he was there, he started a magazine for children called Edad de Oro, which means “golden age.” by Ann Rossi José Martí Scott Foresman Social Studies Genre Comprehension Skill Text Featur
Trang 1by Ann Rossi
José Martí
Scott Foresman Social Studies
Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features
Nonfi ction Sequence • Captions
• Time Line
• Map
• Sidebars
Patriot and Writer
Fascinating Facts
was from the Canary Islands
was a small, thin man Because of an injury he
got when he was imprisoned, he walked with a
cane for the rest of his life
he was there, he started a magazine for children
called Edad de Oro, which means “golden age.”
by Ann Rossi
José Martí
Scott Foresman Social Studies
Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features
Nonfi ction Sequence • Captions
• Time Line
• Map
• Sidebars
Patriot and Writer
Fascinating Facts
was from the Canary Islands
was a small, thin man Because of an injury he
got when he was imprisoned, he walked with a
cane for the rest of his life
he was there, he started a magazine for children
called Edad de Oro, which means “golden age.”
Trang 2Vocabulary tourist immigrant revolutionary exile liberty patriot
Write to It!
José Martí fought for freedom in his country What are some of the freedoms that you have in the United States?
Write one or two paragraphs about these freedoms and how might your life might
be different without these freedoms
Write your paragraphs on a separate sheet
of paper.
ISBN: 0- 328-14670-6
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Printed in the
United States of America This publication or parts thereof, may be used with appropriate
equipment to reproduce copies for classroom use only
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
Photographs
Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©Snark/Art Resource, NY
2 ©Scott Smith/Index Stock Imagery
3 ©Maps.com/Index Stock Imagery
4 ©Getty Images, (Inset) ©Corbis
6 Photo restoration by J.A.Sierra/Timetable History of Cuba/Jerry Sierra
8 ©Historical Picture Archive/Corbis
11 ©SuperStock
14 ©Don Tremain/Alamy Images
15 ©Jeffrey Boan/Miami Herald Publishing Company
During the 1800s, Cuba was ruled by Spain Many
Cubans wanted to be independent José Martí was a
Cuban patriot who used his writing to tell the world
about Cuba’s desire for freedom In this book you
will learn why Martí is remembered as a symbol of
by Ann Rossi
Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois Coppell, Texas • Ontario, California • Mesa, Arizona
Trang 3Martí’s Place in History
Each year, millions of people visit Miami, Florida,
because of its mild climate and different attractions
Visitors have many things to see and do During their
visits, these tourists spend money on things such as
food and entertainment
There are many fun and interesting ways to spend
time in Miami Tourists may visit Little Havana, a part
of Miami where many Cuban immigrants and Cuban
Americans live They can explore the neighborhood
markets in Little Havana Tourists can eat tasty,
traditional Cuban foods at some of the community’s
many restaurants Visitors and residents can view the
monuments along Memorial Boulevard to learn about
the history and culture of Cuba They might stop and
look at the memorial honoring José Martí, a poet of the
1800s and a famous Cuban revolutionary.
This memorial to José Martí
is in Miami, Florida.
3
Some people may be unfamiliar with Martí, although
he is well known in the Miami area Many people think Martí is the most important Cuban writer of the 1800s Although he is well known for his writing, Martí is perhaps best known for his role in Cuba’s struggle for independence from Spain Martí dedicated much of his life to working for Cuban independence
Cuba is the largest island in the West Indies It is located about
90 miles (145 kilometers) south of Key West, Florida.
Trang 4Martí’s Youth
José Martí was born on January 28, 1853, in Havana,
Cuba He was the son of Mariano Martí and Leonor
Pérez Martí had five younger sisters Although his
family was poor, Martí received an excellent education
His mother realized how important a good education
would be for her son
One of Martí’s teachers took a special interest in
young Martí’s education Encouraged to write, Martí
had published several poems by the age of fifteen
José Martí
5
In 1868 the Ten Years’ War began It was Cuba’s first struggle for independence from Spain Martí was one of many Cubans who thought that Cuba should rule itself He soon took action When he was sixteen
years old, Martí started a newspaper called La patria libre (The Free Fatherland) that supported Cuba’s right
to rule itself This marked the beginning of Martí’s lifelong fight for Cuban independence
Martí’s support for Cuban independence brought him to the attention of the Spanish government He was arrested and sentenced to six years of hard labor
In 1871 he was sent away to Spain The authorities told him he could never return to Cuba
Spanish Rule of Cuba
Christopher Columbus, exploring for Spain, landed in Cuba in 1492 In 1511 Spanish soldiers and settlers took control of Cuba Spain did not give up its rule of Cuba until 1898, when the Spanish-American War ended.
Trang 5Living in Exile
Martí was living in exile in Spain, far from Cuba
Martí, however, did not let his great distance from
Cuba stop him from fighting for his homeland’s
independence Martí’s weapon was his pen He
attacked Cuban prisons by writing a pamphlet about
the horrors of being a political prisoner He also wrote
many other political essays
Martí experienced the harshness of Cuban prisons firsthand.
7
Sharing his mother’s belief in the importance of a good education, Martí continued to study and learn in Spain He attended the University of Madrid and later the University of Zaragoza In 1874 Martí graduated
He received two degrees, one in philosophy and another in law
After graduating Martí traveled, first in France, then
in Mexico and Guatemala He continued to write In Guatemala Martí also worked as a professor, teaching history and literature While there he married Carmen Zayas Bazán, the daughter of another exiled Cuban
In 1878 the Pact of Zanjon signaled the end of Cuba’s Ten Years’ War This treaty called for many changes
in Cuba With the end of the war, political exiles were allowed to return to Cuba, and within the year Martí and his wife went back
Trang 6Exiled Again
Although the Ten Years’ War had ended, Spain still
ruled Cuba Back in Cuba, Martí continued to push
for Cuban independence As a result, he was exiled
once again in 1879 As before, Martí was sent to Spain
Martí remained in Spain only a short time He left
Spain for France and later traveled to New York City
In 1881 Martí moved to Venezuela, where he hoped
to make a home for himself He started a newspaper
called Revista Venezolana (Venezuelan Review), but
the political points of view in the paper angered
the dictator of Venezuela Martí was forced to leave
Venezuela and chose to return to the United States
This picture shows how Havana, Cuba, looked during Marti’s lifetime
9
From 1881 to 1895, Martí spent most of his time in New York City As always, he continued to write He wrote newspaper articles, poetry, and essays He even wrote a magazine for children!
Martí wrote about his love of freedom, justice, and education Many of his essays helped countries to understand one another better
While in New York, Martí worked as a journalist for several Latin American newspapers One
newspaper was La nación (The Nation) from Buenos
Aires, Argentina Martí wrote articles about life and important events in the United States In 1886 Martí wrote an article about the dedication of the Statue of Liberty, which took place on October 28 of that year
The Statue of Liberty was a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States
Martí described the parades, the crowds, the speeches, and the statue itself He explained how France had been important in the War of Independence, when the Thirteen Colonies fought Britain and became the United States of America
Trang 7Martí’s words and descriptions helped his readers
picture the sights and sounds of the celebration His
writing helped others to understand the importance of
liberty Martí shared his hopes of freedom for his own
people Martí’s articles made him famous throughout
Latin America
During his years in the United States, Martí had not
forgotten his own homeland He spent much of his
time planning how to achieve independence for Cuba
He traveled to Florida and other places, gathering
support among exiled Cubans In 1892 Martí helped
to form the Cuban Revolutionary Party In the years
that followed, Martí collected supplies and planned an
invasion of Cuba to free the country from Spanish rule
Cuban independence remained Martí’s goal
The Statue of Liberty
The real name of the Statue of Liberty is Liberty
Enlightening the World The statue represents liberty,
or freedom, an important idea in France and the
United States.
French sculptor Fréderic Auguste Bartholdi designed
the statue, and the people of France donated money
to build it Bartholdi began building the statue in Paris
in 1875 After its completion, it was taken apart and
shipped in 214 crates to the United States, where it was
later reassembled.
Liberty Enlightening the World, also
called the Statue of Liberty, was dedicated
in New York on October 28, 1886.
11
Trang 8A Last Return
At last Martí felt it was time to return to Cuba to
fight for the island’s independence The independence
movement had taken root Cubans of all classes were
ready and willing to fight for their freedom
In early 1895 Martí left New York and sailed for
Cuba Accompanying him were other Cuban patriots,
or people who love, support, and defend their country
By April, Martí had arrived in Cuba
The Life and Times
of José Martí
1853 José Martí
is born in Havana, Cuba,
on January 28.
1868 The Ten Years’
War begins.
1869 Martí publishes his first
newspaper, La patria libre.
1871 Martí is exiled
to Spain.
13
Little more than a month after his return to Cuba, Martí was killed in battle Martí had dedicated almost his whole life to gaining freedom for Cuba Although
he did not live to see a free Cuba, Martí inspired others
to fight for Cuba’s independence
In 1898 the United States declared war on Spain after an American battleship exploded The battleship had been sent to Havana to protect American citizens
in Cuba The United States blamed Spain for the explosion Shortly after the United States declared war, Spain surrendered and agreed to give up its right to rule Cuba At last Cuba had become independent!
1874 Martí graduates from university
1878 The Ten Years’ War ends The Pact of Zanjon allows political exiles to return to Cuba Martí and his wife arrive in Cuba.
1881 Martí moves to Venezuela and then settles in the United States.
1895 Martí leaves New York.
A new war for Cuban independence begins.
May 19:
Martí is killed in battle
1879 Martí is exiled again.
1892 Martí helps form the Cuban Revolutionary Party.
Trang 9Honoring Martí
Many people remember Martí as a patriot They
remember Martí as a supporter of liberty and as a
man who gave his life for that ideal Martí’s poems and
other writings continue to educate others, including
political leaders
A statue dedicated to José Martí stands in Havana, Cuba.
15
Martí’s memory has been preserved in many ways
His picture appears on the Cuban peso Statues have been built in his memory in cities such as Havana, Cuba, and Miami, Florida Even schoolchildren honor Martí!
In late January the José Martí parade takes place
in the Miami area The parade celebrates the birth of José Martí Students and teachers march in the parade Some sing or recite poems Others ride floats they
helped decorate Although Martí died more than one hundred years ago, his dedication to independence continues to inspire others
Students represent their schools in the José Martí Parade in Miami, Florida.
Trang 10Glossary
exile being forced to live away from
one’s country
immigrant a person who leaves one
country to live in another
liberty freedom from the control of
another country; independence
patriot a person who loves and supports
his or her country
revolutionary a person who is trying
to bring about a major change in government
tourist a person who travels for
enjoyment
Vocabulary tourist immigrant revolutionary exile liberty patriot
Write to It!
José Martí fought for freedom in his country What are some of the freedoms that you have in the United States?
Write one or two paragraphs about these freedoms and how might your life might
be different without these freedoms
Write your paragraphs on a separate sheet
of paper.
ISBN: 0- 328-14670-6
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Printed in the
United States of America This publication or parts thereof, may be used with appropriate
equipment to reproduce copies for classroom use only
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
Photographs
Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©Snark/Art Resource, NY
2 ©Scott Smith/Index Stock Imagery
3 ©Maps.com/Index Stock Imagery
4 ©Getty Images, (Inset) ©Corbis
6 Photo restoration by J.A.Sierra/Timetable History of Cuba/Jerry Sierra
8 ©Historical Picture Archive/Corbis
11 ©SuperStock
14 ©Don Tremain/Alamy Images
15 ©Jeffrey Boan/Miami Herald Publishing Company
During the 1800s, Cuba was ruled by Spain Many
Cubans wanted to be independent José Martí was a
Cuban patriot who used his writing to tell the world
about Cuba’s desire for freedom In this book you
will learn why Martí is remembered as a symbol of
Cuban independence