50 ĐỀ THI TIẾNG ANH SỸ QUAN VẬN HÀNH BOONG

Khi chất xếp hàng nguy hiểm, chỉ các loại hàng tơng thích với nhau mới đợc chất xếp cùng với nhau.. Cần chú ý đặc biệt để đảm bảo rằng tất cả các hàng hoá nguy hiểm đợc sắp xếp và chằng

Test no.1

Carriage of dangerous goods

Dangerous goods are carried in a wide variety of packages, containers and drums, each designed to handle the particular materials in the best possible way Under no circumstances should the recommended stacking or stowage height be exceeded

When loading dangerous goods, only compatible( tơng thích) cargoes should

be loaded or stowed together Great care is needed to ensure that all dangerous goods are properly stowed and secured

The I.M.D.G Code should be adhered (Bám chặt, tuân thủ) to particularly as regards the correct stowage location and the segregation (sự tách biệt) of cargoes

The Ship's Officers should study how best to handle any broken stowage, drum, container or receptacle(Đồ chứa, đồ đựng) before any damage occurs The use of salt water on some goods will cause an explosion or release of very toxic gas

đề 1: Vận chuyển hàng nguy hiểm

Hàng nguy hiểm đợc vận chuyển trong đủ loại kiện hàng, công-te-nơ và thùng phi, mỗi loại đợc thiết kế để vận chuyển một loại vật liệu cụ thể theo cách tốt nhất có thể Trong bất cứ trờng hợp nào cũng không đợc chất xếp hàng hoá quá theo chiều cao quy định

Khi chất xếp hàng nguy hiểm, chỉ các loại hàng tơng thích với nhau mới đợc chất xếp cùng với nhau Cần chú ý đặc biệt để đảm bảo rằng tất cả các hàng hoá nguy hiểm đợc sắp xếp và chằng buộc đúng cách

Bộ luật về vận chuyển hàng nguy hiểm của IMO nên đợc tuân theo, đặc biệt liên quan đến vị trí sắp xếp phù hợp và sự tách biệt hàng hoá phù hợp

Các sỹ quan của tàu nên nghiên cứu cách tốt nhất để xử lý bất cứ độ rỗng chất xếp nào, thùng phi, vật chứa hoặc bao bì trớc khi thiệt hại xảy ra Việc dùng nớc biển

đối với một số hàng hoá sẽ gây ra nổ hoặc thoát ra khí độc

Test 1: Carriage of dangerous goods

- as regards sb/ st /ri'ga:dz/ Có liên quan đến ai/ cái gì, về phần

- circumstance /'sə:kəmstəns/ n Hoàn cảnh, trờng hợp, tình huống

- compatible /kəm'pổtəbl/ adj Hợp nhau, tơng thích, tơng hợp

- I.M.D.G Code n Quy tắc vận chuyển an toàn hàng nguy hiểm

- location /lou'kei∫n/ n Vị trí, địa điểm

- material /mə'tiəriəl/ n Nguyên liệu, vật liệu

- occur /ə'k3:(r)/ v Xảy ra, xuất hiện, tìm thấy

- only /'ounli/ adv chỉ có một, duy nhất

- particular /pə'tikjulə(r)/ adj Riêng biệt, cá biệt, cụ thể

- possible /'pɔsəbl/ adj Hợp lý, có thể thực hiện đợc

- properly /'prɔpəli/ adv Đúng, thích đáng, thích hợp, hoàn toàn

- receptacle /ri'septəkl/ n Đồ chứa, đồ đựng

- recommend /,rekə'mend/ v Khuyên bảo, đề nghị, dặn, giới thiệu

- release /ri'li:s/ v Thả ra, giải phóng, thoát ra

- secure /si'kjuə/ v Bảo đảm, buộc chặt, buộc tàu, xiết chặt

- segregation /,segri'gei∫n/ n Sự phân tách, phân ly, phân tách, cô lập

- stack /stổk/ v Xếp thành chồng, xếp thành đống

- stow /stou/ vt Xếp, sắp xếp, san xếp (hàng hoá)

- stowage /'stouidʒ/ n Sự xếp, sắp xếp, san xếp (hàng hoá)

- together /t'geđə/ adv Cùng nhau, lại với nhau

- toxic gas /'tɔksik gổs/ n khí độc

- variety /və'raiəti/ n Nhiều thứ, đủ loại

under (in) no circumstances Dù trong hoàn cảnh nào cũng không

Test no.2

Radar

Except when the vessel is alongside the berth in port, the radar should always

be kept on STAND-BY conditions at all times This ensures that the radar is ready for immediate use and will significantly (Quan trọng, trọng đại) increase the operational life of the equipment Continual switching on and off will significantly reduce the life of the components within the set

The officer of the watch should use the radar when appropriate (thích hợp) and always whenever restricted visibility is encountered (or expected(dự kiến)) and also in congested waters, bearing in mind the radar limitations Whenever radar

is used, the officer of the watch will select an appropriate range scale, observe the display carefully and plot effectively

The officer of the watch should ensure that the range scales used are changed at sufficiently frequent intervals(Khoảng cách, cự ly, lúc nghỉ) so that echoes are

detected as early as possible and that small or weak echoes do not escape detection

test 2: Radar

- alongside /ə'lɒŋ'said/ adv,

prep Sát mạn tàu, dọc theo mạn tàu

- appropriate /ə'proupriət/ adj (to, for) thích hợp, thích đáng

- carefully /'keəfuli/ adv Cẩn thận, chu đáo

- change /tʃeinʤ/ vt, vi Biến đổi, thay đổi

- component /kəm'pounənt/ n Thành phần, bộ phận

- congested /kən'dʒestid/ adj đông nghịt, chật ních

- continual /kən'tinjuəl/ adj Liên tục, liên miên

- detect /di'tekt/ vt Dò ra, tìm ra, phát hiện ra

- display /dis'plei/ n Màn hình hiển thị

- effectively /'ifektivli/ adj Có hiệu lực, có hiệu quả, có ích

- encounter /in'kauntə/ vt Gặp thình lình, chạm trán, bắt gặp

- escape /is'keip/ vi, vt Trốn thoát, thoát, thoát khỏi

- except /ik'sept/ prep Trừ ra, không kể

- expect /iks'pekt/ vt Mong đợi, chờ đợi, nghĩ rằng

- frequent /'fri:kwənt/ adj Thờng xuyên

- immediate /i'mi:djət/ adj Trực tiếp, tức thì, lập tức

- increase /'inkri:s/ vt Gia tăng, tăng, tăng lên

- interval /'intəvəl/ n Khoảng cách, cự ly, lúc nghỉ

- limitation /,limi'teiʃn/ n Sự hạn chế, giới hạn

- observe /əb'zə:v/ vt Quan sát, nhận xét, theo dõi

- range scale /reindʒ skeil / n Thang tầm xa

- restricted /ris'triktid/ adj bị hạn chế, bị giới hạn, bị thu hẹp

- select /si'lekt/ vt Lựa chọn, chọn lọc, tuyển lựa

- significantly /sig'nifikəntli/ adv Quan trọng, trọng đại

- to bear in mind /beə rin maind/ v Ghi nhớ

đề 2: Radar

Trừ khi tàu cập cầu trong cảng, ra-đa nên luôn luôn đợc đặt ở chế độ sẵn sàng

Điều này đảm bảo rằng ra-đa sẵn sàng sử dụng tức thời và sẽ gia tăng đáng kể tuổi thọ vận hành của thiết bị Việc tắt mở liên tục sẽ làm giảm đáng kể tuổi thọ của các bộ phận bên trong thiết bị

Sỹ quan trực ca nên dùng ra đa khi thích hợp, luôn luôn sử dụng ra đa khi gặp phải hay dự kiến gặp phải tầm nhìn xa bị hạn chế và cũng sử dụng chúng ở trong vùng nớc đầy tàu bè, luôn ghi nhớ các hạn chế của ra-đa Bất cứ khi nào sử dụng ra đa, sỹ quan đi ca nên chọn thang tầm xa phù hợp, quan sát màn hình cẩn thận và đồ giải hiệu quả

Sỹ quan trực ca nên đảm bảo rằng ra-đa đang sử dụng đợc thờng xuyên thay

đổi đầy đủ theo thời gian để các (sóng phản xạ) mục tiêu đợc phát hiện sớm và những (sóng phản xạ) mục tiêu yếu hay nhỏ không thể thoát khỏi tầm dò tìm

Test no.3

Preparation of cargo plan

A carefully prepared cargo plan is a valuable aid to safe practice and should include as much detail as possible All officers and key personnel engaged in cargo operations should be given the opportunity to study and discuss the plan before operations commence(bắt đầu) to ensure that they are completely familiar with it

When preparing the plan, both for loading and discharging, careful consideration(sự cân nhắc, sự suy xét) should be given to the following:

Quantities per tank, and the order of loading or discharging so as to ensure good weight distribution(sự phân bố phân phối) and therefore the minimum stress and optimum(điều kiện tốt nhất, giá trị tối u) trim

Safe segregation of different parcels when more than one grade of petroleum

is carried

Pipelines, pumps and valves to be used for each tank or section

Reduction in normal flow rates when " topping off " or when commencing loading Particular attention is required when loading grades classed as static accumulators.

Test 3: preparation of cargo plan

- accumulator /ə'kju:mjuleitə/ n Bình ăcqui, bộ tích điện

- both … and … /bouθ/ Cả … lẫn, vừa … vừa

- careful /'keəful/ dj Cẩn thận, thận trọng, kỹ lỡng

- commence /kə'mens/ vi Bắt đầu, mở đầu

- complete /kəm'pli:t/ adj đầy đủ, hoàn toàn, trọn vẹn

- different /'difrənt/ adj Khác biệt, khác nhau

- distribute /dis'tribju:t/ vt Phân bố, phân phối, phân phát

- distribution /,distri'bju:ʃn/ n Sự phân bố, phân phối, phân phát

- familiar /fə'miljə/ adj (with) quen thuộc, quen

- flow rate /'floureit/ n Lu lợng, tốc độ dòng chảy

- following /'fɔlouiɳ/ n Những ngời sau đây, những thứ sau đây

- minimum /'miniməm/ n, adj Tối thiểu

- normal /'nɔ:məl/ adj Thờng, thông thờng, bình thờng

- opportunity /,ɔpə'tju:niti/ n Cơ hội, thời cơ

- optimum /'ɔptiməm/ n điều kiện tốt nhất, giá trị tối u

- personnel /,pə:sə'nel/ n Biên chế, nhân viên.

- petroleum /pi'trouljəm/ n Dầu mỏ, dầu lửa

- pipeline /’paiplain/ n Đờng ống, ống, đờng ống dẫn

- preparation /,prepə'reiʃn/ n Sự chuẩn bị

- reduction /ri'dʌkʃn/ n Sự thu nhỏ, giảm bớt

- section /'sekʃn/ n Khu, khu vực, vùng, bộ phận

- static /'stổtiks/ adj tĩnh học

- stress /stres/ n ứng suất, ứng lực, áp suất

- topping off n Quá trình sắp xếp dàn đều hàng hoá khi đến đỉnh khoang hàng, gần đầy

- valuable /'vổljuəbl/ adj Có giá trị lớn, quý giá

- weight /'weit/ n Trọng lợng, sức nặng, khối lợng

- static accumulator n (hàng hoá) loại tích điện

- to be engaged in something Bận làm việc gì

Đề 3: chuẩn bị sơ đồ sắp xếp hàng hoá

Việc chuẩn bị sơ đồ hàng hoá cẩn thận là sự trợ giúp có giá trị để thực hiện an toàn và nên bao gồm càng nhiều chi tiết càng tốt Tất cả các Sỹ quan và những ngời chủ chốt tham gia hoạt động làm hàng nên đợc có cơ hội nghiên cứu và bàn luận về sơ đồ trớc khi việc làm hàng bắt đầu để đảm bảo họ làm quen hoàn toàn với sơ đồ

Khi chuẩn bị sơ đồ, cả cho việc lên và xuống hàng, nên xem xét cẩn thận những

- Các đờng ống, bơm và van đợc dùng riêng cho mỗi két hay mỗi khu vực

- Giảm tốc độ chảy dới mức bình thờng khi bơm gần đầy két hay lúc bắt đầu lên hàng Yêu cầu chú ý đặc biệt khi lên hàng đợc xếp vào loại tích tĩnh điện

When palletized or unit load cargoes are being loaded, the dunnage used between them should be sufficient to allow forklift trucks to work without damaging them or their content.

When carrying heavy cargoes, a mat of dunnage should be laid under the cargo to ensure even weight distribution over as large an area as possible

Spar ceiling should be kept in good condition and any broken spars replaced.Care should be taken to ensure that cleats have not been bent outwards so that they cause damage to the cargo

đề 4: vật chèn lót hàng

Điều quan trọng nhất là chỉ sử dụng vật lót hàng khô và sạch, không có bất cứ

sự nhiễm bẩn nào của hàng hoá chuyên chở trớc đó

Vật lót hàng nên luôn đợc đặt với lớp thứ nhất trải ngang mặt sàn và các sống của những két treo và boong trung gianhững Khi schỉ có một lợng vật chèn lót giới hạn đợc sử dụng, thì lớp đầu tiên có thể đặt chéo, hớng về phía mạn để trợ giúp việc thoát nớc

Khi lên hàng đóng trong pallete hay hàng đợc đóng thành khối, vật lót hàng sử dụng giữa chúng nên đầy đủ cho phép nâng làm việc mà không làm h hỏng chúng hay vật chất ttong đó

Khi vận chuyển hàng hoát nặng, nên đặt một lớp vật lót hàng bên dới để đảm bảo có sự phân phối trọng lợng đồng đều trên bề mặt càng rộng càng tốt

Các thanh chống trần cần đợc giữ trong tình trạng tốt, các thành nào bị gãy phải đợc thay thế Nên cẩn thận để chắc rằng cácmóc bị uốn ra ngoài gây h hại hàng hoá

Test 4: dunnage

- always /'ɔ:lwəz/ adv Luôn luôn, lúc nào cũng, bao giờ cũng, hoài

- beam /bi:m/ n Xà, rầm, sờng ngang sàn tàu, sống neo

- between /bi'twi:n/ prep Giữa, ở giữa

- cleat /kli:t/ n Bàn giằng, cái chèn, cái chêm

- content /'kɔntent/ n Nội dung, sức chứa, thành phần

- cross /krɔs/ vt Qua, đi qua, cắt ngang, chéo nhau

- diagonally /dai'ổgənli/ adv Theo đờng chéo

- drainage /'dreiniʤ/ n Sự rút nớc, thoát nớc, tiêu nớc

- even /'i:vən/ adj Bằng phẳng, ngang bằng, đều

- forklift truck /fɔ:klift trʌk/ n Xe xúc, xe nâng hàng

- important /im'pɔ:tənt/ adj Quan trọng, trọng đại.

- lay /lei/ vt (laid /leid/) xếp, để, đặt, bố trí, sắp đặt

- outwards /'autwədz/ adv Ra phía ngoài, hớng ra ngoài

- palletize /'pổlitaiz/ vt Xếp, xếp dỡ, palét hóa

- stain /stein/ n Vết bẩn, vết đốm gỉ, vết nhơ

- to assist someone in doing something Giúp ai làm gì

- towards /tə'wɔ:d/ prep Về phía, hớng về

- tween deck /'twi:n dek/ n Boong trung gian

Test no.5

Taking over the watch

The officer of the watch should not hand over the watch to the relieving officer if he has reason to suspect that the latter is under any disability which precludes him from carrying on his duties effectively If the officer of the watch

is in any doubt whatsoever regarding the fitness of the relieving officer, he must inform the Master immediately The officer of the watch must ensure that the other members of his watch are fully capable of performing their duties and in particular, their adjustment to night visions The relieving officer should not take the watch until his vision has fully adjusted to the prevailing conditions and that

he is personally satisfied regarding standing orders and other instructions of the Master relating to the navigation of the vessel

Attention should be given to the following:

1 The position, course, speed and draught of the vessel

2 Prevailing and predicted tides, currents, weather, visibility and the effect of these factors on the course and speed

đề 5: nhận ca trực

Sỹ quan trực ca hàng hải không nên giao ca trực cho sỹ quan thay ca nếu có lý

do nào đó tin rằng thay ca không có khả năng thực hiện nhiệm vụ trực ca hiệu quả Trong trờng hợp này phải báo cáo với thuyền trởng Sỹ quan trực ca nên đảm bảo rằng các thành viên trong ca trực của mình có đầy đủ năng lực thực hiện nhiệm vụ, đặc biệt liên quan đến việc điều chỉnh thịlực của họ với ban đêm

Sỹ quan thay ca không nên nhận ca trực cho đến khi thị giác của mình đã điều chỉnh đầy đủ với các điều kiện hiện thời và bản thân nên đáp ứng về các mệnh lệnh th- ờng trực và các chỉ dẫn đặc biệt khác của thuyền trởng liên quan đến việc hàng hải của con tàu

- disability /,disə'biliti/ n Sự bất tài, bất lực

- fitness /'fitnis/ n Tình trạng sung sức, sự thích hợp

- hand over a watch /hổnd 'ouvə/ v Giao ca

- inform /in'fɔ:m/ vt Thông báo, cho ai biết, nói cho ai biết

- instruct sb to do st /in'strʌkt/ vt ChØ dÉn, chØ thÞ cho

- instruction /in'strʌk∫n/ n ChØ thÞ, lêi chØ dÉn

- perform /pə'fɔ:m/ v Thi hµnh, thùc hiÖn

- personally /'pə:sənəli/ adv §Ých th©n, víi t c¸ch c¸ nh©n

- preclude /pri'klu:d/ vt (sb from doing st) Ng¨n ngõa

- predict /pri'dikt/ vt B¸o tríc, nãi tríc, tiªn ®o¸n, dù ®o¸n

- prevailing /pri'veiliη/ adj §ang thÞnh hµnh, phæ biÕn kh¾p

- relating to /ri'leitiη/ adj Cã quan hÖ, cã liªn hÖ, g¾n liÒn

- satisfy /'sætisfai/ vt §¸p øng, tho¶ m·n

- standing order /'stændiη 'ɔ:də/ n MÖnh lÖnh thêng trùc

- suspect /sə'spekt/ vt Nghi ngê, nghi, hoµi nghi, ngê vùc

- take over a watch /teik 'ouvə/ v NhËn ca

- vision /'viʒn/ n Sù nh×n, søc nh×n, tÇm nh×n

- whatsoever /,wɔtsou'eə/ adv BÊt cø thø g×

Test no.6

Stowage plan and port rotation

When drawing up the cargo stowage plan, the Master and the First Mate must ensure that the cargo can be stowed making maximum use of all cargo handling equipment in every port

The cargo should be so distributed that the ship will always have a reasonable trim, with broken stowage and stresses due to uneven loading kept to a minimum

When cargo has to be discharged at several ports, great care must be taken to ensure that the cargo for one port is not stowed above cargo for delivery at a port due to visit earlier

When a stowage plan is being drawn up by the stevedores, the ship should always draw up its own plan of the actual loading sequence In this way the ship's officer can very quickly see when overstowing is likely to occur and take preventive action

When loading cargo at intermediate ports, the ship's officer should ensure that the space allotted for each port is not exceeded, otherwise there may be insufficient space remaining and cargo shutout at the last port to be visited

Test no.7

Single Anchor-Procedure

The master, or pilot, should manoeuvre the vessel to the desired position, and take all way off, so that the vessel is stopped over the ground She should be heading to the wind and/or tide, and have her anchor walked back out of the hawse pipe, on the brake ready for letting go The bridge should be informed that the anchor is on the brake of windlass, or cable holder, and is ready for the order

to "let go"

The engines should be operated to give stern way to the vessel The master should check overside and see the stern wake, about half-way up the vessel's length, and know that stern way is being made through the water, before giving the order to "let go" The officer in charge of the anchor party should order the brake to be taken off and allow the cable out in length along the sea bottom, and not cause it to pile up on itself

Communication from the fo'c'sle head to the bridge should be maintained by walkie-talkie, public address system, or by the ringing of the ship's forward bell

Test no.8

Compulsory Pilotage

Compulsory pilotage shall be applied for all types of foreign vessels regardless

of size and Vietnamese vessels of 2000 GT and over by Vietnamese pilots on entry into, departure from the port, manoeuvre in the waters of the port or in other compulsory pilotage areas of Vietnam, and the payment of pilot fees shall

be as per provisions of the existing laws For Vietnamese vessels of less than

2000 GT, the Master may decide to request for pilotage

Based on the actual conditions, Director of the Maritime Port Authority shall have the right to provide in the seaport regulations the non-compulsory pilotage for foreign vessels of less than 100 GT on entry into and departure from the seaport, but he shall still be responsible for maritime safety and prevention of environmental pollution

A Master who is a Vietnamese citizen having obtained the Vietnam maritime pilot certificate corresponding to respective type of ship and maritime pilotage area shall be allowed to pilot the vessel by himself but he has to inform in advance the Maritime Port Authority accordingly

Test no 9The term "vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre" means a vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as requested

by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.The term "vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre" shall include but not limited to:

1 A vessel engaged in laying, servicing or picking up a navigation mark, submarine cable or pipeline

2 A vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while underway

3 A vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations

4 A vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft

5 A vessel engaged in mine clearance operations

6 A vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course

The term "vessel constrained by her draft" means a power-driven vessel which because of her draught in relation to the available depth of water is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following

Test no.10

English Language Requirements

The revised Convention includes several references to expanded English language requirements for seafarers:

1 Officers of the navigational watch will require knowledge of written and spoken English adequate to understand charts, nautical publications, meteorological information and messages concerning the ship's safety and operation, and adequate to communicate with other ships and coast stations and multilingual crew, and use IMO Standard Maritime Communication Phrases

2 Officers of the navigational watch required to comply with standards of competence for GMDSS radio operators and obtain GOC certificates will require knowledge of English, both written and spoken, for the communication of information relevant to the safety of life at sea

3 Engine watch keepers will be required to demonstrate ability adequate to interpret engineering publications written in English and to speak clearly and comprehensibly when making communications needed to perform engineering duties

Test no.11

Entry into enclosed spaces

Paying attention to the fact that enclosed spaces have high risk of accidents due to lack of oxygen or toxic gases, the safety officer shall take every necessary measure before entering

1 Definitions

"Enclosed spaces" means holds, cargo tanks, pump room, chain lockers, cofferdams, double bottom tanks, ballast tanks, resting boilers, and other similar enclosed spaces which have been isolated for some time from open air Accordingly, it does not include living quarters and engine rooms that are constantly ventilated

2 General precautions

The crew should be aware at atmosphere in enclosed spaces may be dangerous

to human body because of lack of oxygen or presence of flammable or toxic gases

The crew should not enter enclosed spaces without permission of the master

or the safety officer

The safety officer shall ensure that the space is suitable for working and carry out oxygen content measurement, flammable and toxic gas detection according

to Provisions in Measurement of oxygen content

Test no.12

Cargo work

It is the duty of the chief mate or the cargo officer, as he is sometimes called,

to see that the goods are properly loaded, stowed and discharged from the ship.Practically, the job is carried out by a stevedoring company which details a boss or chief stevedore and several stevedore gangs for the ship Each gang usually consists of a foreman, a hatchman, two or three winchmen and eight or ten ordinary stevedores The boss stevedore allots a definite gang for each hatch and superintends all the work

In the course of loading and discharging the chief mate has to deal with the boss stevedore, the foreman and ordinary stevedores He must explain and instruct them as to how the goods should be stowed, dunnaged and, if necessary, lashed or secured from shifting

The chief mate is also to see that the goods are not damaged through careless handling and that each lot is separated from one another

Test no.13

Disposal of garbage outside special areas

Subject to the provisions of regulation 4, 5 and 6 of this Annex:

(a) the disposal into the sea of all plastics, including but not limited to synthetic ropes, synthetic fishing nets and plastic garbage bags, is prohibited;(b) the disposal into the sea of the following garbage shall be made as far as practicable from the nearest land but in any case is prohibited if the distance from the nearest land is less than:

(i) 25 nautical miles for dunnage, lining and packing materials which will float;

(ii) 12 nautical miles for food wastes and all other garbage including paper products, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery and similar refuse;

(c) disposal into the sea of garbage specified in subparagraph (b) (ii) of this regulation may be permitted when it has passed through a comminuter or grinder and made as far as practicable from the nearest land but in any case is prohibited

if the distance from the nearest land is less than 3 nautical miles Such comminuted or ground garbage shall be capable of passing through a screen with openings no greater than 25 millimeters

Test no.14

Port state control

Port state control inspections are carried out under the authority of international conventions And they are carried out to ensure that foreign flag ships have current documents and certificates showing a vessel's compliance with relevant conventions; that the hull and machinery are fit for their intended service; that the vessel does not pose a pollution risk; and that a healthy and safe working environment exists for the crew

Initially, the PSC inspection generally consists of a visit on board to verify that necessary certificates and documents are valid The initial visit also gives the inspector an opportunity to judge the general appearance and condition of the vessel When certificates are overdue or expired, or where there appear to be reasons to suspect that the ship and/or its equipment may not be compliance with the relevant convention standards, a more detailed inspection is undertaken to determine whether the ship is substandard and/or not fit for service

Test no.15

Manual for Ship's Log Book

The "Ship's Log Book" should be under the responsibility of the master with the assistance of the chief officer and the chief engineer for maintaining the data

of their respective departments

1 The duty officer should make the required entries in the “Ship's Log Book"; and then sign his name in the appropriate column on completion of his duty

2 Erasures must never be made in the "Ship's Log Book" If an error is made a thin line should be drawn through the error such that, it remains legible, the correct entry should be written above the error with his initial

3 One page (left & right side) consists of the "Daily Report" (upper part) and the "Data Record"(lower part)

The page should be changed each day at Noon, and after the following cases:

1 Renewal of Voyage No

Preparing the Ship for Cargo

After the cargo has been completely discharged, the tanks must be prepared to receive the next cargo Depending on the differences between the two cargoes, this preparation may be minimal or may require complete washing and gas freeing

Reference must be made to all available information regarding the comparability

of various grades In any case of doubt, complete cleaning and gas freeing must

be carried out, including the removal of all sludge and scale

When time permits, all tanks pipelines and valves should be tested for leakage and any necessary repair carried out If the time available is insufficient for complete check, an inspection should be made of those pipelines and valves which would be most critical during the next loading operation Sea valves and overboard discharge valves should always be tested between cargoes

Test no.17

Special precaution must be taken during tank cleaning and gas-freeing to eliminate any possible ignition source coming into contact with hydrocarbon gas that inevitably be present about the upper deck area during this period whether

or not an Inert Gas System Where Inert Gas Systems are fitted, refer to Inert Gas System Operating Manual

All chipping and scaling or machinery repairs are normally prohibited on the upper deck during tank cleaning period, except by special permission by the Master who will only allow machinery repairs that are vital for the pursuance of the voyage and after all safeguard have been taken

Ensure that all doors marked with a notice staring "THIS DOOR MUST BE KEPT CLOSED THROUGH OUT ALL LOADING, DISCHARGE, TANK CLEANING AND BALLASTING OPERATION" are kept closed This does not preclude these entrances being used for access purpose, but the doors must not be left open

Test no.18

On board vessels carrying cargoes which give off hydrocarbon vapour (e.g oil tankers) a dangerous situation arises if oxygen, in the correct proportion, enter the cargoes tanks At this stage a Potentially Flammable Environment exists in the tank and gives a source of ignition, an explosion could occur

Crude oil gives off hydrocarbon vapour, and although the rate at which this take places reduces rapidly if the oil is allowed to settle, certain tank ships operations, particularly cargo discharge and tank washing, tend to increase this rate by disturbing the contents of the tank A fuel in the form of hydrocarbon gases, therefore always exists in the tank even though the cargo may have been discharged This element of the fire triangle must be considered to be present under all conditions Safety regulations, therefore, designate the tank space as a Dangerous Zone, and the need to eliminate sources of ignition is strongly emphasized

Secret smoking is much more dangerous than controlled smoking as there is a possibility that flammable vapor may enter certain areas.

Smoking is prohibited in any area of a vessel where paints, oils, rags and cordage are stowed and inside the ship's general and ready use stores

Test no.20

A proper look-out should be maintained at all times by sight and hearing, as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the a situation and of the risk of collisions, stranding or other hazards to navigation Additionally, the duties of the look-out should include the detection of ships or aircraft in distress, a shipwrecked person, wrecks and debris

In applying the principles, the following should also be observed:

1 Whoever is keeping a look-out must be able to give full attention to the task and no duties should be assigned or under taken which would interfere with the keeping of the proper look-out

2 The duties of the person on look-out and helmsman should be separate and the helmsman should not be considered the person on look-out when steering