The medical letter on drugs and therapeutics april 10 2017

1518 IN THIS ISSUE Drugs for COPD The main goals of treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD are to relieve symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of exacerbations

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ISSUE

1433

Volume 56

Published by The Medical Letter, Inc • A Nonprofi t Organization

ISSUE No.

1518

on Drugs and Therapeutics

Drugs for COPD

IN THIS ISSUE

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The Medical Letter ®

on Drugs and Therapeutics

Take CME Exams

ISSUE

1433

Volume 56

ISSUE No.

1518

IN THIS ISSUE Drugs for COPD

The main goals of treatment for chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease (COPD) are to relieve symptoms,

reduce the frequency and severity of exacerbations,

and prevent disease progression Updated

guide-lines for treatment of COPD have been published in

recent years.1,2

Regular use of an inhaled short-acting bronchodilator

is not recommended for treatment of COPD Patients

on maintenance treatment for COPD should have

a short-acting bronchodilator available for use as needed for acute relief

INHALED LONG-ACTING BRONCHODILATORS —

Regular treatment with an inhaled long-acting

antimuscarinic agent) is recommended for patients who have moderate to severe dyspnea or symptoms

or who are at increased risk of exacerbations Long-acting antimuscarinic agents (LAMAs; also called long-acting anticholinergics) may be more effective than long-acting beta2-agonists (LABAs) in preventing exacerbations in patients with moderate

to very severe COPD.7,8 In patients with less severe COPD, there is no strong evidence supporting the use

of one over the other.9,10

TABLES IN THIS ISSUE

Some Inhaled Bronchodilators for COPD p 58

Some Long-Acting Bronchodilator Inhalers: Ease of Use p 59

Some Inhaled Corticosteroids and Other Drugs for COPD p 60

Treatment of COPD p 61

Inhaled Short-Acting Bronchodilators for COPD online only

Inhaled Long-Acting Bronchodilators for COPD online only

Some Inhaled Corticosteroids for COPD online only

Correct Use of Inhalers for COPD online only

Some Recommendations for Treatment of COPD

▶ Patients with COPD should stop smoking; pharmacotherapy

can be helpful, especially with varenicline (Chantix).

▶ Patients with occasional dyspnea can use inhaled short-acting bronchodilators as needed for acute symptom relief

▶ For patients who have moderate to severe dyspnea or symptoms, or who are at increased risk of exacerbations, regular treatment with an inhaled long-acting bronchodilator (an antimuscarinic or a beta2-agonist) can relieve symptoms, improve lung function, and reduce the frequency of

exacerbations

▶ An inhaled long-acting beta2-agonist plus an inhaled long-acting antimuscarinic can be used in patients with moderate

to severe dyspnea or symptoms who are at increased risk for exacerbations and in those inadequately controlled on monotherapy

▶ Addition of an inhaled corticosteroid is recommended for patients with moderate to severe COPD who experience frequent exacerbations despite treatment with bronchodilators

▶ All patients should be assessed for proper inhalation technique

▶ Oxygen therapy can improve survival in patients with severe hypoxemia

▶ Pulmonary rehabilitation should be considered for all patients

SMOKING CESSATION — Cigarette smoking is the

primary cause of COPD in the US Smoking cessation

offers health benefi ts at all stages of the disease and

can slow the decline of lung function Counseling and

pharmacotherapy can help patients stop smoking

Varenicline (Chantix) appears to be the most effective

drug for treatment of tobacco dependence Nicotine

replacement therapy and bupropion (Zyban, and

others) are also effective.3 Use of ≥2 medications has

been more effective than monotherapy.4,5

SHORT-ACTING BRONCHODILATORS — For patients

with occasional dyspnea, an inhaled short-acting

bronchodilator can provide acute relief Short-acting

drugs, which include inhaled beta2 -agonists such as

albuterol and the antimuscarinic (anticholinergic)

ipratropium, can relieve symptoms and improve FEV1

(forced expiratory volume in one second)

action than ipratro pium, but ipratropium has a longer

duration of action (6-8 hrs vs ~4 hrs)

ipratropium is more effective than either drug alone.6

The combination of ipratropium and albuterol is

available in a single inhaler (see Table 1).

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Table 1 Some Inhaled Bronchodilators for COPD

Drug Formulations Delivery Device 1 Adult Dosage Cost 2

Inhaled Short-Acting Antimuscarinic

Ipratropium – Atrovent HFA 17 mcg/inh HFA MDI (200 inh/unit) 2 inh qid PRN $332.70 (Boehringer Ingelheim)

generic – single-dose vials 200 mcg/mL soln Nebulizer3 500 mcg qid PRN 18.104

Inhaled Short-Acting Beta 2 -Agonists

Albuterol – ProAir HFA (Teva) 90 mcg/inh HFA MDI (605 or 200 inh/unit) 90-180 mcg q4-6h PRN 56.20

Proventil HFA (Merck) 75.40

Ventolin HFA (GSK) 52.20

ProAir Respiclick (Teva) 90 mcg/inh DPI (200 inh/unit) 90-180 mcg q4-6h PRN 53.00 generic 0.63, 1.25, 2.5 mg/ Nebulizer3 1.25-5 mg q4-8h PRN 21.306

3 mL soln

Levalbuterol –

Xopenex HFA (Sunovion) 45 mcg/inh HFA MDI (80, 200 inh/unit) 90 mcg q4-6h PRN 68.20

Xopenex (Akorn) 0.31, 0.63, 1.25 mg/ Nebulizer3 0.63-1.25 mg tid PRN 855.00 generic 3 mL soln 439.90

Inhaled Short-Acting Beta 2 -Agonist/Short-Acting Antimuscarinic Combination

Albuterol/ipratropium –

Combivent Respimat 100 mcg/20 mcg/inh ISI (120 inh/unit) 1 inh qid PRN 344.907

(Boehringer Ingelheim)

generic 2.5 mg/0.5 mg/3 mL soln Nebulizer3 2.5 mg/0.5 mg qid PRN 73.107

Inhaled Long-Acting Beta 2 -Agonists (LABAs)

Arformoterol – Brovana (Sunovion) 15 mcg/2 mL soln Nebulizer3 15 mcg bid 871.20

Indacaterol – Arcapta Neohaler 75 mcg/cap DPI (30 inh/unit) 1 inh once/d 213.60 (Sunovion)

Olodaterol – Striverdi Respimat 2.5 mcg/inh ISI (60 inh/unit) 2 inh once/d 181.60 (Boehringer Ingelheim)

Salmeterol – Serevent Diskus (GSK) 50 mcg/blister DPI (28, 60 inh/unit) 1 inh bid 351.60

Formoterol – Perforomist (Mylan) 20 mcg/2 mL soln Nebulizer3 20 mcg bid 838.80

Inhaled Long-Acting Antimuscarinic Agents (LAMAs) 8

Aclidinium – Tudorza Pressair 400 mcg/inh DPI (30, 60 inh/unit) 1 inh bid 322.20 (AstraZeneca)

Glycopyrrolate – Seebri Neohaler 15.6 mcg/cap DPI (6, 60 inh/unit) 1 inh bid 394.20 (Sunovion)

Tiotropium –

Spiriva Handihaler (Boehringer Ingelheim) 18 mcg/cap DPI (5, 30, 90 inh/unit) 18 mcg9 once/d 368.20

Spiriva Respimat 2.5 mcg/inh ISI (60 inh/unit) 2 inh once/d 368.20

Umeclidinium – Incruse Ellipta (GSK) 62.5 mcg/inh DPI (7, 30 inh/unit) 1 inh once/d 324.10

Inhaled Long-Acting Antimuscarinic Agents/Long-Acting Beta 2 -Agonist Combinations (LAMA/LABA Combinations)

Glycopyrrolate/formoterol –

Bevespi Aerosphere (AstraZeneca) 9 mcg/4.8 mcg/inh HFA MDI (120 inh/unit) 2 inh bid 334.60 Glycopyrrolate/indacaterol –

Utibron Neohaler (Sunovion) 15.6 mcg/27.5 mcg/cap DPI (60 inh/unit) 1 inh bid 340.20 Tiotropium/olodaterol –

Stiolto Respimat (Boehringer Ingelheim) 2.5 mcg/2.5 mcg/inh ISI (60 inh/unit) 2 inh once/d 340.90 Umeclidinium/vilanterol –

Anoro Ellipta (GSK) 62.5 mcg/25 mcg/inh DPI (7, 30 inh/unit) 1 inh once/d 340.90

DPI = dry powder inhaler; ER = extended-release; HFA = hydrofluoroalkane; inh = inhalation; ISI = inhalation spray inhaler; MDI = metered-dose inhaler

1 All patients should be assessed for proper inhalation technique.

2 Approximate WAC for 30 days’ treatment at the lowest recommended adult dosage For short-acting beta 2-agonists and Atrovent HFA, cost is for 200

inhala-tions WAC = wholesaler acquisition cost or manufacturer’s published price to wholesalers; WAC represents a published catalogue or list price and may not represent an actual transactional price Source: AnalySource® Monthly March 5, 2017 Reprinted with permission by First Databank, Inc All rights reserved

3 Nebulized solutions may be used for very young, very old, and other patients unable to use handheld inhalers More time is required to administer the drug and the device may not be portable Nebulizers and nebulized drugs may be covered as durable medical equipment (DME) under Medicare part B.

4 Cost for 100 doses.

5 Only Ventolin HFA is available in an inhaler containing 60 inh/unit.

6 Cost for 100 2.5-mg doses.

7 Cost for 120 doses.

8 Also called inhaled long-acting anticholinergics.

9 Contents of one capsule; two inhalations of the powder are required to deliver the full dose.

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Table 2 Some Long-Acting Bronchodilator Inhalers:

Ease of Use

Aerosphere Inhaler Bevespi Aerosphere (glycopyrrolate/formoterol)

▶ Metered-dose inhaler; requires coordination of inhalation with hand-actuation; drug delivery is not dependent on strength of breath intake

▶ Easy to assemble; requires priming

▶ Indicator shows approximately how many doses are left

▶ Twice-daily dosing

Ellipta Inhalers Anoro Ellipta (umeclidinium/vilanterol), Breo Ellipta (fluticasone

furoate/vilanterol), Incruse Ellipta (umeclidinium)

▶ Dry powder inhaler; drug delivery to lungs is dependent upon ability to perform a rapid, deep inhalation

▶ No assembly or priming required

▶ Indicator shows how many doses are left

▶ Doses may be wasted if inhaler is opened/closed accidentally

▶ Once-daily dosing

Respimat Inhalers Spiriva Respimat (tiotropium), Striverdi Respimat (olodaterol), Stiolto Respimat (tiotropium/olodaterol)

▶ Inhalation spray inhaler; drug delivery to lungs is not dependent

on strength of breath intake

▶ Assembly may be difficult for some patients

▶ Indicator shows approximately how many doses are left

Neohaler Inhalers Arcapta Neohaler (indacaterol), Seebri Neohaler (glycopyrrolate), Utibron Neohaler (glycopyrrolate/indacaterol)

▶ Removal of the capsule from the foil pack and insertion of the capsule into the inhaler may be difficult for some patients

▶ Transparent capsules may be helpful in determining if the full dose was inhaled

▶ Once-daily dosing (Arcapta); twice-daily dosing (Utibron, Seebri)

Pressair Inhaler Tudorza Pressair (aclidinium)

▶ No assembly required

Handihaler Inhaler Spiriva Handihaler (tiotropium)

▶ Inserting the capsules into the device may be difficult for some patients

Diskus Inhalers Advair Diskus (fluticasone propionate/salmeterol), Serevent Diskus (salmeterol)

▶ Indicator shows how many doses are left

LABAs can provide sustained bronchodilation for at

least 12 hours They have been shown to improve

lung function and quality of life, and to reduce the

frequency of exacerbations in patients with COPD.11

Several inhaled LABAs are available alone or in fi

xed-dose combinations with other agents for treatment of

COPD in the US (see Tables 1 and 3).

Inhaled beta2-agonists can cause tachycardia,

palpi-tations, prolongation of the QT interval, hypokalemia,

skeletal muscle tremors and cramping, headache,

insomnia, and increases in serum glucose concentrations

Unstable angina and myocardial infarction have been

reported Tolerance can develop with continued use

All LABAs in the US include a boxed warning about an

increased risk of asthma-related death; there is no

evidence to date that patients with COPD are at risk.

Four inhaled LAMAs are available alone or in

combi-nation with other agents for the treatment of COPD (see

Table 1) Tiotropium, the longest available and best

studied LAMA, has been shown to improve lung function

and reduce exacerbation and hospitalization rates, but

it may not reduce the rate of lung function decline.12,13

The other three LAMAs are generally considered similar

in safety and effi cacy to tiotropium.14-16

Inhaled antimuscarinics have limited systemic

absorption They commonly cause dry mouth

Pharyngeal irritation, urinary retention, and increases

in intraocular pressure may occur; antimuscarinic

inhalers should be used with caution in patients with

narrow-angle glaucoma and in those with symptomatic

prostatic hypertrophy or bladder neck obstruction.

Long-Acting Bronchodilator Combinations –

Combining a LAMA with a LABA can improve lung

function and reduce symptoms, and may decrease

exacerbation rates in patients with COPD Dual

bronchodilator therapy is recommended for patients

who have moderate to severe dyspnea or symptoms

and are at increased risk for exacerbations and for

those with persistent symptoms or exacerbations

despite use of a single long-acting bronchodilator.17,18

Four fi xed-dose combinations of a LAMA and a LABA

have been approved by the FDA (see Table 1).

INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS (ICSs) — ICSs do not slow

the progression of COPD or reduce mortality.19 They are

less effective than inhaled long-acting bronchodilators

for treatment of COPD and should not be used as

monotherapy Use of an ICS in addition to a long-acting

bronchodilator can improve lung function and reduce

exacerbations.20 Addition of an ICS is recommended

for patients with moderate to very severe COPD who continue to have exacerbations while receiving long-acting bronchodilators Various combinations of ICSs and LABAs are available (see Table 3).

Adverse Effects – Local effects of ICSs on the mouth

and pharynx include candidiasis and dysphonia

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Systemic absorption of ICSs has been associated

with skin bruising, cataracts, reduced bone mineral

density, and an increased risk of fractures Use of ICSs

in patients with COPD is associated with an increased

risk of pneumonia.21

ICS Withdrawal – In one study, 2485 patients with

COPD on triple therapy with tiotropium, salmeterol,

and fluticasone propionate were randomized to

either continue triple therapy or taper the ICS over

12 weeks The time to the fi rst moderate or severe exacerbation within 12 months was similar in both groups, but a statistically signifi cant decrease in

group; the clinical signifi cance is unclear.22 A post-hoc analysis found that the risk of exacerbation was higher in the corticosteroid taper group compared

to the continuation group in patients who had blood eosinophil levels ≥300 cells/mcL at baseline.23

Table 3 Some Inhaled Corticosteroids and Other Drugs for COPD

Drug Formulations Delivery Device 1 Adult Dosage Cost 2

Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICSs) 3

Beclomethasone dipropionate –

QVAR (Teva) 40, 80 mcg/inh HFA MDI (120 inh/unit) 40-320 mcg bid $156.70 Budesonide4 – Pulmicort Flexhaler 90, 180 mcg/inh DPI (60, 120 inh/unit) 180-720 mcg bid 216.50 (AstraZeneca)

Ciclesonide – Alvesco (Sunovion) 80, 160 mcg/inh HFA MDI (60 inh/unit) 80-320 mcg bid 228.90

Flunisolide – Aerospan HFA (Meda) 80 mcg/inh HFA MDI (60, 120 inh/unit) 160-320 mcg bid 196.10 Fluticasone furoate –

Arnuity Ellipta (GSK) 100, 200 mcg/inh DPI (14, 30 inh/unit) 100-200 mcg once/d 159.00 Fluticasone propionate –

Flovent Diskus (GSK) 50, 100, 250 mcg/blister DPI (28, 60 inh/unit) 100-1000 mcg bid 171.40

Flovent HFA 44, 110, 220 mcg/inh HFA MDI (120 inh/unit) 88-880 mcg bid 171.40

ArmonAir Respiclick (Teva) 55, 113, 232 mcg/inh DPI (60 inh/unit) 55-232 mcg bid N.A Mometasone furoate –

Asmanex HFA (Merck) 100, 200 mcg/inh HFA MDI (120 inh/unit) 200-400 mcg bid 178.80

Asmanex Twisthaler 110, 220 mcg/inh DPI (30, 60, 120 inh/unit) 220-880 mcg once/d in 179.00 (Merck) evening or 220 mcg bid

Inhaled Corticosteroid/Long-Acting Beta 2 -Agonist Combinations (ICS/LABA Combinations)

Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol –

Advair Diskus5 (GSK) 100, 250, 500 mcg/50 mcg/ DPI (28, 60 inh/unit) 250/50 mcg bid 361.40

blister

Advair HFA3 45, 115, 230 mcg/21 mcg/inh HFA MDI (60, 120 inh/unit) 2 inh bid 290.90

AirDuo Respiclick3 (Teva) 55, 113, 232 mcg/14 mcg/inh DPI (60 inh/unit) 1 inh bid N.A Fluticasone furoate/vilanterol –

Breo Ellipta6 (GSK) 100, 200 mcg/25 mcg/inh DPI (14, 30 inh/unit) 1 inh once/d 321.70 Budesonide/formoterol –

Symbicort7 (AstraZeneca) 80, 160 mcg/4.5 mcg/inh HFA MDI (60, 120 inh/unit) 2 inh bid 308.70

Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) Inhibitor

Roflumilast – Daliresp (AstraZeneca) 500 mcg tabs none 500 mcg PO once/d 199.00

Methylxanthine

Theophylline8,9 – generic 100, 200, 300, 400, 450, none 300-600 mg PO once/d 15.90

600 mg ER tabs; or divided bid

80 mg/15 mL soln

Elixophyllin (Nostrum Labs) 80 mg/15 mL soln 300-600 mg/d PO 1261.30

Theo-24 (Auxilium) 100, 200, 300, 400 mg 300-600 mg PO once/d10 86.50

ER caps

Theochron (Caraco) 100, 200, 300 mg ER tabs 300-600 mg PO once/d 15.10

DPI = dry powder inhaler; ER = extended-release; HFA = hydrofluoroalkane; inh = inhalation; ISI = inhalation spray inhaler; MDI = metered-dose inhaler; NA = cost not available

1 All patients should be assessed for proper inhalation technique.

2 Approximate WAC for 30 days’ treatment at the lowest usual adult dosage WAC = wholesaler acquisition cost or manufacturer’s published price to wholesal-ers; WAC represents a published catalogue or list price and may not represent an actual transactional price Source: AnalySource® Monthly March 5, 2017 Reprinted with permission by First Databank, Inc All rights reserved ©2017 www.fdbhealth.com/policies/drug-pricing-policy.

3 Not FDA-approved for treatment of COPD Inhaled corticosteroid monotherapy is not recommended for treatment of COPD.

4 Budesonide is also available as a suspension for nebulization (Pulmicort Respules, and generics) that is FDA-approved only for treatment of asthma in

children 1-8 years old.

5 Only the 250/50 mcg dose is FDA-approved for use in COPD.

6 Only the 100/25 mcg dose is FDA-approved for use in COPD.

7 Only the 160/4.5 mcg dose is FDA-approved for use in COPD.

8 Extended-release formulations may not be interchangeable.

9 Periodic monitoring is recommended to maintain peak serum concentrations between 8 and 12 mcg/mL.

10 Theo-24 should not be taken <1 hr before a high-fat content meal; the entire 24-hour dose can be released in a 4-hour period, resulting in toxicity.

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LABA/LAMA vs ICS/LABA — In patients who are at

increased risk of exacerbations, the combination of a

LABA and a LAMA appears to be more effective than

an ICS/LABA combination in reducing exacerbations.24

In a 52-week study comparing the combination of

glycopyrronium and indacaterol with fluticasone and

salmeterol, patients who received the LAMA/LABA

combination had 11% fewer exacerbations and a longer

time to the fi rst exacerbation than those receiving the ICS/

LABA combination The rates of mortality and adverse

effects were similar between the two treatments.25

TRIPLE-THERAPY REGIMENS — Some studies have

found that adding a LAMA to a LABA/ICS regimen

can reduce exacerbations and improve lung function,

symptoms, and quality of life.26-29 Whether adding an

ICS to a LABA/LAMA combination provides similar

benefi ts remains to be established.

THEOPHYLLINE — Theophylline can be tried in

patients with persistent symptoms despite treatment

with inhaled triple-therapy Its primary mechanism of

action is bronchodilation; at low concentrations, it may

have anti-inflammatory effects.30 Theophylline has

a narrow therapeutic index; monitoring is warranted

periodically to maintain peak serum concentrations

between 8 and 12 mcg/mL.

Adverse Effects – Dose-related adverse effects of

theophylline include nausea, nervousness, head ache,

and insomnia Vomiting, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia,

tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, tremors,

neuro-muscular irritability, and seizures can occur at

supratherapeutic serum concentrations Theophylline

is metabolized hepatically, primarily by CYP1A2 and

CYP3A4; any drug that inhibits or induces these

en-zymes can affect theophylline serum concentrations.31

ROFLUMILAST — Roflumilast (Daliresp) is an oral

phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor approved for

use in patients with severe COPD associated with

chronic bronchitis and a history of exacerbations It

reduces inflammation by increasing intracellular levels

of cAMP; it does not cause bronchodilation.32

Once-daily treatment can modestly improve lung function

and reduce the frequency of exacerbations, but it does

not appear to improve symptoms or quality of life.33,34

Common adverse effects include nausea and diarrhea

Signifi cant weight loss and changes in mood and

behavior have been reported.

AZITHROMYCIN — Macrolide antibiotics have

anti-inflammatory effects Once-daily or three times a

generics) has been shown to reduce the risk of an exacerbation over one year and improve quality of life

in patients with COPD at increased risk of exacerbation, but use of the drug has been associated with hearing loss and development of antimicrobial resistance.35,36

Effi cacy and safety data beyond one year of use are not available.

OXYGEN THERAPY — For patients with severe

hypoxemia, use of long-term supplemental oxygen therapy has been shown to increase survival and may improve quality of life.37 In a recent study, long-term oxygen therapy did not lead to reduced mortality or longer time to fi rst hospitalization in patients with mild

to moderate hypoxemia.38

PULMONARY REHABILITATION — The benefi ts of

pulmonary rehabilitation programs for patients with COPD are well established Pulmonary rehabilitation can improve dyspnea, functional capacity, and quality

Table 4 Treatment of COPD 1-3

Occasional Dyspnea or Few Symptoms; ≤1 exacerbation 4

Inhaled ipratropium as needed

or Inhaled short-acting beta2-agonist

as needed

or LAMA

or LABA

Moderate to Severe Dyspnea or Symptoms; ≤1 exacerbation 4

Initial LAMA

or LABA

Persistent or LAMA + LABA Severe Symptoms

Occasional Dyspnea or Few Symptoms; ≥1 exacerbation 5

Initial LAMA (preferred)

or LABA

Further LAMA + LABA (preferred) Exacerbations or LABA + ICS

Moderate to Severe Dyspnea or Symptoms; ≥1 exacerbation 5

Initial LABA + LAMA Further ICS + LABA + LAMA Exacerbations or ICS + LABA6

or ICS + LABA + LAMA + roflumilast7

or ICS + LABA + LAMA + azithromycin8 ICS = inhaled corticosteroid; LABA = inhaled long-acting beta 2 -agonist; LAMA = inhaled long-acting antimuscarinic agent

1 Adapted from the Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GOLD) 2017 Available at: http://goldcopd.org Accessed March

30, 2017 Dyspnea and symptoms should be assessed using mMRC (Modifi ed British Medical Research Council) and CAT (COPD Assessment Test), respectively.

2 Short-acting anticholinergics and beta 2 -agonists can be added to any regimen for acute relief

3 Theophylline may be used if other long-acting bronchodilators are unavail-able or unaffordunavail-able.

4 Exacerbation that did not lead to hospital admission.

5 ≥1 exacerbation leading to hospital admission or ≥2 exacerbations.

6 An ICS/LABA combination may be considered a fi rst choice for patients with asthma/COPD overlap or high blood eosinophil levels.

7 In patients with FEV 1 <50% predicted and chronic bronchitis.

8 Or another macrolide Consider use in former smokers.

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1 GOLD 2017 global strategy for the diagnosis, management and

prevention of COPD Available at www.goldcopd.org Accessed

March 30, 2017

2 A Qaseem et al Diagnosis and management of stable chronic

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update from the American College of Physicians, American

College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and

European Respiratory Society Ann Intern Med 2011; 155:179

3 Drugs for tobacco dependence Med Lett Drugs Ther 2016;

58:27

4 CF Koegelenberg et al Effi cacy of varenicline combined with

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5 JO Ebbert et al Combination varenicline and bupropion SR for

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6 J Nichols Combination inhaled bronchodilator therapy in the

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7 C Vogelmeier et al Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the

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8 ML Decramer et al Once-daily indacaterol versus tiotropium

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9 A Gershon et al Comparison of inhaled long-acting ß-agonist

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13 M Decramer et al Effect of tiotropium on outcomes in patients

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14 Aclidinium bromide (Tudorza Pressair) for COPD Med Lett

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15 Seebri Neohaler and Utibron Neohaler for COPD Med Lett

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16 Umeclidinium (Incruse Ellipta) for COPD Med Lett Drugs Ther

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17 T van der Molen and M Cazzola Beyond lung function in COPD

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18 HA Farne and CJ Cates Long-acting beta2-agonist in addition

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Co-chrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 10:CD008989

19 PM Calverley et al Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and

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20 LJ Nannini et al Combined corticosteroid and long-acting

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21 JB Morjaria et al Inhaled corticosteroid use and the risk of

pneumonia and COPD exacerbations in the UPLIFT study Lung

2017 March 3 (epub)

22 H Magnussen et al Withdrawal of inhaled glucocorticoids and

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23 H Watz et al Blood eosinophil count and exacerbations in se-vere chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after withdrawal

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24 N Horita et al Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled cor-ticosteroid (ICS) for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-ease (COPD) Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 10:CD012066

25 JA Wedzicha et al Indacaterol-glycopyrronium versus salme-terol-fluticasone for COPD N Engl J Med 2016; 374:2222

26 PA Frith et al Glycopyrronium once-daily signifi cantly improves lung function and health status when combined with salme-terol/fluticasone in patients with COPD: the GLISTEN study, a randomised controlled trial Thorax 2015; 70:519

27 D Singh et al Superiority of “triple” therapy with salmeterol/ fluticasone propionate and tiotropium bromide versus indi-vidual components in moderate to severe COPD Thorax 2008; 63:592

28 TM Siler et al Effi cacy and safety of umeclidinium added to fluticasone propionate/salmeterol in patients with COPD: re-sults of two randomized, double-blind studies COPD 2016; 13:1

29 D Singh et al Single inhaler triple therapy versus inhaled corti-costeroid plus long-acting β2-agonist therapy for chronic ob-structive pulmonary disease (TRILOGY): a double-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial Lancet 2016; 388:963

30 PJ Barnes Theophylline Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:901

31 Inhibitors and inducers of CYP enzymes and P-glycoprotein Med Lett Drugs Ther 2017; 59:e56 Updated March 2, 2017 Available at: www.medicalletter.org/TML-article-1517f Ac-cessed March 30, 2017

32 Roflumilast (Daliresp) for COPD Med Lett Drugs Ther 2011; 53:59

33 PM Calverley et al Roflumilast in symptomatic chronic ob-structive pulmonary disease: two randomised clinical trials Lancet 2009; 374:685

34 J Chong et al Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for chronic ob-structive pulmonary disease Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 11:CD002309

35 RK Albert et al Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD N Engl J Med 2011; 365:689

36 S Uzun et al Azithromycin maintenance treatment in patients with frequent exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COLUMBUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Lancet Respir Med 2014; 2:361

37 JK Stoller et al Oxygen therapy for patients with COPD: cur-rent evidence and the long-term oxygen treatment trial CHEST 2010; 138:179

38 Long-Term Oxygen Treatment Trial Research Group et al A randomized trial of long-term oxygen for COPD with moderate desaturation N Engl J Med 2016; 375:1617

39 B McCarthy et al Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstruc-tive pulmonary disease Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2:CD003793

Online Only Tables

Inhaled Short-Acting Bronchodilators for COPD http://secure.medicalletter.org/TML-article-1518b Inhaled Long-Acting Bronchodilators for COPD http://secure.medicalletter.org/TML-article-1518c Some Inhaled Corticosteroids for COPD

http://secure.medicalletter.org/TML-article-1518d Correct Use of Inhalers for COPD

http://secure.medicalletter.org/TML-article-1518e

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The Medical Letter ®

Online Continuing Medical Education

DO NOT FAX OR MAIL THIS EXAM

To take CME exams and earn credit, go to:

medicalletter.org/CMEstatus Issue 1518 Questions

(Correspond to questions #71-80 in Comprehensive Exam #76, available July 2017)

6 Which of the following LAMA-containing inhalers would be best for an 80-year-old woman who has diffi culty taking deep breaths?

a Incruse Ellipta

b Spiriva Respimat

c Seebri Neohaler

d Tudorza Pressair

7 A 70-year-old man with severe COPD has been experiencing frequent exacerbations while taking a LABA/LAMA combination The best choice for management of this patient would be to:

a discontinue the LAMA

b add an oral corticosteroid

c add an inhaled corticosteroid

d begin oxygen therapy

8 For treatment of COPD, peak serum concentrations of theophylline should be:

a <6 mcg/mL

b between 8-12 mcg/mL

c between 15-20 mcg/mL

d >20 mcg/mL

9 Roflumilast:

a reduces exacerbations

b improves quality of life

c is a bronchodilator

d all of the above

10 Which of the following statements about the use of azithromycin in COPD is true?

a it can reduce exacerbations

b hearing loss has occurred

c data on its use beyond 1 year are lacking

d all of the above

Drugs for COPD

1 Which of the following is the most effective treatment for

tobacco dependence?

a e-cigarettes

b nicotine replacement therapy

c bupropion

d varenicline

2 A 50-year-old woman with COPD experiences occasional

dyspnea during exercise She does not have a history of

asthma Which of the following should you recommend?

a an inhaled corticosteroid used daily

b an inhaled LABA/LAMA combination used once daily

c inhaled ipratropium used four times daily

d an inhaled short-acting beta2-agonist used as needed

3 In patients with COPD, inhaled LABAs have been shown to:

a improve lung function

b reduce exacerbations

c improve quality of life

d all of the above

4 A 62-year-old woman with a history of mild COPD now is

experiencing worsening dyspnea during usual activity She

has never been hospitalized for an exacerbation and has not

been taking chronic therapy for COPD Which of the following

treatments would be most appropriate for this patient?

a an inhaled short-acting bronchodilator as needed

b an inhaled LAMA

c an inhaled LABA/LAMA combination

d an inhaled ICS/LABA combination

5 Adverse effects of inhaled antimuscarinics include:

a dry mouth

b QT prolongation

c muscle tremors

d all of the above

ACPE UPN: Per Issue Exam: 0379-0000-17-518-H01-P; Release: April 10, 2017, Expire: April 10, 2018 Comprehensive Exam 76: 0379-0000-17-076-H01-P; Release: July 2017, Expire: July 2018

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