Identifying the hybrid combination between landrace, yorkshire, pietrain boars with mong cai sows, the weaning age and the proper diet to produce suckling pigs in rural households of thai binh

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL SCIENCES BUI QUANG HO IDENTIFYING THE BEST HYBRID COMBINATION BETWEEN LANDRACE, YORKSHIRE, PIETRAIN BOARS WITH

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL SCIENCES

BUI QUANG HO

IDENTIFYING THE BEST HYBRID COMBINATION BETWEEN LANDRACE, YORKSHIRE, PIETRAIN BOARS WITH MONG CAI SOWS, THE BESTER WEANING AGE AND THE DIET TO PRODUCE SUCKLING PIGS IN RURAL

HOUSEHOLDS IN THAI BINH

Major: Animal production Code: 62 62 01 05

SUMMARY OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN

AGRICULTURE’S THESIS

HANOI, 2016

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL SCIENCES

Supervisors:

1 Dr Tran Quoc Viet

2 Associate Professor Dr Nguyen Van Duc

Reviewer 1:

Reviewer 2:

Reviewer 3:

The Thesis will be protected before the Thesis Assessment Council at local met in the National Institute of Animal Sciences at: …, date … month … year …

You can find the futher information of the Thesis at:

1 National Library of Vietnam

2 Library of National Institute of Animal Sciences

1 Bui Quang Ho, Tran Quoc Viet and Nguyen Van Duc 2016 The

effect of hybrid combination, weaning age and diet to the feed useefficiency of suckling pigs sold at 42 days of age in Thai Binh.Journal of Animal Husbandry Science and Technology No 205.Pages: 23-29

2 Bui Quang Ho, Tran Quoc Viet and Nguyen Van Duc 2016 The

effect of hybrid combination, weaning age and diet to the absolutegrowth of 42-day-old suckling pigs in Thai Binh Journal of AnimalHusbandry Science and Technology No 205 Pages: 63-70

INTRODUCTION

1 The urgency of the studied issue

To improve the husbandry productivity, quality and efficiency of sucklingpigs, the crossbreds, weaning ages and diets play a very important role.Therefore, the identifying of hybrid combination, weaning age as well as dietsfor suckling pigs need to be studied fully and comprehensively

Derived from the actual breeding of suckling pigs in rural households inThai Binh, "Identifying the hybrid combination between Landrace, Yorkshire,Pietrain boars with Mong Cai sows, the bester weaning age and diet to producesuckling pigs in rural households in Thai Binh" is necesssary to study

2 The objective of the Thesis

Identifying the best hybrid combination with proper weaning age anddiet to produce suckling pigs in rural households in Thai Binh to achieve thehighest efficiency

3 The scientific and practical significance

The research findings of the Thesis contribute to a rich database of: (i)The hybrid combination between Y, LR, Pi boars and Mong Cai sows; (ii) theweaning age; and (iii) diets for piglets from weaning to 42 days of age And, itcan be used as a reference and taught at Research Institutes and AgriculturalUniversities in the field of pig production

As a material with the scientific basis to help the State managementagencies in developing the animal husbandry sector restructuring.Simultaneously, it contributes to build the suckling product, which is suitablefor consumer and exports

4 New contributions of the Thesis

It is the first time has identified that piglets of the hybrid combination

F1(PixMC), weaned at 21 days of age and fed by the diet with high nutrientlevel reach the higher number of piglets/litter, feed efficiency, weight at 42days of age and carcass percentage of suckling piglets in comparison withthose of two hybrid combinations of F1(YxMC) and F1(LRxMC)

5 The composition of the Thesis

The Thesis includes 170 pages, 3 chapters, 33 tables, 6 figures, 179domestic and foreign references (64 Vietnamese articles and 115 Englisharticles) There are 2 research papers related to the published Thesis

Chapter 1: OVERVIEW 1.1 Some local pig breeds, crossbred pigs are used to produce suckling pigs in Northern Vietnam

Suckling pigs are produced from commercial piglets as local pigs orcrossbred pigs (Sector Standard No 10TCN 508-2002 Exported frozensuckling pigs) The local breeds and crossbred pigs (exotic x local breeds),mainly Mong Cai pigs and hybrid combinations between Yorkshire,Landrace, Pietrain boars with Mong Cai sows uses for producing suckling inNorthern Vietnam

1.2 Scientific basis of heterosis

Heterosis is a phenomenon that hybrids with the vitality, diseaseresistance and higher productivity than the average level of their parents.Heterosis reaches the highest level in F1 and is influenced by the geneticorigin of parents, research status, mating formula as well as nourishingconditions

1.3 Biological basis of the growth in piglets and the affecting factors

The growth in piglets is mainly the development of lean tissue biomass.This is the physiological basis of the growth in pigs and several othermammalian species The lean tissue growth rate in pigs depends greatly on thedevelopment dynamics of skeletal muscle cells during the development of theindividual and this process is influenced by genetic and external factors

1.4 Digestion in piglets and effect of weaning on the growth of piglets

The morphological structure and the activity of digestive enzymesystem in piglets are very different from adult pigs The activity of thedigestive enzymes increases with ages and depends on the pH of the gastrointestinal environment The weaning affects the activity of digestive

enzymes contained in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets The degree ofinfluence depends on the age of weaning.

1.5 The quality of piglet’s meat and the affecting factors

In piglets, the overall trend of protein accumulation is morepredominant than fat accumulation, until 35 days of age, the weightcorrelation between protein and fat is 1.5/l The ratio between the amount ofprotein and fat in the carcass is a unique quality to make up the appeal ofsuckling pigs The genetic factor affects importantly on the quality ofsuckling pigs’ meat The weaning age, the fact that the total volume ofsupplied milk and the diet quality has a significant impact on the rate ofprotein / fat in piglets In addition, the slaughtering process also adverselyaffects the color and quality of the meat

Chapter 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Materials, locations and time of researching

Seventy-two Mong Cai sows (from the 2nd litter to the 4th litter) Three boarbreeds of Landrace, Yorkshire và Pietrain breeds (1 male pig/breed, 2 years-old)

to mate with Mong Cai sows to produce the hybrid combinations of F1(YxMC),

2.3 Research content

 Researching the reproductive performance of Mong Cai sows, thegrowth capacity and the feed using efficiency of piglets for the sucklingpig’s meat production at three hybrid combinations of F1(YxMC),

F1(LRxMC) and F1(PixMC)

 Researching the effect of the weaning age (21 days and 35 days ofage) on the growth capacity and the feed using efficiency of piglets for thesuckling pig production

 Researching the effect of diets (diet with low and high nutrient level)for piglets from weaning to 42 days of age on the growth capacity, the feedefficiency of piglets for the suckling pig’s meat production

 Researching the interactive effect of the following factors: (i) hybridcombinations, (ii) the age of weaning, and (iii) the diets for piglets fromweaning to 42 days of age on the growth capacity, the feed efficiency ofpiglets used to produce suckling pigs

Experimental lot

Hybrid combination YxMC (n = 24) LRxMC (n = 24) PixMC (n = 24) Weaning age

Lot A (n=12) Lot B (n=12)

Lot A (n=12) Lot B (n=12)

Lot A (n=12) Lot B (n=12)

21 days 35 days 21 days 35 days 21 days 35 days

Diets

Lot a (n=6)

Lot b (n=6)

Lot a (n=6)

Lot b (n=6) Lot a (n=6)

Lot b (n=6)

Lot a (n=6)

Lot b (n=6) Lot a (n=6)

Lot b (n=6)

Lot a (n=6)

Lot b (n=6) KP1 KP2 KP1 KP2 KP1 KP2 KP1 KP2 KP1 KP2 KP1 KP2

Notes: YxMC = Yorkshire boars mated with Mong Cai sows; LRxMC = Landrace boars mated with Mong Cai sows; PixMC = Pietrain boars mated with Mong Cai sows; KP1 = Low nutrition diet; KP2

= High nutrition diet; H1, H2….to H12 is farm household 1, 2….to farm household 12.

2.4.2 Diets for experimental pigs

2.4.2.1 Diets for sows: Feed for sows at lots is provided in the same diet

based on the Vietnam National Standards (TCVN-1547-2007) for pregnantsows and lactating sows

Table 2.2: Diets for pregnant and lactating Mong Cai sows (%)

Nutrient ingredient/kg Diet for pregnant sows Diet for lactating sows

Dry feed (%) 87.65 87.51

2.4.2 2 Diets for experimental piglets

Piglets from weaning to 42 day old in the expermental lots are used by

2 types of diets which is built under the recommendation of NRC (1998)

Table 2.3: Diets for experimental piglets (%)

2.4.3 Feeding methods for experimental pigs

2.4.3.1 Feeding method for weaning-mating and pregnant periods

– Pregnant sows in period I: 1.20-1.60 kg starchy feed (depending onthe fat or thin physical condition), divided into 2 meals/day

– Pregnant sows in period II: 2.0-2.2 kg starchy feed, divided into 2meals/day

7 days before farrowing, sows are fed by the diet of lactating sows

2.4.3.2 Feeding method for lactating sows

For the starchy feed:

– Farowing date: No feeding

– The 1st day after farowing: 1 kg/sow/day

– The 2nd day after farowing: 2 kg/sow/day

– The 3rd day after farowing: 2.2 kg/sow/day

– The 4th day after farowing to weaning: 2 kg+(numbers of piglets x0,15 kg/piglet)

For the forage (sweet potato leaves): 1,5 kg/sow/day

2.4.3.3 Feeding method for piglets

Piglets are fed from weaning to ending experiments by theexperimental feed (10-42 days of age) and drunk freely by fresh water

2.4.4 Slaughtering method: According to TCVN 3899-84.

2.5 The monitoring Criteria

2.5.1 For reproductive performance of Mong Cai sows

Numbers born/litter, numbers born alive/litter, numbers of weanedpigs/litter, numbers of 42 day-old suckling pigs/litter; the birth weight,weaning weight, suckling weight

2.5.2 The growth capacity of piglets

The growth rate: from the birth to weaning, from weaning to 42 days ofage and from birth to 42 days of age

2.5.3 The feed efficiency

The amount of feed intake / day of piglets: from birth to weaning, fromweaning to 42 days of age and from birth to 42 days of age Feedconsumption/1 kg weaned piglet, 1 kg of the increasing weight fromweaning to 42 days of age and 1 kg of the sold 42 day-old piglet

2.5.4 The carcass composition of piglets

The slaughtering and carcass weight (kg), and carcass proportion (%)

2.6 Analysis methods

Experimental data is processed by ANOVA-GLM in SAS 9.1 software(2002) According to the following general model:

yijkl=m+THi+CSj+KPk+TH*CSij+TH*KPik+CS*KPjk+TH*CS*KPijk+eijkl

Where: y is the obtained value of the characteristics; m is the average value of the population; TH is a hybrid combination; CS is weaning age; KP is the diets; TH*CS is the interaction of two factors of the hybrid combination and the weaning age; TH*KP is the interaction of two factors of the hybrid combination and the diet; CS*KP is the interaction of two factors of the weaning age and the diet; TH*CS*KP

is the interaction of three factors of hybrid combination, the weaning age and the diet; and e is the random error.

If ANOVA shows that there is a discrepancy, the method of theTukey’s average pairwise comparison will be used to determine differencesamong treatments with the confidence level of 95% or above

Chapter 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 The effect of boar breed on the reproductive performance of Mong Cai sows, the growth capacity and the feed efficiency of piglets

3.1.1 The effect of the mating boars on the reproductive performance of Mong Cai sows

Table 3.1: The reproductive performances of Mong Cai sows

Number born/litter piglet 12.11 12.22 12.68 0.12 0.12Number born alive/litter piglet 11.94 12.05 12.52 0.12 0.10Number of weaned pig/litter piglet 10.43b 10.61b 11.15a 0.07 <0.01Number of 42-day-old pig/litter piglet 10.01b 9.99b 10.69a 0.06 <0.01The birth weight kg 0.76b 0.75b 0.84a 0.01 <0.01The weaning weight kg 5.92b 5.93b 6.09a 0.01 <0.01Weight at 42-day-old piglet kg 9.72b 9.70b 10.09a 0.04 <0.01Surviving rate to 42 days of age % 93.37 91.67 93.69 0.60 0.11The boars don’t affect the number of piglets (number born/litter, numberborn alive/litter as well as the survival rate from the birth to 42 days of age.However, number of weaning/litter and 42 days of age/litter of F1(PixMC) ishigher than 2 remaining hybrid combinations Pietrain boars have the highereffect of raising the weight (born, weaning, 42 days of age)/piglet in comparisonwith Yorkshire and Landrace boars There is no difference in these traitsbetween F1(YxMC) and F1(LRxMC)

3.1.2 Growth performance of F 1 (YxMC), F 1 (LRxMC) and F 1 (PixMC) pigs

Table 3.2: The growth capacity of piglets in the hybrid combinations of

F 1 (YxMC), F 1 (LRxMC) and F 1 (PixMC)

ADG birth-weaning (g/piglet/day) 187.29b 188.18ab 190.48a 0.96 <0.05

ADG weaning-42 days (g/piglet/day) 307.20b 305.60b 320.66a 5.31 <0.01ADG birth-42 days (g/piglet/day) 213.37b 213.20b 220.25a 0.61 <0.01The ADG of F1(PixMC)is higher from the birth to 42 days of age incomparison with 2 other hybrid combinations There is no statistic difference

in the growth between F1(YxMC) and F1(LRxMC)

3.1.3 The feed efficiency in F 1 (YxMC), F 1 (LRxMC) and F 1 (PixMC) piglets

3.1.3.1 The feed intake/day of piglets

Table 3.3: The feed intake in F1(YxMC), F1(LRxMC) and F1(PixMC)

Feed intake birth-weaning (g/day) 93.76b 93.81b 94.34a 1.40 <0.01Feed intake weaning-42 day old (g/day) 294.07b 293.99b 295.85a 1.95 <0.01Feed intake birth-42 days of age (g/day) 179.63b 179.58b 180.82a 1.36 <0.01The amount of feed intake is influenced by the boar breed The amount

of feed intake/day of the F1(PixMC) is higher than 2 other hybridcombinations Although the difference of the absolute value of feedintake/day between hybrid combinations is not much, the difference has anobvious significance of statistics The hybrid combination of F1(PixMC) eatearlier than the other hybrid combinations

3.1.3.2 The effect of the mating boars on the feed consumption of pilets

Table 3.4: The feed consumption of piglets in hybrid combinations of

F 1 (YxMC), F 1 (LRxMC) and F 1 (PixMC)

FCR upto weaning piglet (kg/kg) 4.96a 4.86a 4.56b 0.03 <0.01FCR from weaning to 42 days (kg/kg) 1.08ab 1.13a 1.03b 0.02 <0.01FCR upto 42-day-old piglet (kg/kg) 3.51a 3.52a 3.24b 0.02 <0.01FCR upto weaning piglet, from the birth to the 42 day-old piglet, as well

as upto day-old piglet is affected clearly by the mating boars FCR upto day-old piglet of F1(PixMC) is lower than F1(YxMC) and F1(LRxMC)

42-3.2 The effect of the weaning age on the growth capacity and the feed

efficiency of piglets

3.2.1 The effect of the weaning age on the growth capacity of piglets

Table 3.5: The effect of the weaning age on the growth capacity of piglets

21 days 35 days

Weight at 42 day-old piglet (kg/piglet) 10.04a 9.63b 0.03 <0.01Weight gain from birth to weaning (g/day) 201.02a 176.28b 0.96 <0.01Weight gain from weaning to 42-day-old (g/day) 240.25b 382.06a 5.31 <0.01Weight gain from birth to 42-day-old (g/day) 220.63a 210.58b 0.61 <0.01The growth of piglets is significantly influenced by the age of weaning.Weaned piglets at 21 days of age achieve the average growth from the birth

to 42 days of 220.63g/day, which is higher than the weaned piglets at 35days of 219.58 g/day Accordingly, the weight of weaned piglets at 21 days

of age is 10.04 kg/a piglet which is higher than that of weaned piglets at 35days of age of 9.63 kg/a piglet

3.2.2 The effect of the weaning age on the feed efficiency of piglets

3.2.2.1 The effect of the weaning age on the amount of feef intake/day of piglets

Table 3.6: The effect of the weaning age on the feef intake/day of piglets

21 days 35 days

Feed intake from birth to weaned piglets (g/day) 73.47b 114.47a 1.40 <0.01Feed intake from weaning to 42-day-old (g/day) 266.12b 323.16a 1.95 <0.01Feed intake from birth to 42-day-old (g/day) 199.90a 160.12b 1.36 <0.01The weaning age significantly affects the amount of feed intake/day of piglets.The average amount of feed intake/day of the weaned piglets at 21 days of age

is 199.90g which is higher than the weaned piglets at 35 days of age of 160.12g.The reason is that the early weaning (21 days of age) makes piglets to eat muchmore to meet the needs of the body leading to increase the feed intake amount.Meanwhile, the late weaning (35 days of age) due to the milk of mother is met apart, the growing need decrease in comparison with 21-day-old weaned piglets

3.2.2.2 The effect of the weaning age on the feed consumption of piglets

Table 3.7: The effect of the weaning age on the feed consumption of piglets

21 days 35 days

Gross consumpted feed/sow/litter (kg) 256.92b 309.67a 1.84 <0.01FCR upto weaned piglet (kg/kg) 4.91a 4.67b 0.03 <0.01FCR from weaning to 42-day-old (kg/kg) 1.21a 0.95b 0.02 <0.01FCR upto 42-day-old piglet (kg/kg) 3.16b 3.69a 0.02 <0.01The weaning age affects the feed consumption of piglets In eachperiod (from the birth to weaning and from weaning to 42 day-old), the feedconsumption of weaned piglets at 21 days of age is higher than that ofweaned piglets at 35 days of age However, to produce 1 kg of 42-day-oldpiglets, the feed consumption depends heavily on feed consumption of sow.Early weaned piglets (21 days of age) because the numbers of lactating days

of sows are less than, by which the average feed consumption/1 kg of day-old piglets is 3.36 kg (14.51%) which is lower than that of weaning at

42-35 days of age due to the number of lactating of sow is much more

3.3 The effect of diets on the growth and the feed efficiency of piglets

3.3.1 The effect of diets on the growth capacity of piglets

Table 3.8: The effect of diets on the growth capacity of piglets

Weight of weaned piglets (kg/each) 5,96 5,99 0,07 0,47Weight of 42-day-old piglets (kg/each) 9.70b 9.98a 0.03 <0.01Weight gain from the birth to weaning (g/day) 188.47 188.83 0.96 0.85Weightgain from weaning to 42-day-old (g/day) 303.76b 318.55a 5.31 <0.01Weight gain from birth to 42-day-old (g/day) 212.23b 218.98a 0.61 <0.01The diets do not affect the weight increasing of pigets in the periodfrom the birth to weaned piglets, therefore there is no difference in theweaning weight when piglets are fed with different diets Meanwhile, in the