with education level from primary school to high school and the difference in education level of household surveys The head of households with wealthy economic and poor economic level have higher education level than others

As the results, there is about 80% of household head in the wealthy and the poor with qualified level

of high school, the remainder is the educated level of secondary school and no one with qualified level of under high school The head of household in the average and the nearly poor have secondary school’s education level (from 65% to 75%) Others qualified high school or primary school of education level Especially, there is no illiterate household This is to facilitate the transfer and gaining the advanced technical progress in agriculture in general and rice cultivation in particular.

Table 4 - Education level of household surveys by the type of household

Source: 2010 Household survey

2.3 Data collection techniques

 Secondary data collection: data collection and published documents of the State

management agency for agriculture of Bac Kan province, and surveyed districts and communes were gathered The data sources are listed below:

 The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bac Kan plant protection department

wealthy The average

The nearly poor The poor

No (%) No (%) No (%) No (%) No (%)Elementary

Secondary

school 1 20.0 31 64.6 15 71.4 1 16.7 48 60.0High school 4 80.0 13 27.1 4 19.1 5 83.3 26 32.5

 Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ba Be and Bach Thong districts of The second of plant protection station.

 People’s community of Chu Huong, Thuong Giao, Tan Tien and Tu Tri

 Primary data collection

A combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques were employed:

 Consulting, discuss deeply with officials of the agencies mentioned above

 Discussing with farmer group: using tools such as timeline, SWOT and brainstorming to collect relevant data Timeline tool used to collect data, information on the production of hybrid rice farmers in Bac Kan Ranking used to rank priority of the influent factors and the corresponding solutions

in the development of hybrid and purebred rice

 Interview with questionnaires: using to collect data and information on the basis situation, the situation of production and the consumption of hybrid rice and purebred rice as well as advantages and disadvantages in the production

of hybrid and purebred rice of households surveyed

 Discussing in feed back workshop with participants came from various agencies which are engaged in rice production of Bac Kan province

2.4 Data analysis

 Participatory Rural Appraisal tools (PRA)

In this study, we use several PRA tools such as: timeline to consider changing in planting hybrid rice and domesticated rice; Ranking and SWOT to identify and analyze the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and challenges in hybrid rice and rice domestication production Brainstorming tool was used during discussion with farmer group to inspire people’s opinion about aspects related to their rice production These opinions are the basis for quantitative analysis as well as suggestions to propose support for farmers in rice production in the future

 Descriptive statistics

This method is used to describe the situation of input, manufacturing, output in the production process of purebred rice and hybrid rice

 Statistical testing

T-test This method is used to compare the impact on the environment, economy and society

of the production of hybrid rice and purebred rice

The value of T-Test in small sample is calculated by the following formula:

2 1

2 1

1 1

n n

S

x x

) (

2 1

2 2 2

2 1 1

− +

x x x

x

Where: Tc : T-Test value

Sp: variance of socio-economic indicators need to test

x1,x2: the average value of socio-economic indicators need test

Non parameter test (χ2)

It is used to compare the frequency of some indicators between purebred rice and hybrid rice The value of it is calculated as the following formula:

E

E O

2

χ

Where: χ2: The value of non parameter test

O : The real frequency of economic and social indicators need test ij

E : The expected frequency of economic and social indicators need test ij

3 RESEARCH FINDINGS

3.1 Historical development of hybrid rice in the studied area

Hybrid rice was brought in cultivation since 1998 with rice varieties Farmers was supported the price (20%) Firstly, productivity was high but unstable by pest epidemic, and high plants often fell out The price of seed was expensive and no reproduction The supply was unstable Thus, households have changed the seed over the years Each the seed of rice was transplanted from one to two cases, then moved to another hybrid rice In 2003, the area of hybrid decreased The main cause was that hybrid rice production was not effective as local

rice varieties for high yield By 2008, hybrid rice area has increased, because the new rice put into production has got high yield and good quality as: Q uu 1, Syn 6 In 2009, yellow dwarf and dwarf spiral epidemics occurred

Fluctuations in the area and investment production of hybrid rice Surveys showed that

66% of households decreased in the area of hybrid rice while 6% of households increased The cause of deduction in the area of hybrid was that hybrid rice farming was inefficient compare with purebred rice farming

The investment of hybrid rice for households over crops has litter change The main reason

is due to the habit of farmers The rice-growing households often tend to invest in the certain level without distinguishing between the seed and crops This norm is kept over the years Therefore, to improve economic efficiency, technical efficiency in hybrid rice cultivation need to train technical aspects of care and anticipation of pest epidemic

Table 5 - The change in the area and investment for hybrid rice production

I The change of hybrid rice area compare to first rice

II The reason of the change

1 The seed are not bought 3 10.3

Note: Statistically significant at confident level of 1%

Source: 2010 household survey

Fluctuations in the area and investment production of purebred rice The area of purebred

rice has had litter change in the recent years, largely retaining and increase The increased area is due to households changing from hybrid rice cultivation into purebred rice

As hybrid rice, the investment in purebred rice also have small changes over the crops Because, farmers invest as the same as the previous crop This lead to the investment in purebred rice remain over the crops Results showed nearly 95% of surveyed households did not change the level of investment of purebred rice through the crops As low investment levels change, so economic and technical efficiency have remained over the years A few

of the surveyed households said that their income from purebred rice production has increase compared with 5 years ago The main cause is due to households applying the new purebred rice with the high and stable yield Thus, it can be concluded that the area of purebred rice tend to increase over crops And income also tends to increase and stabilize over the years

Table 6 - The change in area, investment and income from purebred rice of surveyed households in 5 last years

I The change in the area of purebred rice of household

Note: *** Statistically significant at confident level of 1%

Source: 2010 household survey

3.2 The situation of the production of hybrid rice and purebred rice

Material of rice production

Results showed that the number of households having material of rice production was so poor and uneven The poor are less material than others In general, approximately three quarters of households have threshing machines, nearly half of households have plowing machine, tractors, and spray pesticide Meanwhile just over one fifth of household have pumping water machine for agriculture production There are 20% of households which have no plowing machine The majority of household implement the stages by people such as: soil, fertilizer carrier, transporting rice

Table 7 - Number/ rate of households having material for rice production

Unit: % of household

The wealthy

The average

The nearly poor

The poor

Source: 2010 household survey

The area and yield of hybrid rice/purebred rice

Currently, purebred rice is advantageous than hybrid rice Yield of purebred rice is as equivalent as yield of hybrid rice but it is more stable According to survey results and test calculations, when comparing yield of purebred rice and hybrid rice in the spring crop and harvest crop has no statistical meaning This means that there is no difference in productivity of hybrid rice and purebred rice in both crops In spring crop the productivity of both rice achieved higher than in the harvest crop The productivity of purebred rice and hybrid rice gain about 536 and 548 kg/1000m2 respectively in the spring crop and 513 and

510kg/1000m2 respectively in the harvest crop Usually, hybrid rice theoretically yields higher than purebred rice does, however, hybrid rice is so epidemical that it yield is reduced compared with it potential Thus, purebred rice is planted more often in both crops than hybrid rice The area of purebred rice is higher than of hybrid rice in two crops

Table 8 - The area and productivity of purebred rice and hybrid rice of surveyed households in 2009

Crop

Hybrid rice Purebred rice Comparing

the productivity

of two rice

Area (m2)

Productivity (kg/1000 m2)

Area (m2)

Productivity (kg/1000 m2)The spring crop 1,477 548 1,738 536 11.8NS

The harvest crop 1,280 510 1,887 513 -3.2S

Note: Statistical significance at 1%

Source: 2010 household survey

Rice variety planted pattern

Survey results showed that the number of household planting purebred rice had the ratio of nearly 70% in the spring crop and approximately 90% in the harvest crop The reason is that purebred rice has resist pest epidemic, yield stability and tasty rice While potential productivity of hybrid rice is high In fact, the production of hybrid rice is not higher than of purebred rice, because hybrid rice is easy to be vulnerable by pest epidemic Despite the state subsidies 20% of purchasing hybrid rice seeds, but the local is still not interested in the choice of hybrid rice production

As survey results, most households transplanted purebred rice in the harvest crop The main seeds of purebred rice are: Bai Thai, Khang Dan and other varieties In particular, the number of households cultivating Bao Thai rice is about 83% The remaining households implant Khang Dan rice and other rice varieties There is almost no difference in households

of Bao Thai rice cultivation among household group The main reason is that in the harvest crop Bao Thai rice have more advantages than other rice varieties such as: high yield and stability, litter pest, resisting drought and good quality

Table 9 - The number of households cultivating hybrid rice and purebred rice by crop

in 2009

The seeds of rice The spring crop The harvest crop

1 Hybrid rice cultivation only 13 16.3 5 6.3

2 Purebred rice cultivation only 55 68.8 70 87.5

3 Hybrid rice and purebred rice cultivation 12 15.0 5 6.3

Source: 2010 household survey

Table 10 – Rice variety planted pattern in the harvest crop in 2009 (% surveyed household)

Name of rice varieties Classification of household by income Average

The wealthy

The middle

The nearly poor

Source: 2010 household survey

In the spring crop, two varieties (purebred rice and hybrid rice) were selected However, the purebred rice varieties were more transplanted than hybrid rice varieties The purebred rice varieties were implanted in the spring crop as: Khang Dan and Khang Dan’s mutations The hybrid rice varieties were cultivated in the spring including: Quy uu, Hai dong and others In particular, Quy uu is the hybrid rice variety of the most cultivation in the spring crop Because if the hybrid rice varieties have the good investment for technical, they will get high yield and tasty rice in the spring crop However, the hybrid rice varieties have many limitations such as high price of the high price of seed, more investment, yield is not stable, much decay, the ability of resisting drought is poor, so the number of household transplanting it is limited in the spring crop The area of hybrid are generally characterized

as low ground (the irrigation water is active)

Table 11 – Pattern of planted rice varieties in the spring crop of 2009 (% surveyed household)

The nearly poor

The poor

I Hybrid rice varieties

Source: 2010 household survey

3.3 Sources of rice seeds and the consumption of rice

Sources of rice seeds

Survey showed the differences in the sources of hybrid rice seeds and rice domestication While the hybrid rice variety of households purchases in the company was the major rice varieties, the purebred rice variety were able to reproduce or change for other households There were 51 surveyed households which purchased rice variety from the company of rice seeds (accounting for 98.08% of all households grow hybrid rice) and only one household purchased rice seed from else where

The source of purebred rice is abundant than of hybrid rice The purebred rice seeds are gained from sources such as self-protection, the change of seeds of households or purchasing from the company The purebred rice has ability to reproduce for the next crop Households tend to self-produce seed for next season or after years, so households will purchase the purebred rice seed one time and self-produce for later crops There are approximately 60% of households not having money to buy new seed and reproducing

themselves, these households will change rice with households who buy new seed in the

2 Buying in the seed company 51 98.1 42 52.5

3 The support of projects 0 0.0 1 1.3

4 Exchange rice seeds with

Source: 2010 household survey

The consumption of rice

The number of grain of rice is low The rate of rice sellers is small and sales of the average

of household on a selling paddy household is low Because of yield is low, so the number of grain of rice dealing is not high According to survey results, only approximately 40% of households who cultivate purebred rice buy rice and approximately 8% of household who cultivate hybrid rice buy paddy rice The rate of sellers buying grains of purebred rice and grains of hybrid rice is more clearly different

The main cause is that the demand for grains of hybrid rice is lower than for grains of purebred rice According to farmers, Bao Thai rice (Purebred rice) is delicious and can make cakes, noodles So the number of households purchases Bao Thai rice varieties more than others Sale of paddy calculated on a transaction of purebred rice is also higher than on hybrid rice Averagely, sale of purebred rice is about 350 kg per crop, while sales of hybrid rice is about 165 kg The reason is that the purpose of household planting purebred rice is

sales, while the purpose of hybrid households is due to the sudden need of money to buy agricultural material, or pay tuition for their children.

Table 13 - The situation of rice consumption of surveyed household in 2009

1 Volume of

sales/each crop Kg 350 30-1000 165 30-300

2 The price* 000’ đ/kg 5.98 5-11 5.86 4-10

3 The ratio of seller % 38.8 8.0

Source: 2010 household survey

Regarding price, the price of grain of purebred rice is litter higher and more stable than of hybrid rice The average price of a kilogram of purebred rice is 5980 VND, while the price

of hybrid rice is 5860 VND However, the price of both rice varieties depends on the specific type of rice seed For example, the price of Bao Thai rice is about 9000 to 11,000 VND per kg, while the price of paddy Khang Dan's is only about 5000-6000 VND per kg Similarly, the price of hybrid rice seed fluctuates for each seed, the price of paddy Q uu is around 10,000 VND per kg, the price of others is about 4000-5000 per kg

3.4 Income from purebred rice and hybrid rice production

The source of household’s income There are clearly differences in the structure of

household’s income of the group surveyed households According to survey results, 100% of the wealthy households have revenue from non-agricultural This number decreased gradually over the sort of household, and the poor households have the highest number of agricultural households (about 65%) The revenue of households is quite diverse In particular, the main source of household’s income is from raising, cropping and working with rental which are 25%, 23% and 18% respectively The wealthy households have incomes from raising and wages and other allowances This proportion has gradually changed over the groups of households, the poor households with the income ratio gradually shifted from cultivation and livestock

Table 14 - Structure of household with non-agricultural production

Non-agricultural

production

Classification of households by income (%) Average

(%)The wealthy The middle The nearly poor The poor