Công thức những mẫu câu thông dụng trong tiếng Anh. Tài liệu bao gồm công thức cho dạng bài tập chuyển đổi câu (Sentence building, Sentence transformation). Tài liệu này phù hợp cho luyện thi tuyển sinh phổ thông, đại học, KET, PET, và FCE.
Trang 1REVIEW OF STRUCTURES – SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION Model 1: Clause and phrases of reason:
Because
As
Since
Seeing that
Now that
+ clause
Because of Due to
As a result of
On account of Owing to
+ noun (phrase)/
+ V-ing
Model 2: clauses and Phrases of Concession:
Although
Though
Even though
+ clause
Despite
In spite of Notwithstanding
+ noun (phrase)/
+ V-ing
Model 3: Phrases of result:
S + V + TOO + ADJ/ADV + (FOR sb) + TO_INF
S+ V+ NOT + ADJ/ ADV + ENOUGH + (FOR sb) + O_INF
E.g.:
Mary is too young to get married
Mary is not old enough to get married
The tea was not cool enough for her to drink
The tea was too hot for her to drink
Model 4: Clauses and Phrases of Result:
Trang 2S + V + TOO + ADJ/ADV + (FOR O) + TO-INF
NOT…
S + V +SUCH + (A/An +ADJ) + N
E.g.:
The box was too heavy for the child to carry
The box was so heavy that the child could not carry
It was such a heavy box that the child could not carry
He spoke so quickly that I could not understand him
He spoke too quickly for me to understand
Model 5: Clauses and Phrases of Result:
S + V + ADJ/ADV + ENOUGH + (FOR O) + TO-INF
S + V + SO + ADJ/ADV
+ THAT + S +V…
S + V +SUCH + (A/An +ADJ) + N
E.g.:
This question is easy enough for us to answer
This question is so easy that we can answer
It is such an easy question that we can answer
This song was so simple that she sing a
It was such a simple song that she could sing
This song was simple enough for her to sing
Model 6: clauses of result:
Trang 3S + V + SO + ADJ/ADV + THAT + S _ V
S+ V + SUCH + (A/AN + ADJ) + N + THAT + S + V
The film was so good that I saw it 3 times
It was such a good film that I saw it 3 times
It is such a bad book that nobody reads it
The book is so bad that nobody reads it
Modal 7: TO-INF used as a subject:
TOO-INF … + BE + ADJ
IT + BE + ADJ + TO-INF IT+ BE + ADJ + V-ING HOW + ADJ + (IT +BE) + TO-INF
E.g.:
To listen to music all day is wonderful
It’s wonderful to listen to music all day
It’s wonderful listening to music all day
How wonderful (it is) to listen to music all day
Model 8: TO-INF used as a subject
TOO-INF … + BE + ADJ/N
S + V + IT + ADJ/N + TO-INF …
E.g.:
To live on my salary must be hard
Trang 4 I find it hard to live on my salary
To be accurate is a good thing
I think it a good thing to be accurate
Notes: V: consider, find, think, hope, make
Model 9:
S + HAVE/HAS NOT + V-ED/V3 … + TIME
IT IS + TIME …+ SINCE… + V-ED/V2
My father hasn’t been to Hanoi for 2 years
It is 2 years since my father was to Hanoi
It is one month since I last saw my father
I haven’t seen my father for one month
Model 10:
S + HAVE/HAS NOT + V-ED/V3
… +THE FIRST TIME + S + HAVE/HAS + V-ED/V3
I haven’t seen that man here before
It’s the first time I have seen that man here
It’s the first time I have read this book
I haven’t read this book before
Model 11:
Trang 5S + HAVE/HAS NOT + V-ED/V3 … SINCE/FOR…
THE LAST TIME + S + V-ED/V2… + WAS …
I haven’t seen him since I was a student
I last saw him when I was a student
My father hasn’t been to Vung Tau for 2 years
The last time my father was in Vung Tau was five years ago
Model 12:
S + V-ED/V2 … AGO
S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V-ING = SINCE/FOR
He started working for this factory a year ago
He has been working for this factory for a year/ since last year
My sister has been studying English for 4 years
My sister began studying English 4 years ago
Model 13:
S + V +…+ TIME
IT + TAKE + (O) + TIME + TO-INF
She typed the letter in 20 minutes
It took her 20 minutes to type the letter
The flight to Hanoi lasted 3 hours
It took 3 hours to fly to Hanoi
Model 14:
Trang 6S + V + NOT +…+ UNTIL …
IT WAS NOT UNTIL … THAT S + V
Tom didn’t begin to read until he was 8
It was not until Tom was eight that he began to read
The doctor was not out until 2 o’clock
It was not until 2 o’clock that the doctor was out
Model 15: Causative form
S + V + O
S + HAVE/GET + O1 (S.O) + V0/ TO-INF + O2 (S.T)
S + HAVE/GET + O2 (S.T) + V0/ TO-INF + O1 (S.O)
Tom cleans the kitchen for us every day
We have/get Tom clean/ to clean the kitchen every day
We have/get the kitchen cleaned by Tom every day
Model 16: Comparison of Adj/Adv
S + V + ADJ/ADV + ER
S + V + MORE + ADJ/ADV + THAN + S + (V)
S + V + THE + ADJ/ADV +EST
S + V + THE MOST + ADJ/ADV
Trang 7Have you got a cheaper hat than the others?
Is this the cheapest hat you have got?
Tom is the best football player in the team
No one in the team is a better football player than Tom
Model 17: Comparison of ADJ/ADV
S + V + NOT + SO/AS + ADJ/ADV + AS
S + V + ADJ/ADV + ER + THAN
MORE +ADJ/ADV
I don’t play the guitar as well as he does
He plays the guitar better than I do
Stone isn’t as hard as iron
Iron is harder than stone
Model 18: Double Comparative
S + V, S + V
THE
+
MORE ADJ/ADV
+ S + V, THE
MORE
+ S +V
ADJ/ADV + ER LESS
THE
+
MORE
+ S + V, THE
MORE ADJ/ADV
+ S +V
LESS ADJ/ADV + ER
As he grows older, he becomes cheerful
The older he grows, the more cheerful he becomes
As I get older, I want to travel less
The older I get, the less I want to travel
Trang 8He eats much He feel thirsty
The more he eats, the thirstier he feels
Model 19:
S + V + NOT, S + V + NOT … (EITHER)
NEITHER … NOR…
He isn’t going to attend the meeting I am not either
Neither he nor I am going to attend the meeting
My father doesn’t drink a lot He doesn’t smoke a lot
My father neither drinks nor smokes
Model 20:
WHY DON’T YOU + V ….?
S + SUGGESTED THAT + S + SHOULD + V
‘Why don’t you apply for the job, Ann?’, said Sue
Sue suggested that Ann should apply for the job
Model 21: Clause Phrase
S +
HAD +V-ED/V3 HAVING + V-ED/V2 She opened the door and entered the room
Opening the door she entered the room
Because she didn’t know the language, she found it hard to get work
Not knowing the language , she found it hard to get work
Tom had failed twice, so he didn’t want to try again
Trang 9Having failed twice, Tom didn’t want to try again
Model 22:
S + CANNOT + V
S + PREVENT + O + FROM + V-ING
I couldn’t listen to the radio because of the noise
The noise prevented me from listening to the radio
Model 23:
Let’s invite the Browns to the party on Sunday
He suggested inviting the Browns to the party on Sunday
She didn’t say a word as she left the room
She left the room without saying a word
We spent our childhood in that beautiful mountain resort and we always remember it
We always remember spending our childhood in that beautiful mountain resort
Model 24:
HARDLY/ SCARELY … WHEN HARDLY/SCARELY/ONLY JUST …WHEN
NO SOONER … THAN …
… NO SOONER … THAN
We had hardly/scarcely/hardly/scarely/only just seen me when/ when/ when/ than he ran away
Hardly/ scarcely/ no sooner had he seen me when/when/than he ran away
The performance had hardly begun when the lights went out
No sooner had the performance begun than the lights went out
Model 25: Adjective <-> Verb
Trang 10It is essential to finish the work today
You don’t have to/ need to finish the work today
Roses can’t grow/ be grown in such poor ground
It is possible for roses to grow/ to be grown in such poor ground
Model 26: Verb <-> Noun
He didn’t intend to stay there
He had no intention of staying there
He made a decision to leave home
He decided to leave home
Notes: Verb Noun
Visit Pay a visit to SO/pay SO a visit
Know Have knowledge of ST
Determine to
do ST
Determination
Succeed in Make a success
Interest in Take/ have interest in
Tend to Have a tendency to do ST
Desire to Have a desire to do ST
Think of Give thought to
Look at Have/ take a look at
bathe Take/ have a bath
Help SO Give help to SO
Hope Have a hope of ST
Decide Make a decision to do ST
Intend Have an intention of V-ing/N
Trang 11Love SO Be/ fall in love with SO
Start Make a start
Rest Take a rest
Agree Be in agreement// reach/have/make an agreement
Argue Have an argument
Sleep Got a sleep
Talk Have a talk
Change Have a change of ST
Photograph Take a photograph
Arrange Make arrangements for ST/ for SO to do ST
Smile Give a smile
Model 27: WISH
PRESENT SENTENCE IN PAST SITUATION
FUTURE
V-ED/ V2/ WERE
S + WISH + S + HAD + V-ED/V3
WOULD + V2
My wife can’t speak French
I wish my wife could speak French
What a pity you failed in your driving test
Trang 12I wish you hadn’t failed in your driving test
She won’t visit me again
I wish she would visit me again
Model 28: Clauses and Phrases of purpose:
(NOT) TO-INF
S + V + IN ORDER (NOT) TO –INF
SO AS (NOT) TO -INF
S + V +
SO THAT
+ S +
CAN/ CAN’T
IN ORDER THAT COULD/ COULDN’T
Model 29: not worth, no good and no point (not to be useful/ have no useful effects)
It’s (not) worth sth/ doing sth
It’s no good doing sth
There’s no point in doing sth
It’s no use doing sth/ what’s the use (of doing sth)?