Martí dedicated his life to fighting for Cuban independence from Spain.. Martí is often thought to be the symbol of Cuba’s struggle for independence from Spain.. Martí’s Early Years On J
Trang 1Scott Foresman Social Studies
Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features
• Time Line
• Map
• Sidebars
AND THE FIGHT FOR CUBAN INDEPENDENCE
by Ann Rossi
Fascinating Facts
from the Canary Islands.
was a small, thin man Because of an injury he got
when he was imprisoned, he walked with a cane
for most of his life.
was there, he started a magazine for children called
Edad de Oro, which means “golden age.”
Scott Foresman Social Studies
Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features
• Time Line
• Map
• Sidebars
AND THE FIGHT FOR CUBAN INDEPENDENCE
by Ann Rossi
Fascinating Facts
from the Canary Islands.
was a small, thin man Because of an injury he got
when he was imprisoned, he walked with a cane
for most of his life.
was there, he started a magazine for children called
Edad de Oro, which means “golden age.”
Trang 2tourist revolutionary patriot immigrant exile amnesty liberty
Write to It!
José Martí wanted to make changes when he saw things that he did not think were right
He often wrote newspaper articles to try to bring about change Think of something
in your community that you would like to see change Write a two- or three-paragraph newspaper article describing what you would like to see changed, why it should change, and how you would change it
Write your article on a separate sheet of paper.
Photographs
Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©Brown brothers
2 ©Scott Smith/Index Stock Imagery
5 ©Maps.com/Index Stock Imagery
7 ©Photo restoration by J.A.Sierra/Timetable History of Cuba/Jerry Sierra
8 ©Corbis
11 ©SuperStock
15 (T) ©Audrius Tomonis, (B) ©Jeffrey Boan/Miami Herald Publishing Company
ISBN: 0-328-14671-4
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Printed in the
United States of America This publication or parts thereof, may be used with appropriate
equipment to reproduce copies for classroom use only
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
José Martí was one of the most famous Cuban writers
of the 1800s He was also a Cuban patriot who wanted
his country to be free He faced prison and even death
because of this You will read about Martí’s life and how
he used his writing to help others learn of Cuba’s fight
for independence.
AND THE FIGHT FOR CUBAN INDEPENDENCE
by Ann Rossi
Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois Coppell, Texas • Ontario, California • Mesa, Arizona
Trang 3This is the José Martí Memorial
in Miami, Florida.
Monument to a Cuban Patriot
Each year, millions of people travel to the Miami area
to enjoy its warm weather, fine beaches, cultural sites,
and wide variety of fun things to do These tourists
may spend their time admiring the downtown skyline’s
glass-walled skyscrapers, or they may choose to explore
one of Miami’s neighborhoods, such as Little Havana
Both those who visit and those who live in Little
Havana can walk along Memorial Boulevard and
study the monuments to learn about the history and
culture of Cuba While exploring the neighborhood,
they might stop to look at the memorial honoring
the Cuban writer and revolutionary José Martí Some
visitors may wonder who José Martí is
Martí dedicated his life to fighting for Cuban
independence from Spain Martí’s desire to free his
country from foreign rule can be easily
understood by Americans, whose own
revolutionary patriots fought to free the
United States from British rule Martí is
often thought to be the symbol of Cuba’s
struggle for independence from Spain
3
Little Havana
The Little Havana district in Miami, Florida, gets its name from Havana, Cuba, because of the thousands of Cubans who settled in this part of Miami beginning in the late
1950s Many of these Cuban immigrants opened
shops and restaurants that carry goods that remind them
of their homeland Restaurants serve special meats, fish, black beans and rice, plantains, and other traditional Cuban foods In Maximo Gomez Park, neighborhood people gather to play dominoes and chess, two games that are very popular in Cuba.
Trang 4Martí’s Early Years
On January 28, 1853, José Julián Martí y Pérez
was born in Havana, Cuba He was the eldest child of
Mariano Martí and Leonor Pérez His parents also
raised five daughters
Though his family was poor, Martí received an
excellent education Martí’s mother was a firm believer
in the importance of education One of Martí’s teachers
was a poet He took a special interest in young Martí’s
education Because of his teacher’s encouragement,
Martí had published several of his own poems by the
age of fifteen
Spanish Rule of Cuba
In 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed from Spain in
hopes of finding a westward sea route to Asia While
exploring, he landed in Cuba Nearly twenty years later,
in 1511, Spanish soldiers and settlers took control of
Cuba, and Cuba became a Spanish colony
During Martí’s lifetime, almost four hundred years later,
Cuba was still ruled by Spain Attempts by Cubans to
gain independence failed Not until 1898 was Cuba
freed from Spain, after Spain was defeated by the United
States in the Spanish-American War.
5
The Ten Years’ War, Cuba’s first struggle for independence from Spain, began in 1868 Like other Cubans fighting for independence, Martí thought Cuba should rule itself In 1869, at the age of sixteen, Martí started a newspaper dedicated to Cuba’s
independence With the publication of La patria libre (The Free Fatherland ), Martí began his lifelong fight
for Cuban liberty
Martí’s sympathy with and support of those fighting for Cuban independence brought him into conflict with the Spanish government He was arrested and sentenced to six years of hard labor Later, in 1871, he
was exiled to Spain, where he would live for several
years, forbidden to return to Cuba
Cuba, the largest island in the West Indies, is located about 90 miles (145 kilometers) south of Key West, Florida.
Trang 5Twice an Exile
Martí did not let his absence or his distance from
Cuba stop him from fighting for his homeland’s
independence Martí wrote numerous political essays
He also wrote a harsh criticism of Cuban prisons,
exposing the horrible treatment of political prisoners
This attack was published as a pamphlet
Martí shared his mother’s belief in the importance of
a good education Although he was far from home, he
continued to learn and study in Spain After attending
classes at both the University of Madrid and the
University of Zaragoza, Martí graduated in 1874 from
the University of Zaragoza He received two degrees,
one in philosophy and the other in law
After graduating Martí set out on a series of travels,
first in France, then in Mexico and Guatemala In
Guatemala, Martí took a job as a professor, teaching
history and literature While there he married Carmen
Zayas Bazán, the daughter of another exiled Cuban
Cuba’s Ten Years’ War ended in 1878, with the signing
of the Pact of Zanjon This treaty called for a number of
political reforms, or changes, to take place in Cuba
7
Martí had firsthand experience of the horrors of Cuban prisons.
The Writings of José Martí
José Martí wrote a lot of poetry Many of his poems were published during his lifetime, including the
collections Ismaelillo, published in 1882, and Versos sencillos (Simple Verses) published in 1891 Some of his
poetry was published after his death, including a collection of the poems he wrote between 1878 and
1882 These poems were published in 1913 as Versos libres (Free Verses) In keeping with the title, the poems in
this collection have the theme of freedom.
Martí wrote many political essays as well, which have been gathered together Some
of Martí’s essays reveal his admiration for the United States and its political figures, including the writers of the United States Constitution.
Trang 6José Julián Martí y Pérez
9
At the end of the Ten Years’ War, exiled Cubans
were given amnesty, a pardon for offenses against the
government, and were allowed to return to Cuba
Within the year Martí and his wife were back on Cuban soil Martí, however, would not remain in Cuba for long
Although the Ten Years’ War was over, Spain still governed Cuba Back in his homeland, Martí continued
to push for Cuban independence As a result, he was exiled once again in 1879 Martí was put in a Spanish prison, although he remained there only a short time because he escaped From Spain he again went to France and then to New York City
In 1881 Martí moved to Venezuela, hoping to make
a home for himself He began his new life by founding
the Revista Venezolana (Venezuelan Review), but the
political viewpoints expressed in this newspaper angered the dictator of Venezuela Martí was forced to leave Venezuela, and he returned to the United States
Trang 7Living in New York
From 1881 to 1895 Martí spent most of his time in
New York City He traveled occasionally, and he continued
to write In addition to poems and political essays, Martí
wrote newspaper articles and a magazine for children
Martí wrote about his love of liberty, or freedom He
wrote about justice and education Many of his essays
helped countries to better understand one another
While in New York, Martí worked as a journalist for
several Latin American newspapers, including La nación
(The Nation), a newspaper from Buenos Aires, Argentina
Martí wrote about life and important events in the United
States One major event he wrote about was the dedication
of the Statue of Liberty on October 28, 1886 The Statue
of Liberty was a gift from the people of France to the
people of the United States
Martí vividly described the sights and sounds of
the celebration, including the parades, the crowds, the
speeches, and the statue itself He explained how France
had played an important part in the War of Independence
when the Thirteen Colonies fought Great Britain and
became the United States The statue reminded Martí of
the liberty he hoped to bring to his own people
11
Martí’s articles made him famous throughout Latin America His writing helped others understand the importance of liberty
While he was in the United States, Martí spent much
of his time planning how to achieve independence for Cuba He traveled to Florida and other places, gathering support among exiled Cubans His writing and speeches inspired Cubans from many backgrounds
to unite in the effort
to achieve Cuban independence
In 1892 Martí helped form the Cuban Revolutionary Party In the years that followed, Martí collected supplies and planned an invasion of Cuba to free his homeland from Spanish rule
Liberty Enlightening the World,
popularly called the Statue of Liberty, was dedicated in New York on October 28, 1886.
Trang 8A Last Return
In early 1895 Martí left New York and went on his
last journey to Cuba Now, he felt, the time was right
to fight for Cuba’s independence Cubans from many
backgrounds were ready to fight with him
By early April 1895 Martí and the patriots who
accompanied him had arrived in Cuba Just over one
month later, on May 19, Martí was killed in battle José
Martí had spent his entire life telling people about the
benefits of freedom for Cuba Although he did not live to
see a free Cuba, Martí continued to inspire others to fight
for Cuba’s independence
The Life and Times of José Martí
1868
The Ten Years’
War begins.
1869
Martí publishes his first
newspaper, La patria libre.
1871
Martí is exiled
to Spain.
1853
José Martí
is born in Havana, Cuba,
on January 28.
13
A few years later, in 1898, the United States declared war on Spain after an American battleship exploded and sank in Havana harbor The battleship had been sent
to Havana to protect American citizens in Cuba The United States blamed Spain for the explosion Spain surrendered shortly after the United States declared war and agreed to give up its right to rule Cuba At last, Cuba had achieved independence
1874
Martí graduates from university 1895
Martí leaves New York.
A new war for Cuban independence begins.
May 19:
Martí is killed in battle
1878
The Ten Years’ War ends The Pact of Zanjon allows political exiles to return to Cuba Martí and his wife arrive in Cuba.
1892
Martí helps form the Cuban Revolutionary Party.
1881
Martí moves to Venezuela and then settles in the United States.
1879
Martí is exiled again.
Trang 9Remembering Martí
Many people today continue to remember and
honor Martí They consider him a patriot who loved
his country so much that he was willing to fight—and
die—for its liberty People remember Martí when
they read his writings, which continue to educate and
inspire
Martí’s memory has been honored in many ways
Statues have been erected in cities such as Havana,
Cuba, and Miami, Florida Schools, an airport, and a
park are named after him
Students and teachers also honor Martí In late
January the José Martí Parade takes place in the Miami
area to celebrate his birth Students and teachers
participate in the parade by singing songs, reciting
poems, and decorating floats Although Martí died
more than a hundred years ago, his dedication to
independence continues to inspire others
15
Students from the Miami area represent their schools in the José Martí Parade.
The image of José Martí is found on Cuban money.
Trang 10Glossary
amnesty a pardon for offenses against a government
exile being forced to live away from one’s country
immigrant a person who leaves one country
to live in another
liberty freedom from the control of another country;
independence
patriot a person who loves and supports his or
her country
revolutionary a person who is trying to bring about
a major change in government
tourist a person who travels for enjoyment
Vocabulary
tourist revolutionary patriot immigrant exile amnesty liberty
Write to It!
José Martí wanted to make changes when he saw things that he did not think were right
He often wrote newspaper articles to try to bring about change Think of something
in your community that you would like to see change Write a two- or three-paragraph newspaper article describing what you would like to see changed, why it should change, and how you would change it
Write your article on a separate sheet of paper.
Photographs
Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©Brown brothers
2 ©Scott Smith/Index Stock Imagery
5 ©Maps.com/Index Stock Imagery
7 ©Photo restoration by J.A.Sierra/Timetable History of Cuba/Jerry Sierra
8 ©Corbis
11 ©SuperStock
15 (T) ©Audrius Tomonis, (B) ©Jeffrey Boan/Miami Herald Publishing Company
ISBN: 0-328-14671-4
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Printed in the
United States of America This publication or parts thereof, may be used with appropriate
equipment to reproduce copies for classroom use only
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
José Martí was one of the most famous Cuban writers
of the 1800s He was also a Cuban patriot who wanted
his country to be free He faced prison and even death
because of this You will read about Martí’s life and how
he used his writing to help others learn of Cuba’s fight
for independence.