Lý thuyết và bài tập liên từ nguyễn quỳnh trang

Lý thuyết và bài tập mệnh đề quan hệ do cô Nguyễn Quỳnh Trang cung cấp cho người học những kiến thức cơ bản nhất về mệnh đề quan hệ trong tiếng Anh, bài tập vận dụng lý thuyết mệnh đề quan hệ. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung chi tiết.

Lý thuyết & bài tập liên từ

(có kèm đáp án)

Sưu tầm và Biên soạn bởi cô NGUYỄN QUỲNH TRANG

Liên từ trong tiếng anh: Cấu tạo, cách dùng & bài tập áp dụng

Liên từ là từ dùng để nối hai phần, hai mệnh đề trong một câu Sau đây là một vài ví dụ về liên từ:

Liên từ đẳng lập: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, soLiên từ phụ thuộc: although, because, since, unless Ta

có thể xem xét liên từ từ 3 khía cạnh

1 Cấu tạo của Liên từ gồm 3 dạng chính:

 Từ đơn ví dụ: and, but, because, although

 Từ ghép (thường kết thúc bằng as hoặc that)ví dụ: provided that, as long as, in order that

 Tương liên (đi cùng với trạng từ hoặc tính từ)ví dụ: so that

2 Hai chức năng cơ bản của Liên từ:

 Liên từ đẳng lập: được dùng để nối 2 phần trong một câu có vai trò ngữ pháp độc lập với

nhau Đó có thể là các từ đơn hoặc các mệnh đề Ví dụ:

- Jack and Jill went up the hill.- The water was warm, but I didn't go swimming

 Liên từ phụ thuộc: được dùng để nối mệnh đề phụ thuộc với mệnh đề chính của câu Ví dụ: - I

went swimming although it was cold

3 Vị trí của liên từ trong tiếng anh

 Liên từ đẳng lập: luôn luôn đứng giữa 2 từ hoặc 2 mệnh đề mà nó liên kết

 Liên từ phụ thuộc: thường đứng đầu mệnh đề phụ thuộc

* Các tình huống giao tiếp tiếng anh thông dụng

 Liên từ đẳng lập

 and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so

Một liên từ đẳng lập nối các phần có vai trò ngữ pháp tương đương hoặc ngang bằng nhau trong câu Một liên từ đẳng lập cho thấy các thành phần mà nó liên kết có cấu trúc và tầm quan trọng tương tự nhauHãy xem những ví dụ sau – 2 thành tố trong ngoặc vuông được nối với nhau bởi một liên từ đẳng lập

 I like [tea] and [coffee]

 [Ram likes tea], but [Anthony likes coffee]

Liên từ đẳng lập luôn đứng giữa các từ hoặc mệnh đề mà nó liên kết.Khi một liên từ đẳng lập nối các mệnh đề độc lập thì luôn có dấu phẩy đứng trước liên từ

 I want to work as an interpreter in the future, so I am studying Russian at university

Tuy nhiên, nếu các mệnh đề độc lập ngắn và tương tự nhau thì dấu phẩy không thực sự cần thiết:

 She is kind so she helps people

Khi “and” đứng trước từ cuối cùng trong một dãy liệt kê, thì có thể có dấu phẩy hoặc không

 He drinks beer, whisky, wine, and rum

 He drinks beer, whisky, wine and rum

Có một mẹo nhỏ để nhớ 7 liên từ ngắn và đơn giản.F A N B O Y SFor And Nor But Or Yet So

 Liên từ phụ thuộc

Phần lớn số liên từ là liên từ phụ thuộc Một số liên từ phổ biến như

 after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether, while

Liên từ phụ thuộc nối mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề chính Hãy xem ví dụ sau:

Mệnh đề chính liên từ phụ thuộc mệnh đề phụ Ram went swimming although it was raining

Một mệnh đề phụ thuộc “phụ thuộc” vào mệnh đề chính Nó không thể đứng một mình như là câu độc lập được Hãy tưởng tượng xem nếu ai đó nói với bạn “ Hello! Although it was raining”, bạn sẽ hiểu như thế nào? Vô nghĩa! Nhưng mệnh đề chính (hoặc mệnh đề độc lập) thì có thể đứng riêng một mình Bạn sẽ hiểu rõ ý nếu có người nói rằng: “Hello! Ram went swimming.”Liên từ phụ thuộc luôn luôn đứng ở đầu mệnh đề phụ thuộc Nó “giới thiệu” mệnh đề phụ thuộc Tuy nhiên, mệnh đề phụ thuộc đôi khi cũng có thể đứng sau hoặc trước mệnh đề chính Do vậy trong tiếng Anh cũng có thể có hai cấu trúc sau: Ram went swimming although it was raining.Although it was raining, Ram went swimming

Kiến thức nâng cao về Liên Từ trong tiếng anh:

Ngoài 2 loại liên từ (Liên từ phụ hợp-ordinating conjunction và Liên từ tương quan-correlative

conjunctions) chúng ta đã học ở Level 250-500, hôm nay tôi muốn cung cấp thêm một loại liên từ nữa- chủ điểm hay xuất hiện nhất trong luyện thi TOEIC Liên từ này được gọi là Liên từ tương hợp

(Subordinating Conjunctions) Sau đây là một số loại liên từ tương hợp Chú ý rằng, sau những liên từ này là một mệnh đề Đọc thêm về Câu điều kiện trong tiếng anh

 Diễn tả thời gian

When: when you develop products, it is important to conduct a market research

Since: he has served this company since he graduated

Before: Before you leave the office, remember to turn off all the lights

After: After he returned to the office, he got a private phone call

As soon as: As soon as I come home, please let her know

 Because: Because it was submitted late, the report was returned

 Since: Since you left him, he is now addicted to wine

 As: The economy added 10,000 jobs in the second quarter as ber domestic demands

encouraged companies to hire more workers

Diễn tả sự nhượng bộ: Although/ though/even he is inexperienced, he is still appreciated by the whole staff

 Diễn tả điều kiện:

Diễn tả mục đích: She buys a lovely doll so that/in order that her daughter can play with it at home Diễn tả sự đối lập: While/whereas: she keeps spending much money while her parents try to earn one single penny

 Một số liên từ thường gặp khi học tiếng anh:

Liên từ đẳng lập ( Liên từ song song

)

Liên từ phụ thuộc ( Liên từ chính phụ)

AND

Ví dụ: She is a good and loyal wife

I have many books and notebooks

BOTH AND

Ví dụ: She is both good and loyal hoc

tieng anh

They learn both English and French

AS WELL AS

Ví dụ: He has experience as well as

knowledge

NO LESS THAN

Ví dụ: You no less than he are very

rich

NOT ONLY BUT (ALSO)

Ví dụ: He learns not only English but

but (also) Chinese

I like playing not only tennis but (also)

football

OR

Ví dụ: Hurry up, or you will be late

EITHER OR

Ví dụ: He isn't either good or kind

I don't have either books or notebooks

NEITHER NOR

Ví dụ: He drinks neither wine nor

beer

She has neither husband nor children

BUT

Ví dụ: He is intelligent but very lazy

She is ugly but hard-working

THEN

Ví dụ: You have eaten nothing; then

you must be very hungry

The plant looks very faded; then it

hasn't been watered for long

CONSEQUENTLY

Ví dụ: You didn't work hard for this

term; consequently, he failed the

exam

FOR

Ví dụ: He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard

WHEREAS

Ví dụ: He learns hard whereas his friends don't

Wise men love truth whereas fools avoid it

WHILE

Ví dụ: Don't sing while you work

Don't talk while you eat

BESIDES, MOREOVER

Ví dụ: We have to study hard at school; besides, we must pay attention

to physical exercise

He stole two watches; moreover,

he broke the window

SO

Ví dụ: He is a good teacher; so, he

is very popular with students

It rained very hard; so, we didn't

go out that night

HENCE

Ví dụ: I had not money about me;

hence I did not buy the book

He came late; hence, he missed the first part of the lesson

- Liên từ nối mệnh đề (như trạng ngữ):

a Thời gian (Time):

AFTER

Ví dụ: A man shoud take a little rest, after he has worked hard

The ship was checked carefully after she had been built

AS

Ví dụ: He came her, as the clock struck six

HOWEVER

Ví dụ: He is a very lazy student;

however, he can pass all the exams

easily

It was raining very hard; however, we

went out without umbrellar

NEVERTHELESS

Ví dụ: She studies very hard;

nevertheless, she always gets bad

marks

STILL, YET

Ví dụ: I speak to you peaceably;

still/yet you will not listen

She says she does not love me, yet, I

still love her

OR, ELSE, OTHERWISE

Ví dụ: We have to work hard,

or/else/otherwise we will fail the

exam

ONLY

Ví dụ: Go where you like; only do not

stay here

THEREFORE

Ví dụ: He violated the traffic signs,

therefore he was punished

They left as the bell rang

AS SOON AS

Ví dụ: I will phone you as soon as

I come home

They will get married as soon as they finish university

BEFORE

Ví dụ: Don't count your chickens before they are hatchd

He talks as if he were very wise học tiếng anh giao tiếp

Ví dụ: He has been very weak, since he was taken sick

AS LONG AS

Ví dụ: No one can harm us, as long

as we remain friends

I will lend you some money as long as you promise to pay me back

UNTIL

Ví dụ: People do not know the value of health until they lose it

WHEN

Ví dụ: When you visit this country, you should bring thick winter clothes

WHILE

Ví dụ: Make hay while the sun shines

Step while you dance

b Nơi chốn (Places):

WHERE

Ví dụ: The bed room is the best place where I do my homework

WHEREVER

Ví dụ: His mother follows him wherever he goes

I will go wherever to find a suitable job for me

c Thể cách (Manner):

AS

Ví dụ: Do as I told you to do

AS IF

Ví dụ: He talks as if he knew everything about her

He dances as if he were a professional dancer

d So sánh (Comparisons):

AS

Ví dụ: He is as tall as his brother

This bag is as expensive as that one

THAN

Ví dụ: She is more beautiful than her sister

She looks fatter than his friend

e Lí do (Reasons):

AS

Ví dụ: As it rained very hard, we stopped they games

BECAUSE

Ví dụ: We could not pass the test because we didn't learn hard

I didn't meet her because she had left earlier

SINCE

Ví dụ: I must go since she has telephoned three times

f Mục đích (Purposes):

THAT

Ví dụ: I work hard that I may succeed in life

SO THAT

Ví dụ: We went very early so that

we could catch the last bus

IN ORDER THAT

Ví dụ: We learn French in order to study in France

g Điều kiện (Conditions) :

IF

Ví dụ: I will phone him if I have his phone number

UNLESS (IF NOT)

Ví dụ: You will be late unless you set off now

Unless you work hard, you will not pass the exam

PROVIDED THAT

Ví dụ: I will pardon him provided that he acknowledge his fault

You can enter the room provided that you have the ticket

IN CASE

Ví dụ: You should take an

umbrella in case it rains

Please take a map with you in case (that) you may get lost

h Sự tương phản, trái ngược:

ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH

Ví dụ: Though/even though /although it rained hard, I went out with her

AS

Ví dụ: Rich as he is, his isn't ever happy

EVEN IF

Ví dụ: Even if my watch is right,

we will be too late

NOT WITH STANDING THAT

Ví dụ: He is poor not with standing that he works very hard

BÀI TẬP

Bài tập 1: Điền vào chỗ trống với các từ sau: although, and, because, but, or, since, so, unless, until, when

1 Things were different ………… I was young

2 I do it ……… I like it

3 Let us wait here ………… the rain stops

4 You cannot be a lawyer ……… you have a law degree

5 She has not called ……… she left last week

6 I saw him leaving an hour ……… two ago

7 This is an expensive ………… very useful book

8 We were getting tired ………… we stopped for a rest

9 He was angry ………… he heard when happened

10 Walk quickly ………… you will be late

11 He had to retire ……… of ill health

12 We will go swimming next Sunday ………… it's raining

13 I heard a noise ………… I turned the light on

14 Would you like a coffee ……… tea?

Bài tập 2: Viết lại những câu sau đây dùng liên từ thích hợp

1 We know him We know his friends

2 The coat was soft The coat was warm

3 It is stupid to do that It is quite unnecessary

4 I wanted to go He wanted to stay

5 Your arguments are b They don’t convince me

6 You can go there by bus You can go there by train

7 I was feeling tired I went to bed when I got home

Bài tập 3: Điền vào chỗ trống bằng những liên từ thích hợp:

1 I’ll come and see you…….I leave for Moscow

2 He will tell you……… you get home

3 I can’t express my opinion………I know the fact

4 We started very early…… we should miss the train

5 He will stay here…… you come

6 ……… he tried hard, he wasn’t successful

7 He worked late last night…… he might be free to go away tomorrow

8 The room is ….small… we can’t all get in

9 …….you had left earlier, you would have caught the train

10 The road seems longer…….I thought

11 ………it rained hard, we played the match

12 ……… you may go, he won’t forget you

Bài tập 4: Xếp các từ nối phù hợp sau: after, before, when, while, until, as soon as, since, as if

1 I usually have a snack _ going to bed

2 He had a heart attack _ watching a video

3 You look _ you’ve seen the ghost

4 How many jobs have you had _ leaving school?

5 Have a rest every hour or so _ driving long distances

Bài tập 5: Viết lại các câu sau bằng cách sử dụng các từ and, but, so, or

1 It was raining I felt cold I went indoors

2 He loves her She loves him They are getting married

3 I can paint the lounge I can clean the fridge I can’t do both

4 Mr Downes seemed poor In fact, he had a lot of money

5 Tim is sleeping You can’t speak to him at the moment

Bài tập 6: Chuyển đổi các câu sau:

1 Although Nam is not an intelligent student, he can learn very fast

=> Despite / In spite of

2 Because Hoa was rich, she could buy that house

=> Because of _

3 Because the rain was so heavy, I couldn't go to school

=> Because of _

4 His father asked him to go stay at home because he was sick

=> Because of

5 Because there was an accident, I was late

=> Because of _

6 She failed the University entrance exam because her grades were bad

=> Because of _

7 Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful business man

=> Despite

8 Because of the cheap price, my wife insists on buying the Tivi

=> Because

9 Although it was raining heavily, we still went to school

=> Despite / In spite of

10 Because I studied hard, I passed the exam

=> Because of

Bài tập 7: Chọn đáp án phù hợp

1.He is very old, he still works very hard

2 you are dismissed

A Neither you go nor B Either you go or C Whether you go or D Both you go and

3 They had camped once before, they knew what to take

4 Why these things happened was the driver had been careless

5 Although, it's raining, are still working in the fields

6 _we have satisfied you, you have no grounds of complaint

7 Write clearly your teacher can understand you correctly

8.You'll miss the train _ you hurry up

9 Francis did the task his brother

10.The size of the audience, we had expected, was well over twenty thousand

11.I thought he hated the TV You are right, he still watches the program

12 It looks it's going to rain

13. to New York, her father has not heard from her

A Because she went B After she went C When she went D Since she went

14. _he daydreamed, Peter saw figures in the sky

15 We arrived at the station the train had left

16 he was in poor health, he worked just as hard as everyone else

17 Give me one more minute I'll have finished

18 The worker hunted for jobs in New York for months, he could not find any work

19 Hurry up, you'll be late

20 Do not make the same mistake I did

21 My sister is expecting me, I must be off now

22 We should pay attention to industry to agriculture

23 He ran off I could stop him

24 you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened