Medical assisting Administrative and clinical procedures (5e) Chapter 22 Organization of the body

After you have mastered the material in this chapter, you will be able to: Explain the importance of understanding both anatomy and physiology when studying the body; illustrate body organization from simple to more complex levels; describe the locations and characteristics of the four main tissue types; describe the body organ systems, their general functions, and the major organs contained in each;...

Organization

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

22.1 Explain the importance of understanding

both anatomy and physiology when studying the body

22.2 Illustrate body organization from simple to

more complex levels

22.3 Describe the locations and characteristics of

the four main tissue types

22.4 Describe the body organ systems, their

general functions, and the major organs contained

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

22.5 Use medical and anatomical terminology

correctly

22.6 Explain anatomical position and its

relationship to other anatomical positions

22.7 Identify the body cavities and the organs

contained in each

22.8 Relate a basic understanding of chemistry to

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

22.10 Summarize how substances move across a

cell membrane

22.11 Distinguish the stages of cell division

22.12 Explain the uses of these genetic

techniques: DNA fingerprinting, and the polymerase chain reaction

22.13 Describe the different patterns of inheritance

and common genetic disorders

You will learn important terminology

used in the clinical setting and

You will learn important terminology

used in the clinical setting and

The Study of the Body

• Anatomy – study of body structure

• Physiology – study of function

• Anatomy of an organ allows it to function

• Homeostasis – relative consistency of the

body’s internal environment

Apply Your Knowledge

True or False:

_ Anatomy is the study of structure

_ Physiology is the study of function and

Organization of the Body

Atom – simplest unit of

matter

Atoms  molecules

Chemical Level

Organelles  cells Cells – smallest living

units of the body

Cellular Level

Organization of the same type of cells

Organism

Combination of

organ systems

Apply Your Knowledge

1 Match the following:

_ Atoms A The smallest living units in the body

_ Matter B Anything that takes up space and

has weight _ Molecules C Simplest unit of matter

_ Organelles D Same type of cells organized

together _ Cells E Molecules joined together

Major Tissue Types

– Function based on location

Connective Tissue

• Most abundant tissue

• Matrix separates the

• Osseous (Bone) Tissue

– Matrix ~ mineral salts – Metabolically alive

• Adipose Tissue

– Adipocytes ~ store fats

– Energy– Cushions– Insulation

• Visceral Muscle

– Smooth – Involuntary

• Cardiac Muscle

Nervous Tissue

• Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

• Sends electrical messages

• Cells

– Neurons – Neuroglial

Apply Your Knowledge

What are the major tissue types?

ANSWER:

 Epithelial tissue  Connective tissue

 Muscle tissue  Nerve tissue

Impressive

Body Organs and Systems

• Organ

– Structure formed by organization of two or

more different tissue types

– Tissues work together to carry out specific

functions

• Organ system – organs joined together to

carry out vital functions

Body Organs and Systems (cont.)

Apply Your Knowledge

1 What is the difference between organs and organ

The heart and blood vessels.

Understanding Medical Terminology

• Word root – base

meaning

• Suffix

– After word root

– Alters its meaning

Apply Your Knowledge

Combine terms to answer definition

heart specialist rapid heart beat specialty of the heart

Anatomical Terminology

• Describe the location of body parts and

various body regions

Apply Your Knowledge

What is the anatomical position?

ANSWER: Anatomical position is the body

standing upright, facing forward, with the arms

at the sides and palms of hands facing forward.

Good Answer!

Body Cavities and Abdominal Regions

– Abdominal cavity ~ organs

of digestion, kidneys, and spleen

– Pelvic cavity ~ bladder

Apply Your Knowledge

What are the two largest body cavities?

ANSWER: Dorsal and ventral cavities

YES!

Chemistry of Life

• Chemistry – the study of what matter is

composed of and how matter changes

• Body structures and functions result from

chemical changes

• Metabolism

– Anabolism

– Catabolism

• Substances that release ions when put into

water

• Ions

– Positively or negatively charged particles

– Regulate or trigger physiologic states

• Essential to

– Fluid balance

Electrolytes (cont.)

• Acids and bases

– Acids ~ release hydrogen ions– Bases ~ alkalis; release hydroxyl ions

– Testing

• Litmus paper

• Liquid pH indicator test kit

• pH meter

• Nucleic Acids

– DNA – RNA

Apply Your Knowledge

Why is it important to understand chemistry when

studying the structure and function of the body?

ANSWER: Structures and functions result from

chemical processes that occur in the body’s cells

and fluids.

Super!

Cell Characteristics

• Basic unit of life

• Three main parts

– Cell membrane

– Cytoplasm

– Nucleus

Cell Characteristics (cont.)

• Cell membrane

– Outer limit

– Thin and selectively permeable

• Cytoplasm

– Water, proteins, ions, and nutrients

– Organelles ~ perform cell functions

Cell Characteristics (cont.)

Apply Your Knowledge

What are the three main parts of a cell, and in

which one is DNA found?

ANSWER: The three main parts of a cell are:

 Cell membrane

 Cytoplasm

 Nucleus – this is where DNA is found

Movement Through Cell Membranes

• Selectively permeable membrane

– Controls movement in and out of cells

– Passive mechanisms ~ no energy required to

move substances– Active mechanisms ~ require the cell to use

energy to move substances

• Active Transport

– Substances cross the membrane with a

carrier molecule

Apply Your Knowledge

Matching:

requires pressure to force

substances across a membrane

movement of a substance from

an area of high concentration to

an area of low concentration

movement of water across a

semipermeable membrane

movement across the cell

membrane with the help of

The nucleus makes a complete copy of all 23 of its

• Reproductive cell division

• Nucleus copies all 23 chromosome pairs

• Four cells form with only 1 of each

chromosome pair

• After fertilization, resulting cell contains 46

chromosomes

Apply Your Knowledge

What are mitosis, meiosis, and interphase?

ANSWER:

Mitosis is a part of cell division in which the nucleus

divides.

Meiosis is reproductive cell division requiring both

female and male sex cells.

During interphase, the cell carries out normal function

and is not dividing.

Bravo!

Genetic Techniques

• DNA

– Primary component of genes

– Found in nucleus of cells

• Gene – a segment of DNA that

determines a body trait

Genetic Techniques (cont.)

• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

– Quick, easy method of making millions of copies of any fragment of DNA

– Used in the study of genetics – Testing for organisms

– Genetic testing

Genetic Techniques (cont.)

• DNA fingerprinting

– Unique sequences of nucleotides in a

person’s DNA

– Reliable method for identifying and

distinguishing among humans– Diagnose genetic

disorders

Apply Your Knowledge

Designate whether the following is related to PCR

(polymerase chain reaction ) or F (DNA fingerprinting).

Unique sequences of nucleotides in a person’s DNA

Reliable method for identifying and distinguishing

among humans

Useful to detect organisms that cannot be cultured

Used in criminal and paternity cases

Method for replicating DNA

Heredity and Common Genetic Disorders

• The transfer of genetic traits from parent to child

• Homologous chromosomes

– Dominant vs recessive alleles

– Traits are determined by multiple alleles

• Complex inheritance

• Sex-linked traits

Common Genetic Disorders

• Albinism – little or no pigmentation

• Cystic fibrosis – life-threatening disease

affecting the lungs and pancreas

• Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) – causes

mental retardation and physical

abnormalities

• Fragile X syndrome – cause of learning

Common Genetic Disorders (cont.)

• Hemophilia – blood disorder; lack of

clotting factor

• Klinefelter’s syndrome – chromosomal

abnormality

• Phenylketonuria (PKU) – unable to

synthesize the enzyme that converts

phenylalanine to tyrosine

Apply Your Knowledge

ANSWER: Cystic fibrosis is a life-threatening

genetic disorder that affects the lungs and

pancreas.

What is cystic fibrosis?

Correct!

In Summary

22.1 Knowledge of anatomy and physiology is

important when learning to assign diagnostic and procedural codes and perform clinical procedures Since the structure of an organ

is related to its function, it is necessary to learn both

22.2 The body organization levels from simplest

to most complex are: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism

In Summary (cont.)

22.3 Epithelial tissues cover and line, or are

glandular tissues Connective tissue contains

a matrix between its cells Muscle tissue is specialized tissue that contracts and relaxes

Nervous tissue sends signals to the neurons, muscles, and glands and is located in the

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

22.4 Each body organ system has a particular set

In Summary (cont.)

22.5 Knowledge and use of anatomical and

medical terminology are important for medical personnel to communicate with each other in a consistent manner

22.6 In anatomical position, the body is erect,

facing forward with arms at the sides and palms facing forward All other body

positions are defined based on their relation

to anatomical position

In Summary (cont.)

22.7 The dorsal cavity consists of the cranial cavity

and the spinal cavity The ventral cavity is composed of the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavities, and, below the abdominal cavity, the pelvic cavity The body’s organs are contained within these cavities

22.8 It is important to have a basic understanding

of chemistry when studying anatomy and physiology

In Summary (cont.)

mechanisms to transport substances across the cell membrane Passive mechanisms include

transport uses carrier molecules

22.11 A cell at rest is said to be in interphase During

mitosis, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase occur Reproductive cell division is known as meiosis and takes place only in the

In Summary (cont.)

22.12 Genetic techniques allow the identification of

individuals through the unique sequences of nucleotides found within DNA Polymerase chain reactions allow millions of copies from just a fragment of DNA

22.13 Dominant traits occur through alleles

Complex inheritance is more common and is determined by multiple genes given by both parents Sex-linked traits are carried on the sex

Our history begins

before we are born We

represent the hereditary

influences of our race,

and our ancestors

virtually live in us.

~ James Nasmyth

End of Chapter 22