Internet of thing from research and innovation to market deployment

6 3 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda 7 3.1 Internet of Things Vision.. Putting the Internet of Things Forward to the Next Nevel Peter Friess and Francisco Iban

Peter Friess

Internet of Things – From Research and Innovation to

Market Deployment

Consulting Series Editors

MARINA RUGGIERI HOMAYOUN NIKOOKAR

University of Roma “Tor Vergata” Delft University of Technology

This series focuses on communications science and technology This includes the theory and use of systems involving all terminals, computers, and information processors; wired and wireless networks; and network layouts, procontentsols, architectures, and implementations.

Furthermore, developments toward newmarket demands in systems, products, and technologies such as personal communications services, multimedia systems, enterprise networks, and optical communications systems.

• Software Defined Radio

For a list of other books in this series, visit www.riverpublishers.com

http://riverpublishers.com/river publisher/series.php?msg=Communications

Internet of Things – From Research and Innovation to

All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission ofthe publishers

“Creativity is inventing, experimenting, growing, taking risks, breaking rules,making mistakes, and having fun.”

— Mary Lou Cook

“Around here, however, we don’t look backwards for very long We keepmoving forward, opening up new doors and doing new things, because we’recurious and curiosity keeps leading us down new paths.”

— Walt Disney

Acknowledgement

The editors would like to thank the European Commission for their support inthe planning and preparation of this book The recommendations and opinionsexpressed in the book are those of the editors and contributors, and do notnecessarily represent those of the European Commission

Ovidiu VermesanPeter Friess

Preface xiii

2 Putting the Internet of Things Forward to the Next Level 3

2.1 The Internet of Things Today 3

2.2 The Internet of Things Tomorrow 4

2.3 Potential Success Factors 6

3 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda 7 3.1 Internet of Things Vision 8

3.1.1 Internet of Things Common Definition 11

3.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 16

3.2.1 IoT Applications and Use Case Scenarios 22

3.2.2 IoT Functional View 28

3.2.3 Application Areas 30

3.3 IoT Smart-X Applications 41

3.3.1 Smart Cities 42

3.3.2 Smart Energy and the Smart Grid 45

3.3.3 Smart Mobility and Transport 50

3.3.4 Smart Home, Smart Buildings and Infrastructure 55

3.3.5 Smart Factory and Smart Manufacturing 60

3.3.6 Smart Health 62

3.3.7 Food and Water Tracking and Security 65

3.3.8 Participatory Sensing 66

3.3.9 Smart Logistics and Retail 69

3.4 Internet of Things and Related Future Internet Technologies 70 3.4.1 Cloud Computing 70

vii

viii Contents

3.4.2 IoT and Semantic Technologies 73

3.5 Networks and Communication 73

3.5.1 Networking Technology 74

3.5.2 Communication Technology 77

3.6 Processes 79

3.6.1 Adaptive and Event-Driven Processes 79

3.6.2 Processes Dealing with Unreliable Data 80

3.6.3 Processes dealing with unreliable resources 81

3.6.4 Highly Distributed Processes 81

3.7 Data Management 82

3.7.1 Data Collection and Analysis (DCA) 83

3.7.2 Big Data 84

3.7.3 Semantic Sensor Networks and Semantic Annotation of data 86

3.7.4 Virtual Sensors 88

3.8 Security, Privacy & Trust 89

3.8.1 Trust for IoT 89

3.8.2 Security for IoT 90

3.8.3 Privacy for IoT 91

3.9 Device Level Energy Issues 92

3.9.1 Low Power Communication 92

3.9.2 Energy Harvesting 94

3.9.3 Future Trends and Recommendations 95

3.10 IoT Related Standardization 97

3.10.1 The Role of Standardization Activities 97

3.10.2 Current Situation 99

3.10.3 Areas for Additional Consideration 102

3.10.4 Interoperability in the Internet-of-Things 103

3.11 IoT Protocols Convergence 106

3.11.1 Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) 109

3.11.2 Constrained Applications Protocol (CoAP) 109

3.11.3 Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) 110

3.11.4 Java Message Service API (JMS) 111

3.11.5 Data Distribution Service (DDS) 111

3.11.6 Representational State Transfer (REST) 112

3.11.7 Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) 112

3.12 Discussion 112

4 Internet of Things Global Standardisation - State of Play 143

4.1 Introduction 143

4.1.1 General 144

4.2 IoT Vision 147

4.2.1 IoT Drivers 149

4.2.2 IoT Definition 149

4.3 IoT Standardisation Landscape 150

4.3.1 CEN/ISO and CENELEC/IEC 150

4.3.2 ETSI 165

4.3.3 IEEE 170

4.3.4 IETF 175

4.3.5 ITU-T 176

4.3.6 OASIS 179

4.3.7 OGC 183

4.3.8 oneM2M 187

4.3.9 GS1 188

4.4 IERC Research Projects Positions 191

4.4.1 BETaaS Advisory Board Experts Position 191

4.4.2 IoT6 Position 192

4.5 Conclusions 193

5 Dynamic Context-Aware Scalable and Trust-based IoT Security, Privacy Framework 199 5.1 Introduction 199

5.2 Background Work 202

5.3 Main Concepts and Motivation of the Framework 203

5.3.1 Identity Management 204

5.3.2 Size and Heterogeneity of the System 206

5.3.3 Anonymization of User Data and Metadata 206

5.3.4 Action’s Control 206

5.3.5 Privacy by Design 206

5.3.6 Context Awareness 207

5.3.7 Summary 208

5.4 A Policy-based Framework for Security and Privacy in Internet of Things 209

5.4.1 Deployment in a Scenario 212

5.4.2 Policies and Context Switching 214

5.4.3 Framework Architecture and Enforcement 219

x Contents

5.5 Conclusion and Future Developments 221

5.6 Acknowledgments 222

6 Scalable Integration Framework for Heterogeneous Smart Objects, Applications and Services 225 6.1 Introduction 225

6.2 IPv6 Potential 226

6.3 IoT6 227

6.4 IPv6 for IoT 228

6.5 Adapting IPv6 to IoT Requirements 230

6.6 IoT6 Architecture 230

6.7 DigCovery 231

6.8 IoT6 Integration with the Cloud and EPICS 233

6.9 Enabling Heterogeneous Integration 234

6.10 IoT6 Smart Office Use-case 236

6.11 Scalability Perspective 237

6.12 Conclusions 239

7 Internet of Things Applications - From Research and Innovation to Market Deployment 243 7.1 Introduction 243

7.2 OpenIoT 245

7.2.1 Project Design and Implementation 245

7.2.2 Execution and Implementation Issues 246

7.2.3 Project Results 247

7.2.4 Acceptance and Sustainability 250

7.2.5 Discussion 250

7.3 iCORE 251

7.3.1 Design 251

7.3.2 Project Execution 253

7.3.3 Results Achieved 254

7.3.4 Acceptance and Sustainability 257

7.4 Compose 258

7.4.1 Project Design and Implementation 259

7.4.2 The IoT Communication Technologies 261

7.4.3 Execution and Implementation Issues 261

7.4.4 Expected Project results 262

7.5 SmartSantander 263

7.5.1 How SmartSantander Facility has Become a Reality? 264

7.5.2 Massive Experimentation Facility: A Fire Perspective 265

7.5.3 City Services Implementation: The Smart City Paradigm 265

7.5.4 Sustainability Plan 270

7.6 Fitman 271

7.6.1 The “IoT for Manufacturing” Trials in Fitman 271

7.6.2 Fitman Trials’ Requirements to “IoT for Manufacturing” 272

7.6.3 The TRW and Whirlpool Smart Factory Trial 273

7.6.4 Fitman Trials’ Exploitation Plans & Business Opportunities 274

7.6.5 Discussion 275

7.7 OSMOSE 276

7.7.1 The AW and EPC “IoT for Manufacturing” Test Cases 276

7.7.2 OSMOSE Use Cases’ Requirements to “IoT for Manufacturing” 279

7.7.3 OSMOSE Use Cases’ Exploitation Plans & Business Opportunities 280

7.7.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook 281

8 Bringing IP to Low-power Smart Objects: The Smart Parking Case in the CALIPSO Project 287 8.1 Introduction 288

8.1.1 Bringing IP to Energy-Constrained Devices 288

8.1.2 The CALIPSO Project 289

8.2 Smart Parking 290

8.3 CALIPSO Architecture 293

8.3.1 CALIPSO Communication Modules 296

8.3.2 CALIPSO Security Modules 302

8.4 Calipso Implementation and Experimentation with Smart Parking 305

8.4.1 Implementation of Calipso Modules 305

8.4.2 Experimentation Plan for Smart Parking 307

8.5 Concluding Remarks 310

xii Contents

9 Insights on Federated Cloud Service Management and the

9.1 Introduction 316

9.2 Federated Cloud Services Management 317

9.2.1 Cloud Data Management 318

9.2.2 Cloud Data Monitoring 319

9.2.3 Cloud Data Exchange 320

9.2.4 Infrastructure Configuration and re-Configuration 321

9.3 Federated Management Service Life Cycle 321

9.3.1 Open IoT Autonomic Data Management 323

9.3.2 Performance 324

9.3.3 Reliability 325

9.3.4 Scalability 326

9.3.5 Resource Optimization and Cost Efficiency 327

9.4 Self-management Lifecycle 328

9.4.1 Service Creation 328

9.4.2 Efficient Scheduling 329

9.4.3 Service Customization 329

9.4.4 Efficient Sensor Data Collection 329

9.4.5 Request Types Optimization 330

9.4.6 Service Management 330

9.4.7 Utility-based Optimization 332

9.4.8 Service Operation 333

9.4.9 Customer Support 333

9.5 Self-Organising Cloud Architecture 334

9.6 Horizontal Platform 335

9.6.1 Open IoT Architecture: Explanation and Usage 338

9.6.2 Cloud Services for Internet-connected objects (ICO’s) 340 9.6.3 Management of IoT Service Infrastructures following Horizontal Approach 341

9.7 Conclusions and Future Work 344

Shaping the Future of Internet of Things Applications

The potential benefits of Internet of Things (IoT) are almost limitless andIoT applications are changing the way we work and live by saving timeand resources and opening new opportunities for growth, innovation andknowledge creation The Internet of Things allows private and public-sectororganizations to manage assets, optimize performance, and develop newbusiness models As a vital instrument to interconnect devices and to act asgeneric enabler of the hyper-connected society, the Internet of Things hasgreat potential to support an ageing society, to improve the energy efficiencyand to optimise all kinds of mobility and transport The complementaritywith approaches like cyber-physical systems, cloud technologies, big data andfuture networks like 5G is highly evident The success of the Internet of Thingswill depend on the ecosystem development, supported by an appropriateregulatory environment and a climate of trust, where issues like identification,trust, privacy, security, and semantic interoperability are pivotal

The following chapters will provide insights on the state-of-the-art ofresearch and innovation in IoT and will expose you to the progress towardsthe deployment of Internet of Things applications

xiii

Dr Ovidiu Vermesanholds a Ph.D degree in microelectronics and a Master

of International Business (MIB) degree He is Chief Scientist at SINTEFInformation and Communication Technology, Oslo, Norway His researchinterests are in the area of microelectronics/nanoelectronics, analog andmixed-signal ASIC Design (CMOS/BiCMOS/SOI) with applications in mea-surement, instrumentation, high-temperature applications, medical electronicsand integrated sensors; low power/low voltage ASIC design; and computer-based electronic analysis and simulation Dr Vermesan received SINTEFs

2003 award for research excellence for his work on the implementation of

a biometric sensor system He is currently working with projects addressingnanoelectronics integrated systems, communication and embed- ded systems,integrated sensors, wireless identifiable systems and RFID for future Internet

of Things architectures with applications in green automotive, internet ofenergy, healthcare, oil and gas and energy efficiency in buildings He hasauthored or co-authored over 75 technical articles and conference papers He

is actively involved in the activities of the new Electronic Components andSystems for European Leadership (ECSEL) Joint Technology Initiative (JTI)

He coordinated and managed various national and international/EU projectsrelated to integrated electronics Dr Vermesan is the coordinator of the IoTEuropean Research Cluster (IERC) of the European Commission, activelyparticipated in projects related to Internet of Things

Dr Peter Friess is a senior official of DG CONNECT of the EuropeanCommission, taking care for more than six years of the research and innovationpolicy for the Internet of Things In his function he has shaped the on-goingEuropean research and innovation program on the Internet of Things andaccompanied the European Commission’s direct investment of 70 Mill Euro

in this field He also oversees the international cooperation on the Internet

of Things, in particular with Asian countries In previous engagements hewas working as senior consultant for IBM, dealing with major automotiveand utility companies in Germany and Europe Prior to this engagement he

xv

xvi Editors Biography

worked as IT manager at Philips Semiconductors on with business processoptimisation in complex manufacturing Before this period he was active asresearcher in European and national research projects on advanced telecom-munications and business process reorganisation He is a graduated engineer

in Aeronautics and Space technology from the University of Munich and holds

a Ph.D in Systems Engineering including self-organising systems from theUniversity of Bremen He also published a number of articles and co-edits ayearly book of the European Internet of Things Research Cluster

Introduction

Thibaut Kleiner

DG Connect, European Commission

Eighteen months ago, the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) wasstill considered with a certain degree of scepticism These days are gone

A series of announcements, from the acquisition of Nest Labs by Google for

$3.2 billion to Samsung Gear and health-related wearables to the development

of Smart Home features into Apple’s iOS, have made IoT an increasinglytangible business opportunity Predictions have been consistently on the highside in terms of potential For instance, Cisco estimates that the Internet ofThings has a potential value of $14 trillion Looking at the buzz in the US

as well as in Asia, one may wonder whether it means that Europe has oncemore missed the technology train and that IoT will be developed by the likes

of Apple, Google and Samsung Or whether public research is still relevantgiven the fast moving market developments

From the European Commission’s point of view, it would be a serious

mistake to believe that it is game over for IoT In fact, the hope has been

building for some years and we are only at the very beginning The EUhas already for some time invested in supporting Research and Innova-tion in the field of IoT, notably in the areas of embedded systems andcyber-physical systems, network technologies, semantic inter-operability,operating platforms and security, and generic enablers Just like RFID did notquite manage to become pervasive yet, there are still a number of challengesbefore the IoT can expand and reach maturity Research results are now feedinginto innovation, and a series of components are now available, which couldusefully be exploited and enhanced by the market But there are still a number

of issues as regards how Internet of Things applications will develop and bedeployed on the back of Research and Innovation

These issues may be of a technical nature, not least in terms of security,reliability, complex integration, discoverability and interoperability Standard-isation will certainly play a role there Other issues may be related to the

1

acceptability of IoT applications by users and by citizens Others may relate

to business models and generally to market partitioning and coordinationproblems, which could seriously hamper the deployment of IoT applications

In that context, the Commission is considering how to best support IoTResearch and Innovation further One opportunity could be around pilotprojects testing the deployment of large amounts of sensors in relation withBig Data applications Another could be to launch large scale pilots to test inreal life the possibility for integrated IoT solutions to be delivered End-to-endsecurity is another clear challenge that will need to be addressed to convinceusers to adopt the IoT

Despite the hype around American and Asian mobile device ers, IoT ’s research and technology is still very strong in Europe, and there aremany examples of successful European companies Europe has potentially afull eco-system with market leaders on smart sensors (Bosch, STMicroelec-tronics), embedded systems (ARM, Infineon), software (Atos, SAP), networkvendors (Ericsson), telecoms (Orange) and application integrators (Siemens,Philips) or dynamic SMEs with huge growing potential (Zigpos, Libelium,Enevo) and industrial early adopters like BMW or Airbus There is still hopethat European players will emerge as the winners of the forthcoming IoTrevolution The EC will do its utmost to support that process This book is avery useful contribution in that context and it shows that the Internet of ThingsEuropean Research Cluster has been a driven force for the deployment of IoTnot only in Europe, but globally

Putting the Internet of Things Forward

to the Next Nevel

Peter Friess and Francisco Ibanez

DG Connect, European Commission

2.1 The Internet of Things Today

The Internet of Things (IoT) is defined by ITU and IERC as a dynamic globalnetwork infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standardand interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual

“things” have identities, physical attributes and virtual personalities, use ligent interfaces and are seamlessly integrated into the information network.Over the last year, IoT has moved from being a futuristic vision - withsometimes a certain degree of hype - to an increasing market reality

intel-Significant business decisions have been taken by major ICT playerslike Google, Apple and Cisco to position themselves in the IoT landscape.Telecom operators consider that Machine-to-Machine (M2M) and the Inter-net of Things are becoming a core business focus, reporting significantgrowth in the number of connected objects in their networks Device manufac-tures e.g concerning wearable devices anticipate a full new business segmenttowards a wider adoption of the IoT

The EU has already for some time invested in supporting Research andInnovation in the field of IoT, notably in the areas of embedded systemsand cyber-physical systems, network technologies, semantic interoperability,operating platforms and security, and generic enablers These research resultsare now feeding into innovation, and a series of components are available,which could usefully be exploited and enhanced by the market

In line with this development, the majority of the governments in Europe,

in Asia, and in the Americas consider the Internet of Things as an area ofinnovation and growth Although larger players in some application areas

3

still do not recognise the potential, many of them pay high attention or evenaccelerate the pace by coining new terms for the IoT and adding additionalcomponents to it In addition end-users in the private and business domainhave nowadays acquired a significant competence in dealing with smartdevices and networked applications.

As the Internet of Things continues to develop, further potential is mated by a combination with related technology approaches and conceptssuch as Cloud computing, Future Internet, Big Data, Robotics and Semantictechnologies The idea is of course not new as such but, as these conceptsoverlap in some parts (technical and service architectures, virtualisation,interoperability, automation), genuine innovators see more the aspect ofcomplementarity rather than defending individual domains

esti-2.2 The Internet of Things Tomorrow

Not only the assimilation of ICT concepts and their constituencies are pivotalbut also integrating them in smart environments and ecosystems across specificapplication domains The overall challenge is to extend the current Internet ofThings into a dynamically configured web of platforms for connected devices,objects, smart environments, services and persons

Numerous industrial analyses (Acatech, Cisco, Ericsson, IDC, Forbes)have identified the evolution of the Internet of Things embedded in SmartEnvironments and Smart Platforms forming a smart web of everything as one

of the next big concepts to support societal changes and economic growth,which will support the citizen in their professional and domestic/publiclife By the end of the decade, dozens of connected devices per humanbeing on the planet are conservatively anticipated, relating to a businesswhose yearly growth is estimated at 20% In this context Europe needs tomaintain its position through leadership in smart and embedded systemstechnologies with a strong potential in the evolving market of cyber-physicalsystems

On the way towards “Platforms for Connected Smart Objects” the biggestchallenge will be to overcome the fragmentation of vertically-oriented closedsystems and architectures and application areas towards open systems andintegrated environments and platforms, which support multiple applications

of social value by bringing contextual knowledge of the surrounding worldand events into complex business/social processes The task is to create andmaster innovative ecosystems beyond smart phones and device markets Play

2.2 The Internet of Things Tomorrow 5from multiple application sectors including potential new players, which donot exist today exist are called upon to play a role in such an endeavour.

In order to specify challenges for IoT relating to deployment, technologicaland business model validation and acceptability large-scale pilots couldplay an important role, addressing security and trust issues in an integratedmanner, and contributing to certification and validation ecosystems in theIoT arena These pilots would appropriately fit with the objectives called for

in the European Innovation Partnership for Smart Cities, eHealth and in theElectronics Leaders Group An additional opportunity has been identified insharing IoT large-scale pilots’approaches and results with China, Japan, Koreaand the US

A non-exhaustive list of objectives for IoT large-scale pilots would addressthe following topics:

• Solving remaining technological barriers, with a strong focus on

security From an industrial perspective, European technology providerscould be leading such pilots In addition, remaining engineering issuesneed to be solved, speeding up the engineering process for conceiving,designing, testing and validating IoT based systems Relating to softwareaspects, it is important to manage a very high number of IoT devices thatcannot be controlled individually but need be run automatically

• Exploring the integration potentialof IoT architectures and nents together with Cloud solutions and Big Data approaches, as thisconceptual novel approach needs to be substantiated in depth Moreover,the actors in the fields are still continuing to develop and exploit theirown domains, be it IoT, Cloud or Big Data

compo-• Validating user acceptability, focusing on applications, which are

not operational today, and still do require some research One suchexample could be car-to-car communication or enhanced assisted livingfor the purpose of relaying safety critical information Those kinds ofapplications also come with regulatory issues, e.g in terms of liability

• Promoting innovation on sensor/object platforms. The FutureInternet pilot activities have fostered this type of pilots by giving thepower to a set of users in order to develop innovative applications out

of data that are collected from the sensors More innovation is certainlyalso needed in the way non-experienced users could communicate withsmart objects

• Demonstrating cross use cases issues, to validate the concepts of

generic technologies that can serve a multiplicity of environments

and imply the cooperation of incumbents, like e.g for Smart Homes,Smart manufacturing, dedicated Smart City areas, Smart Food ValueChain or Digital social communities, creative industries, city andregional development In addition it is essential to run pilots deployingagent-driven applications and to test system of systems in physicalspaces in relation to the human scale.

2.3 Potential Success Factors

The Internet of Things Technologies will foster European core industrial ities such as industry automation, generation and distribution of renewableenergies (Smart Grid), as well as the development and production of enhancedenvironmental technologies, cars, airplanes, etc The future IoT will be acornerstone for the development of smart and sustainable cities and smartand sustainable infrastructures in general

activ-Key success factors for promising differentiation of the European IoTTechnology players can be formulated as follows for technological, userconcerned, business and societal aspects:

• Mitigation of architecture/system divergences through a common tecture framework for connected system qualities and interoperability

archi-• Development of IoT technologies that support the shift from datacollection to knowledge creation

• Focus on IoT Value Chain development and adequate analysis from thestart of product development towards user acceptance

• Development of a legal framework to ensure adequate consideration oftrust and ethical issues

This article expresses the personal view of the authors and in no wayconstitutes a formal or official position of the European Commission

Internet of Things Strategic Research

and Innovation Agenda

Ovidiu Vermesan1, Peter Friess2, Patrick Guillemin3, Harald Sundmaeker4,Markus Eisenhauer5, Klaus Moessner6, Marilyn Arndt7, Maurizio Spirito8,Paolo Medagliani9, Raffaele Giaffreda10, Sergio Gusmeroli11, Latif Ladid12,Martin Serrano13, Manfred Hauswirth13, Gianmarco Baldini14 1

Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Italy

“Whatever you can do, or dream you can, begin it Boldness has genius, power and magic in it.”

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

“If you want something new, you have to stop doing something old.”

Peter F Drucker

“Vision is the art of seeing things invisible.”

Jonathan Swift

7

3.1 Internet of Things Vision

Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept and a paradigm that considers pervasivepresence in the environment of a variety of things/objects that throughwireless and wired connections and unique addressing schemes are able tointeract with each other and cooperate with other things/objects to create newapplications/services and reach common goals In this context the research anddevelopment challenges to create a smart world are enormous A world wherethe real, digital and the virtual are converging to create smart environmentsthat make energy, transport, cities and many other areas more intelligent Thegoal of the Internet of Things is to enable things to be connected anytime,anyplace, with anything and anyone ideally using any path/network andany service Internet of Things is a new revolution of the Internet Objectsmake themselves recognizable and they obtain intelligence by making orenabling context related decisions thanks to the fact that they can communicateinformation about themselves and they can access information that hasbeen aggregated by other things, or they can be components of complexservices [69]

The Internet of Things is the network of physical objects that containembedded technology to communicate and sense or interact with their internalstates or the external environment and the confluence of efficient wirelessprotocols, improved sensors, cheaper processors, and a bevy of start-ups andestablished companies developing the necessary management and applicationsoftware has finally made the concept of the Internet of Things mainstream.The number of Internet-connected devices surpassed the number of humanbeings on the planet in 2011, and by 2020, Internet-connected devices areexpected to number between 26 billion and 50 billion For every Internet-connected PC or handset there will be 5–10 other types of devices sold withnative Internet connectivity [43]

According to industry analyst firm IDC, the installed base for the Internet

of Things will grow to approximately 212 billion devices by 2020, a numberthat includes 30 billion connected devices IDC sees this growth driven largely

by intelligent systems that will be installed and collecting data - across bothconsumer and enterprise applications [44]

These types of applications can involve the electric vehicle and the smarthouse, in which appliances and services that provide notifications, security,energy-saving, automation, telecommunication, computers and entertainmentwill be integrated into a single ecosystem with a shared user interface IoT

is providing access to information, media and services, through wired and

3.1 Internet of Things Vision 9

Figure 3.1 Internet-connected devices and the future evolution (Source: Cisco, 2011)

wireless broadband connections The Internet of Things makes use of synergiesthat are generated by the convergence of Consumer, Business and IndustrialInternet Consumer, Business and Industrial Internet The convergence createsthe open, global network connecting people, data, and things This conver-gence leverages the cloud to connect intelligent things that sense and transmit abroad array of data, helping creating services that would not be obvious withoutthis level of connectivity and analytical intelligence The use of platforms isbeing driven by transformative technologies such as cloud, things, and mobile.The Internet of Things and Services makes it possible to create networksincorporating the entire manufacturing process that convert factories into asmart environment The cloud enables a global infrastructure to generate newservices, allowing anyone to create content and applications for global users.Networks of things connect things globally and maintain their identity online.Mobile allows connection to this global infrastructure anytime, anywhere Theresult is a globally accessible network of things, users, and consumers, whoare available to create businesses, contribute content, generate and purchasenew services

Platforms also rely on the power of network effects, as they allow morethings, they become more valuable to the other things and to users that makeuse of the services generated The success of a platform strategy for IoTcan be determined by connection, attractiveness and knowledge/information/data flow

The European Commission while recognizing the potential of ConvergingSciences and Technologies Converging Sciences and Technologies to advance

Figure 3.2 Future Communication Challenges – 5G scenarios [2]

the Lisbon Agenda, proposes a bottom-up approach to prioritize the setting

of a particular goal for convergence of science and technology research;meet challenges and opportunities for research and governance and allow forintegration of technological potential as well as recognition of limits, Europeanneeds, economic opportunities, and scientific interests

Enabling technologies for the Internet of Things considered in [36] can

be grouped into three categories: i) technologies that enable “things” to acquire contextual information, ii) technologies that enable “things” to process contextual information, and iii) technologies to improve security and privacy.

The first two categories can be jointly understood as functional building blocksrequired building “intelligence” into “things”, which are indeed the featuresthat differentiate the IoT from the usual Internet The third category is not a

functional but rather a de facto requirement, without which the penetration of

the IoT would be severely reduced Internet of Things developments impliesthat the environments, cities, buildings, vehicles, clothing, portable devicesand other objects have more and more information associated with them and/orthe ability to sense, communicate, network and produce new information Inaddition the network technologies have to cope with the new challenges such

as very high data rates, dense crowds of users, low latency, low energy, lowcost and a massive number of devices, The 5G scenarios that reflect the futurechallenges and will serve as guidance for further work are outlined by the ECfunded METIS project [2]

3.1 Internet of Things Vision 11

As the Internet of Things becomes established in smart factories, both thevolume and the level of detail of the corporate data generated will increase.Moreover, business models will no longer involve just one company, butwill instead comprise highly dynamic networks of companies and completelynew value chains Data will be generated and transmitted autonomously bysmart machines and these data will inevitably cross company boundaries

A number of specific dangers are associated with this new context – forexample, data that were initially generated and exchanged in order to coor-dinate manufacturing and logistics activities between different companiescould, if read in conjunction with other data, suddenly provide third partieswith highly sensitive information about one of the partner companies thatmight, for example, give them an insight into its business strategies Newinstruments will be required if companies wish to pursue the conventionalstrategy of keeping such knowledge secret in order to protect their competitiveadvantage New, regulated business models will also be necessary – the rawdata that are generated may contain information that is valuable to thirdparties and companies may therefore wish to make a charge for sharingthem Innovative business models like this will also require legal safeguards(predominantly in the shape of contracts) in order to ensure that the valueadded created is shared out fairly, e.g through the use of dynamic pricingmodels [55]

3.1.1 Internet of Things Common Definition

Ten “critical” trends and technologies impacting IT for the next five years werelaid out by Gartner and among them the Internet of Things All of these thingshave an IP address and can be tracked The Internet is expanding into enterpriseassets and consumer items such as cars and televisions The problem is thatmost enterprises and technology vendors have yet to explore the possibilities

of an expanded Internet and are not operationally or organizationally ready.Gartner [54] identifies four basic usage models that are emerging:

Figure 3.3 IP Convergence

In this context the notion of network convergence using IP is fundamentaland relies on the use of a common multi-service IP network supporting a widerange of applications and services

The use of IP to communicate with and control small devices and sensorsopens the way for the convergence of large, IT-oriented networks with realtime and specialized networked applications

The fundamental characteristics of the IoT are as follows [65]:

• Interconnectivity: With regard to the IoT, anything can be interconnectedwith the global information and communication infrastructure

• Things-related services: The IoT is capable of providing thing-relatedservices within the constraints of things, such as privacy protection andsemantic consistency between physical things and their associated virtualthings In order to provide thing-related services within the constraints

of things, both the technologies in physical world and information worldwill change

• Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based ondifferent hardware platforms and networks They can interact with otherdevices or service platforms through different networks

• Dynamic changes: The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleepingand waking up, connected and/or disconnected as well as the context ofdevices including location and speed Moreover, the number of devicescan change dynamically

• Enormous scale: The number of devices that need to be managed andthat communicate with each other will be at least an order of magnitude

3.1 Internet of Things Vision 13larger than the devices connected to the current Internet The ratio ofcommunication triggered by devices as compared to communicationtriggered by humans will noticeably shift towards device-triggeredcommunication Even more critical will be the management of the datagenerated and their interpretation for application purposes This relates

to semantics of data, as well as efficient data handling

The Internet of Things is not a single technology, it’s a concept inwhich most new things are connected and enabled such as street lights beingnetworked and things like embedded sensors, image recognition functionality,augmented reality, near field communication are integrated into situationaldecision support, asset management and new services These bring manybusiness opportunities and add to the complexity of IT [52]

To accommodate the diversity of the IoT, there is a heterogeneous mix ofcommunication technologies, which need to be adapted in order to address theneeds of IoT applications such as energy efficiency, security, and reliability

In this context, it is possible that the level of diversity will be scaled to anumber a manageable connectivity technologies that address the needs ofthe IoT applications, are adopted by the market, they have already proved

to be serviceable, supported by a strong technology alliance Examples ofstandards in these categories include wired and wireless technologies likeEthernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, and Z-Wave

Distribution, transportation, logistics, reverse logistics, field service, etc.are areas where the coupling of information and “things” may create newbusiness processes or may make the existing ones highly efficient and moreprofitable

The Internet of Things provides solutions based on the integration ofinformation technology, which refers to hardware and software used to store,retrieve, and process data and communications technology which includeselectronic systems used for communication between individuals or groups.The rapid convergence of information and communications technology istaking place at three layers of technology innovation: the cloud, data andcommunication pipes/networks and device [46]

The synergy of the access and potential data exchange opens huge newpossibilities for IoT applications Already over 50% of Internet connectionsare between or with things In 2011 there were over 15 billion things on theWeb, with 50 billion+ intermittent connections

By 2020, over 30 billion connected things, with over 200 billionwith intermittent connections are forecast Key technologies here include

Figure 3.4 IoT Layered Architecture (Source: ITU-T)

embedded sensors, image recognition and NFC By 2015, in more than 70%

of enterprises, a single executable will oversee all Internet connected things.This becomes the Internet of Everything [53]

As a result of this convergence, the IoT applications require that classicalindustries are adapting and the technology will create opportunities for newindustries to emerge and to deliver enriched and new user experiences andservices

In addition, to be able to handle the sheer number of things and objects thatwill be connected in the IoT, cognitive technologies and contextual intelligenceare crucial This also applies for the development of context aware applicationsthat need to be reaching to the edges of the network through smart devicesthat are incorporated into our everyday life

The Internet is not only a network of computers, but it has evolved into

a network of devices of all types and sizes, vehicles, smartphones, homeappliances, toys, cameras, medical instruments and industrial systems, allconnected, all communicating and sharing information all the time

The Internet of Things had until recently different means at differentlevels of abstractions through the value chain, from lower level semiconductorthrough the service providers

The Internet of Things is a “global concept” and requires a commondefinition Considering the wide background and required technologies,

3.1 Internet of Things Vision 15

Figure 3.5 Detailed IoT Layered Architecture (Source: IERC)

from sensing device, communication subsystem, data aggregation and processing to the object instantiation and finally service provision, generating

pre-an unambiguous definition of the “Internet of Things” is non-trivial

The IERC is actively involved in ITU-T Study Group 13, which leads thework of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) on standards fornext generation networks (NGN) and future networks and has been part of the

team which has formulated the following definition [65]: “Internet of things (IoT): A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced

services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving interoperable information and communication technologies NOTE 1 – Through the exploitation of identification, data capture, processing and communication capabilities, the IoT makes full use of things to offer services to all kinds of applications, whilst ensuring that security and privacy requirements are fulfilled NOTE 2 – From a broader perspective, the IoT can

be perceived as a vision with technological and societal implications.”

The IERC definition [67] states that IoT is “A dynamic global network

infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and operable communication protocols where physical and virtual “things” have

inter-Figure 3.6 The IoT: Different Services, Technologies, Meanings for Everyone [77]

identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network.”.

3.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions

The development of enabling technologies such as nanoelectronics, cations, sensors, smart phones, embedded systems, cloud networking, networkvirtualization and software will be essential to provide to things the capability

communi-to be connected all the time everywhere This will also support importantfuture IoT product innovations affecting many different industrial sectors.Some of these technologies such as embedded or cyber-physical systems formthe edges of the Internet of Things bridging the gap between cyber space andthe physical world of real things, and are crucial in enabling the Internet ofThings to deliver on its vision and become part of bigger systems in a world

of “systems of systems”

3.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 17

Figure 3.7 IoT Definition [68]

The final report of the Key Enabling Technologies (KET), of the Level Expert Group [47] identified the enabling technologies, crucial to many

High-of the existing and future value chains High-of the European economy:

•Advanced Manufacturing Systems

As such, IoT creates intelligent applications that are based on the ing KETs identified, as IoT applications address smart environments eitherphysical or at cyber-space level, and in real time

support-To this list of key enablers, we can add the global deployment ofIPv6 across the World enabling a global and ubiquitous addressing of anycommunicating smart thing

From a technology perspective, the continuous increase in the integrationdensity proposed by Moore’s Law was made possible by a dimensional scaling:

in reducing the critical dimensions while keeping the electrical field constant,one obtained at the same time a higher speed and a reduced power consumption

of a digital MOS circuit: these two parameters became driving forces of themicroelectronics industry along with the integration density

The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors has sized in its early editions the “miniaturization” and its associated benefits

empha-in terms of performances, the traditional parameters empha-in Moore’s Law Thistrend for increased performances will continue, while performance can always

be traded against power depending on the individual application, sustained

by the incorporation into devices of new materials, and the application ofnew transistor concepts This direction for further progress is labelled “MoreMoore”

The second trend is characterized by functional diversification ofsemiconductor-based devices These non-digital functionalities do contribute

to the miniaturization of electronic systems, although they do not necessarilyscale at the same rate as the one that describes the development of digitalfunctionality Consequently, in view of added functionality, this trend may bedesignated “More-than-Moore” [50]

Mobile data traffic is projected to double each year between now and 2015and mobile operators will find it increasingly difficult to provide the bandwidthrequested by customers In many countries there is no additional spectrum thatcan be assigned and the spectral efficiency of mobile networks is reaching itsphysical limits Proposed solutions are the seamless integration of existingWi-Fi networks into the mobile ecosystem This will have a direct impact onInternet of Things ecosystems

The chips designed to accomplish this integration are known as com” chips Wi-Fi and baseband communications are expected to convergeand the architecture of mobile devices is likely to change and the basebandchip is expected to take control of the routing so the connectivity componentsare connected to the baseband or integrated in a single silicon package As aresult of this architecture change, an increasing share of the integration work

“multi-is likely done by baseband manufacturers (ultra -low power solutions) ratherthan by handset producers

The market for wireless communications is one of the fastest-growingsegments in the integrated circuit industry Breath takingly fast innovation,rapid changes in communications standards, the entry of new players, andthe evolution of new market sub segments will lead to disruptions acrossthe industry LTE and multicom solutions increase the pressure for industryconsolidation, while the choice between the ARM and x86 architectures forcesplayers to make big bets that may or may not pay off [63]

Integrated networking, information processing, sensing and actuationcapabilities allow physical devices to operate in changing environments.Tightly coupled cyber and physical systems that exhibit high level of integratedintelligence are referred to as cyber-physical systems These systems are part

of the enabling technologies for Internet of Things applications where tational and physical processes of such systems are tightly interconnected andcoordinated to work together effectively, with or without the humans in the

compu-3.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 19

Figure 3.8 IoT landscape [21]

loop Robots, intelligent buildings, implantable medical devices, vehicles thatdrive themselves or planes that automatically fly in a controlled airspace, areexamples of cyber-physical systems that could be part of Internet of Thingsecosystems

Today many European projects and initiatives address Internet of Thingstechnologies and knowledge Given the fact that these topics can be highlydiverse and specialized, there is a strong need for integration of the individualresults Knowledge integration, in this context is conceptualized as the processthrough which disparate, specialized knowledge located in multiple projectsacross Europe is combined, applied and assimilated

The Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA) is the result of

a discussion involving the projects and stakeholders involved in the IERCactivities, which gather the major players of the European ICT landscapeaddressing IoT technology priorities that are crucial for the competitiveness

of European industry:

Figure 3.9 Internet of Things — Enabling Technologies

IERC Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda covers the importantissues and challenges for the Internet of Things technology It provides thevision and the roadmap for coordinating and rationalizing current and futureresearch and development efforts in this field, by addressing the differentenabling technologies covered by the Internet of Things concept and paradigm.Many other technologies are converging to support and enable IoTapplications These technologies are summarised as:

• Data and signal processing

• Discovery and search engine

• Network management

• Power and energy storage

• Security, trust, dependability and privacy

3.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 21

• Interoperability

• Standardization

The Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda is developed with thesupport of a European-led community of interrelated projects and theirstakeholders, dedicated to the innovation, creation, development and use ofthe Internet of Things technology

Since the release of the first version of the Strategic Research andInnovation Agenda, we have witnessed active research on several IoT topics

On the one hand this research filled several of the gaps originally identified inthe Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda, whilst on the other it creatednew challenges and research questions Recent advances in areas such ascloud computing, cyber-physical systems, autonomic computing, and socialnetworks have changed the scope of the Internet of Thing’s convergence evenmore so The Cluster has a goal to provide an updated document each year thatrecords the relevant changes and illustrates emerging challenges The updatedrelease of this Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda builds incrementally

on previous versions [68], [69], [84], [85], [85] and highlights the mainresearch topics that are associated with the development of IoT enablingtechnologies, infrastructures and applications with an outlook towards

2020 [73]

The research items introduced will pave the way for innovative tions and services that address the major economic and societal challengesunderlined in the EU 2020 Digital Agenda [74]

applica-Figure 3.10 Internet of Things - Smart Environments and Smart Spaces Creation

The IERC Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda is developed mentally based on its previous versions and focus on the new challenges beingidentified in the last period.

incre-The timeline of the Internet of Things Strategic Research and InnovationAgenda covers the current decade with respect to research and the followingyears with respect to implementation of the research results Of course, asthe Internet and its current key applications show, we anticipate unexpectedtrends will emerge leading to unforeseen and unexpected development paths.The Cluster has involved experts working in industry, research andacademia to provide their vision on IoT research challenges, enabling tech-nologies and the key applications, which are expected to arise from the currentvision of the Internet of Things

The IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda covers in a logicalmanner the vision, the technological trends, the applications, the technologyenablers, the research agenda, timelines, priorities, and finally summarises intwo tables the future technological developments and research needs.Advances in embedded sensors, processing and wireless connectivity arebringing the power of the digital world to objects and places in the physicalworld IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda is aligned with thefindings of the 2011 Hype Cycle developed by Gartner [76], which includesthe broad trend of the Internet of Things, called the “real-world Web” in earlierGartner research

The field of the Internet of Things is based on the paradigm of supportingthe IP protocol to all edges of the Internet and on the fact that at the edge ofthe network many (very) small devices are still unable to support IP protocolstacks This means that solutions centred on minimum Internet of Things

devices are considered as an additional Internet of Things paradigm without

IP to all access edges, due to their importance for the development of the field

3.2.1 IoT Applications and Use Case Scenarios

The IERC vision is that “the major objectives for IoT are the creation of smartenvironments/spaces and self-aware things (for example: smart transport,products, cities, buildings, rural areas, energy, health, living, etc.) for climate,food, energy, mobility, digital society and health applications”[68]

The outlook for the future is the emerging of a network of interconnecteduniquely identifiable objects and their virtual representations in an Internetalike structure that is positioned over a network of interconnected computersallowing for the creation of a new platform for economic growth

3.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 23

Figure 3.11 Internet of Things in the context of Smart Environments and Applications [84]

Smart is the new green as defined by Frost & Sullivan [51] and the greenproducts and services will be replaced by smart products and services Smartproducts have a real business case, can typically provide energy and efficiencysavings of up to 30 per cent, and generally deliver a two- to three-year return

on investment This trend will help the deployment of Internet of Thingsapplications and the creation of smart environments and spaces

At the city level, the integration of technology and quicker data analysiswill lead to a more coordinated and effective civil response to securityand safety (law enforcement and blue light services); higher demand foroutsourcing security capabilities

At the building level, security technology will be integrated into systemsand deliver a return on investment to the end-user through leveraging thetechnology in multiple applications (HR and time and attendance, customerbehaviour in retail applications etc.)

There will be an increase in the development of “Smart” vehicles whichhave low (and possibly zero) emissions They will also be connected to infras-tructure Additionally, auto manufacturers will adopt more use of “Smart”materials

The key focus will be to make the city smarter by optimizing resources,feeding its inhabitants by urban farming, reducing traffic congestion, providingmore services to allow for faster travel between home and various destinations,and increasing accessibility for essential services It will become essential tohave intelligent security systems to be implemented at key junctions in the city.Various types of sensors will have to be used to make this a reality Sensorsare moving from “smart” to “intelligent” Biometrics is already integrated in