Automotive mechanics (volume i)(part 5, chapter33) service and maintenance

Service and maintenance 589 Servicing new vehicles 590 New vehicle services 590 Scheduled maintenance services 590 Maintenance items 592 Service intervals 597 Special services 598 General service and repairs 598 Lifting and jacking 598 Towing and recovering 600 Technical terms 601 Review questions 601

Service and maintenance

Chapter 33

Servicing new vehicles

New vehicle services

Scheduled maintenance services

Maintenance items

Service intervals

Special services

General service and repairs

Lifting and jacking

Towing and recovering

Technical terms

Review questions

A number of different types of services are performed

on motor vehicles The types of service and the

requirements are outlined in this chapter Also

included are methods of handling vehicles during

servicing.

Servicing new vehicles

There are two services that are performed on new

vehicles One of these is a predelivery service, where

the vehicle is prepared for sale and delivery The other

is a first service after delivery and when the vehicle

has covered around 2000 km.

Predelivery service

A predelivery service is performed on a new vehicle

prior to it being delivered to the customer During this

service, the complete vehicle is checked to ensure that

everything is operating correctly and that the vehicle is

clean and ready for delivery.

Adequate predelivery service is essential if owner

complaints are to be avoided Corrections and

adjust-ments that are made before the vehicle is delivered do

not concern the owner who, in any case, is unaware of

them.

This is not the case with problems that arise once

the vehicle has been delivered The owner is very

much aware of these, as even small problems can

cause inconvenience, while large or persistent

problems can cause dissatisfaction with the vehicle.

A predelivery inspection includes items related to

the exterior of the vehicle, the interior of the vehicle,

the underside of the vehicle and the engine

compart-ment It also includes a road test to check vehicle

performance.

Predelivery schedule

A general predelivery schedule is shown in Table 33.1.

This lists a number of items that should be checked

under each of the headings previously mentioned.

New vehicle services

The first service is usually performed on a new vehicle

after it has travelled 2000 km During this service,

items that are liable to settle-in during initial vehicle

operation are checked and adjusted.

This service inspection is provided free of cost to

the vehicle owner, except for the oil filter, oils and

greases.

Warranty

New vehicles are covered by a manufacturer’s warranty This is for a specified period of months or years, and for a maximum number of kilometres, whichever occurs first.

During this period, the manufacturer, through the dealer, will either repair or replace any parts found to

be defective through faulty workmanship or material Warranties do not cover damage or failures caused by negligence or lack of maintenance.

Scheduled maintenance services

The term maintenance refers to work that is performed

to retain the various parts of the vehicle in a normal operating condition.

Scheduled maintenance refers to maintenance that

is done on a regular basis according to a schedule Scheduled maintenance not only prevents breakdowns, but also extends the service life of the vehicle components.

Maintenance schedules vary for different vehicles, but an example of the items that are included in a schedule is shown as Table 33.2 These are for a passenger car or light commercial vehicle.

The schedule is for each 15 000 km or each twelve months, whichever comes first, although some vehicles have a schedule for each 10 000 km or six months The sections of the schedule are divided into a number of related parts, such as: engine, fuel system, ignition system, battery and electrical, and so on The schedule shown is a very general one and there will be variations for particular vehicles Some of these will depend on whether the vehicle is a front-wheel drive or a rear-wheel drive, whether it has manual or automatic transmission, whether the engine has a carburettor or fuel injection and whether it has a petrol

or a diesel engine.

Schedule codes

In the schedule, the various operations that have to be carried out are designated by codes, and this avoids lengthy descriptions The codes consist of the letters A,

I, L, R and T, which are interpreted as follows:

A – Adjust

Carry out recommended adjustments according to specifications This can apply to precise adjustments such as engine valve adjustment, or resetting or repositioning a small part.

table 31.1 Predelivery inspection list

VEHICLE EXTERIOR

■ Tighten wheel nuts

■ Adjust tyre pressures to specifications

■ Check wheel covers

■ Inspect body weather strips

■ Inspect glass and exterior bright parts

■ Check paint for damage

■ Check fit of doors and panels

■ Check operation of bonnet-release and lock

■ Check headlamps, parking lamps and rear lamps

■ Check turn-signal lamps and warning-hazard

operation

VEHICLE ON HOIST

■ Check manual transmission oil level

■ Check rear-axle oil level (rear-wheel-drive vehicle)

■ Check tyres for damage

■ Inspect steering linkage and suspension

■ Inspect fuel lines and connections

■ Inspect hydraulic brake lines, hoses and fittings

■ Check exhaust system mountings

■ Check all underside hardware for looseness or

damage

UNDER BONNET – ENGINE STOPPED

■ Check engine oil level

■ Check brake master-cylinder reservoir, and

connections for leaks

■ Check clutch master cylinder reservoir (hydraulic

clutch control)

■ Check manual transaxle oil level (front-wheel-drive

vehicle)

■ Check radiator and coolant reservoir levels

■ Check cooling system and heater hoses and

connections

■ Check oil level in steering box (where appropriate)

■ Check power steering reservoir

■ Check all drive belts for tension

■ Check throttle linkage or cable

■ Check windscreen-washer reservoir level

■ Check battery terminals and electrolyte level

■ Check all other hoses, fittings and components

UNDER BONNET – ENGINE RUNNING AND AT NORMAL TEMPERATURE

■ Check automatic transmission fluid level

■ Check ignition timing

■ Check idle speed and CO at idle

INTERIOR OF VEHICLE

■ Check operation of ignition switch and steering lock

■ Check operation of the parking brake and gear lever

■ Check inhibitor switch (automatic transmission)

■ Check operation of interior lights from all switches

■ Check instruments, indicator and warning-light operation

■ Check operation of electric windows and mirrors

■ Check operation of window winders and door locks

■ Check horn, windscreen wiper and washer

■ Check operation of radio and antenna

■ Check other audio equipment as fitted

■ Check front-seat controls for operation

■ Check seat belts, retractors and emergency locking

■ Inspect upholstery, interior trim and finish

ROAD TEST

■ Check clutch operation

■ Check brake operation

■ Check steering of vehicle

■ Check gearshifts, manual and automatic transmissions

■ Check operation of meters and gauges

■ Check general engine performance

■ Check for squeaks, rattles or unusual noises

■ Check heater and defroster operation

■ Check air-conditioner operation

AFTER ROAD TEST

■ Remove protective covers from interior

■ Check provision of handbook, tools and spare tyre

■ Check and clean vehicle as necessary

I – Inspect

Perform a visual inspection, or check and correct any

faults that are found by adjusting or renewing as

necessary.

■ A visual inspection implies a close examination of

the particular part for wear, deterioration or

damage.

L – Lubricate

This applies to lubricating ball joints and linkages and

also to applying lubricant to such items as cables and

controls It also relates to repacking of bearings with

grease.

R – Renew or change

Some parts, such as filters, are designed to be discarded

and replaced with a new part at regular intervals This

applies to air filters, oil filters and fuel filters.

Engine oil is changed at regular intervals In some

instances, transmission oil is also changed.

Certain parts may have a limited service life, and

the manufacturer will recommend that such parts are

renewed at a particular service period Spark plugs

are an example.

T – Tighten

This applies mainly to the bolts and nuts on the

chassis, body, steering and suspension Nuts and bolts

are checked for tightness Some have to be tightened to

a specified torque.

A check of the tightness of engine bolts and nuts,

such as manifold bolts and engine mounting bolts, may

be recommended.

Maintenance items

The following paragraphs outline each of the items

listed in the maintenance schedule (Table 33.2) The

paragraphs are numbered and these correspond with

the item number in the maintenance schedule.

Engine

1 Valve clearance

The valve clearances are checked and adjusted to

specifications This is usually done with the engine

warm.

This item only refers to engines with screw-type

adjustments It does not generally apply to engines

with hydraulic tappets or bucket-type tappets.

2 Manifold bolts

Bolts or nuts that attach the manifolds to the cylinder head are checked for tightness to ensure that there are

no leaks Also the bolts or nuts that secure the exhaust pipe to the manifold flange are checked.

3 Drive belts

Driving belts for the fan, alternator, air conditioner and power steering should be checked for wear, deterior-ation and adjustment Belts in doubtful condition should be renewed.

Check the deflection of the belt at a point midway between pulleys, and adjust the belt tension if the deflection is excessive.

4 Engine oil

The engine oil should be drained and the oil filter changed at scheduled intervals The crankcase is then refilled with the correct quantity of new oil of the recommended grade and type.

After refilling, start the engine and check for leaks around the oil filter seal After stopping the engine, the oil level should be checked and, if necessary, topped up.

The schedule shows that the oil should be changed

at each 15 000 km or twelve months, but for some vehicles, the periods are 10 000 km or six months More frequent oil changes are recommended for severe driving conditions.

■ These are described later in the section ‘Service intervals’.

5 Oil filter

The oil filter is removed and replaced with a new filter

at the same time that the oil is changed The filter removes small particles of foreign matter from the oil

as it is being circulated in the lubricating system If the filter is not replaced, it would eventually clog up After the engine oil has been changed and the engine started, the filter and the oil pan plug should be checked to ensure that there are no oil leaks.

6 Oil leaks

The engine should be checked for oil leaks from the filter, valve cover, oil pan, and crankcase seals.

7 Cooling system

Check the coolant level in the reservoir and top up if not at the correct level Coolant should be above the minimum mark in the reservoir.

Check cooling-system hoses and connections.

Hoses that are swollen or cracked should be renewed.

The check should include all heater hoses as well as

cooling hoses.

The radiator core should be checked for obstructions

that could reduce the flow of air To clean the core, air

can be blown through the core from the rear.

Check the water pump for leaks and the fan for

condition.

8 Engine coolant

Coolant should be drained and the system flushed when scheduled While doing this, the heater tempera-ture control should be moved to the hot position so that coolant will drain from the heater.

The system should be refilled with coolant con-sisting of deionised water or rainwater, with the correct amount of antifreeze and corrosion inhibitor added.

■ A similar mixture should be used for topping up the cooling system Adding water only will dilute the coolant.

table 33.2 Maintenance schedule (general)

SERVICE INTERVALS KILOMETRES ¥¥ 1000 2 15 30 45 60

MONTHS 12 24 36 48

E

Engiin ne e

F

Fuell s syys stte em m – – p pe ettrro oll

F

Fuell s syys stte em m – – d diie esell

IIg gn niittiio on n s syys stte em m – – p pe ettrro oll

21 Distributor and cables I I I I I

B

Ba atttte erryy a an nd d e elle ec cttrriic ca all

26 Power windows and mirrors I I I I I

SERVICE INTERVALS KILOMETRES ¥¥ 1000 2 15 30 45 60

MONTHS 12 24 36 48

E

Em miis ss siio on n c co on nttrro olls s**

30 Other emission controls I I I I I B

Brra akes s a an nd d ttrra ansm miis ss siio on n

33 Brake linings and pads I I I I I

38 Automatic transmission I I I I I

S Stte ee erriin ng g a an nd d s suspen ns siio on n

O Otth he err iitte ems

49 Bolts and nuts on body

* as appropriate for the particular vehicle

Note: On completion of 60 000 km, the schedule is repeated

Fuel system – petrol

9 Idle speed

Check that the engine idles evenly at an appropriate

speed If it is necessary to adjust the idle speed it

should be set in accordance with the emission-control

information for the particular vehicle.

This information is shown on a decal which is

attached to a body panel in the engine compartment.

The information is also shown in the vehicle owner’s

manual and in service manuals.

10 Air cleaner

Visually inspect the air cleaner and then clean

care-fully by blowing lightly with air If the filter is dirty or

damaged, it should be replaced Replace the filter as

recommended in the schedule for the particular

vehicle.

11 Choke operation

On a carburettor engine, the manual choke should

be checked, ensuring that the cable is correctly

adjusted.

The operation of an automatic choke can be

checked by noting the position of the choke valve

when the engine is cold and also when hot.

12 Fuel filter

If a line filter is fitted, it should be replaced as

scheduled On installation, ensure that inlet and outlet

hoses are correctly installed and that there are no fuel

leaks.

13 Fuel lines

Carry out a general check of the fuel system hoses,

pipes and connections Check for damage,

deterior-ation and possible leaks.

14 Fuel tank cap

The fuel cap should be in good condition and of the

correct type The washer should seal on the filler neck

of the tank If a cap has to be replaced, it must be the

same as the original.

Fuel system – diesel

15 Fuel lines

Check connections to the filter, fuel pump and

injection pump Check injector pipes for tightness and

leaks.

16 Fuel filters

Clean or replace filters as required and drain water from the sedimentor Then prime and bleed the system Check the filter seals and plugs for leaks.

17 Air cleaner

Renew or clean the air cleaner, including any precleaner that is fitted Check air hoses and ducts to ensure that unfiltered air cannot leak into the intake system.

18 Injectors

Check the operation of the injectors at the specified periods Operation can be checked on the vehicle, but for major maintenance, injectors must be removed for bench testing and setting on an injector tester.

19 Injection timing

Check as scheduled for the particular engine It is not normally a routine procedure.

Ignition system – petrol

20 Spark plugs

Clean and test the spark plugs Adjust the spark plug gap Fit new plugs at the specified periods or when doubtful under test.

Some spark plugs are designed for extended periods

of service and are only replaced each 40 000 km.

■ New spark plugs must be of the same type and have the same heat range as the originals.

21 Distributor and cables

Clean the outside of the distributor cap and ensure that the HT cables are tight Direct ignition systems do not require servicing except for ensuring that the coil is clean and that the cables are in good condition.

For ignition systems with contact points, remove the cap and clean inside and also clean the rotor Inspect the cap for cracks or damage When the cap is installed, ensure that the ends of the spark plug cables are pushed firmly into the cap.

Inspect the contact points for wear and pitting and adjust Renew if necessary Check dwell and reset the ignition timing.

Check the timing with a timing light and adjust as necessary.

Check the vacuum or other ignition advance mechanism for operation This can usually be done in conjunction with ignition timing.

22 Ignition timing

Check the ignition timing where specified Some

systems are preset and do not require service checks.

Battery and electrical

23 Battery

Inspect the battery case for damage and the terminals

for looseness and corrosion.

Clean the battery and carrier with a solution of

baking soda and water, taking care that none of the

solution enters the battery Apply a coating of grease to

the battery terminals.

Check the level of the electrolyte in the battery and

measure its density with a hydrometer Top up the cells

with deionised water.

24 Lighting

Check the operation of all the lights, including

indicator lights, hazard warning and stop light.

25 Instruments

A visual check should be made of the indicator lights,

warning lights and instruments to ensure that they are

all operating.

26 Power windows and mirrors

Check the operation of the power windows and

mirrors, also the door locks.

Emission controls

27 Emission hoses

Inspect the hoses and connections of the

emission-control components for condition and fitment.

28 Charcoal canister

Check connections to the canister, or replace the

canister if this is specified for the particular vehicle.

29 PCV system

Check for correct operation of the positive crankcase

ventilation valve Clean or replace as necessary.

30 Other emission controls

There are many variations in the design and range of

emission controls These include exhaust gas

recirculating (EGR) and air injection systems.

For this reason, information should be obtained

from the relevant workshop manual.

Brakes and transmission

31 Brake fluid

Check the fluid reservoir for the correct fluid level Change the fluid in the system at the service period specified.

32 Brake lines and hoses

Inspect brake lines and hoses for leaks Check that the hoses are clear of the wheels and other components.

33 Brake linings and pads

For disc brakes, check the pads for wear and the discs for scoring If worn, renew the pads If badly scored, have the discs ground.

With drum brakes, check the linings for wear and the drums for scoring Drums can be ground if scoring

is excessive Adjust the brake shoes if an adjustment is provided.

34 Brake pedal

Check the pedal free play and also the pedal travel Make the check with the engine running so that the brake booster is in operation Also check the operation

of the brake booster.

If the vehicle has drum brakes with adjusters, make the necessary adjustments if the brake pedal goes too close to the floor.

35 Parking brake

Apply the parking brake to check its distance of travel Adjust if the travel is excessive.

36 Clutch

Check the clutch-pedal free play, or the free play of the release lever at the clutch housing Adjust if required For a clutch with hydraulic control, check the fluid level in the master cylinder and top up if necessary Check for hydraulic leaks Change the fluid where specified.

37 Manual transmission

Check the level of the oil in the transmission or transaxle, and top up if necessary Check for oil leaks There are different methods of checking the oil level With transmissions it is checked by removing a level plug, but some transaxles have different methods Where specified, change the transmission oil.

38 Automatic transmission

Check the level of the automatic transmission fluid This should be done with the transmission hot The

level should be above the low marks on the dipstick If

the level is low, check for leaks.

■ Check the colour and odour of the fluid Fluid that

is dark in colour or has a burnt odour should be

changed.

39 Drive line

Check the drive line components of the particular

vehicle Different arrangements will be used for

rear-wheel-drive, front-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive

vehicles.

Check propeller shaft universal joints for looseness

and wear Check the condition of the boots of

constant-velocity joints Check drive-shaft seals for signs of

leaks.

Provision is made for lubrication of universal joints

on some light commercial vehicles and

four-wheel-drive vehicles This should be performed as scheduled.

40 Final drive

Check the rear-axle oil level Check for leaks at

gaskets and seals Check that the vent on the rear axle

housing or differential housing is clear.

■ With front-wheel drives, the final drive is part of

the transaxle assembly and does not require

separate service.

Steering and suspension

41 Steering linkage

Check the rotational free play of the steering wheel.

Check the linkage ball joints for looseness and wear.

Lubricate the ball joints if there is provision to do so.

42 Wheel alignment

Check the alignment of the steering and suspension as

scheduled, or if tyre wear indicates misalignment Also

check the front-end alignment if steering is difficult or

if steering or suspension parts are renewed.

■ The rear wheels should also be checked for

alignment if there is irregular tyre wear.

43 Steering box or housing

Check a worm-type steering box for oil level and

possible leaks With a rack-and-pinion steering, check

the condition of the boots – there is no check for

lubrication.

For power steering, check the fluid level and

operation of the system.

44 Front suspension

Check suspension ball joints for wear and inspect the boots for damage Where provision is made, lubricate the suspension ball joints.

Check the shock absorber or strut for leaks, and check the condition of the shock absorber mountings Inspect other parts of the suspension for wear and damage.

45 Front-wheel bearings

At the scheduled service, clean and repack the front-wheel bearings with grease This applies mainly to rear-wheel-drive vehicles with tapered roller bearings Many front-wheel bearings are packed with grease and cannot be dismantled for servicing.

46 Rear-wheel bearings

With some front-wheel-drive vehicles, the rear-wheel bearings can be cleaned and repacked in a similar way

to the front-wheel bearings noted above Other rear-wheel bearings cannot be dismantled.

The rear-wheel bearings of rear-wheel-drive vehicles are usually sealed and cannot be serviced This applies to both rigid rear axles and independent rear suspension.

47 Rear suspension

Check the bushes and mountings of the rear-suspension parts Bounce the vehicle to check shock absorber operation Check the shock absorber rubber bushes Look for signs of oil around a shock absorber that could indicate that it is inoperative If necessary, disconnect or remove the shock absorber to check its operation.

48 Tyres and wheels

Inspect the tyres for cuts, bruises and for sharp objects embedded in the tread Check tyre inflation.

Check for tyre wear and, if the need is indicated, carry out a front-end alignment.

Where recommended, or where the tyre wear is not uniform, rotate the tyres to even up the wear.

Inspect the wheels for rim damage, and check the wheel nuts for tightness.

Other items

49 Bolts and nuts on body and chassis

Check and generally tighten all bolts and nuts which secure various parts to the body, chassis or subframes Use a torque wrench where a torque is specified.

50 Exhaust system

Check the various parts of the exhaust system for

condition and possible leaks at the pipe joints.

Check the mountings for condition and check that

there is clearance between the parts of the exhaust

system and the body or suspension.

Service intervals

The service intervals, that is, the periods between

scheduled maintenance services, are shown in Table

33.2 as 15 000 km or twelve months These are the

intervals for a passenger or light commercial vehicle

operating under normal conditions.

For a vehicle operating under what are classed as

severe driving conditions, the service interval on

some items is reduced to half that shown in the

schedule Severe driving conditions can include the

following:

1 towing a caravan or trailer

2 repeated short trips or infrequent use

3 operating on dusty roads

4 operating in rough, sandy or muddy conditions

5 driving for a prolonged period in extremely cold

weather.

Items requiring more frequent service

Some items of the schedule that could require more

frequent service because of severe operating conditions

are listed below.

■ Severe operating conditions could apply during a

particular service period only, where a vehicle is

being used in other than its normal conditions.

Engine oil and filter

The engine oil deteriorates much more rapidly under

the severe conditions noted, and so the oil and oil filter

should be changed more frequently than normal The

engine oil also deteriorates on a time basis because

certain chemicals in the oil continue to do their job

whether the engine is running or not.

Air filter

The engine air filter is designed to collect dust and

prevent it from entering the engine, but under severe

conditions, the filter could become restricted and so

reduce the flow of air to the engine.

Clutch

A vehicle used for towing or short trips will have greater use made of its clutch and gears The clutch adjustment and operating mechanism (cable or hydraulic) will probably require more frequent attention because of this.

Brakes

Brakes are used to a greater extent than usual during towing and on short trips Brake pads and linings will therefore wear more rapidly and require more frequent inspections This also applies to rough or dusty conditions where dust and grit could cause more rapid wear.

Steering and suspension

Steering and suspension components are subjected to increased shock loads in rough driving conditions For this reason, ball joints should be checked for wear and, where provision is made, lubricated more often than usual.

Boots on suspension and steering parts should be checked for damage.

Transmission oils

Where greater loads are imposed on transmission lubricants, an oil change period is usually specified Under severe conditions, automatic transmission fluid should be changed periodically, preferably before its colour becomes dark or it has a burnt odour.

Drive line and final drive

Universal joints should be inspected for looseness and wear that could result from increased loads Lubricant

in the final drive should be checked or changed as specified.

Boots on universal joints of front-wheel-drive vehicles should be inspected for deterioration and damage.

Chassis and body bolts

Rough conditions produce vibration that could loosen bolts and nuts on the body or chassis.

Wheels and tyres

Wheel nuts should be checked for tightness, and tyres should be checked for damage and wear Abnormal tyre wear could be caused by severe operating conditions.

Special services

Some components require maintenance for particular

purposes These can be seasonal requirements, checks

before or after a long trip, or checks or adjustments

following vehicle damage.

Some maintenance items are required on a seasonal

basis Air-conditioning service and cooling-system

service are likely to be carried out just before summer.

In very cold climates, the antifreeze in the cooling

system would be checked before winter.

Batteries perform better in warmer conditions, so

battery and related electrical service is more likely to

be required at the onset of winter.

Vehicle recall service

In certain instances, new vehicles are recalled for a

particular service This occurs where a vehicle

manu-facturer considers that a component of the vehicle is

below the normal standard.

The owners of vehicles of the make and model

concerned are advised, and the vehicle is returned to

the dealer for the recall repair or service Recalls are

associated with safety, premature wear, or possible

failure of a component.

General service and repairs

This type of service includes a variety of maintenance

items and repairs These are carried out as they occur,

compared with scheduled services which are planned.

The need for service can arise because of wear and tear

from normal use, or from a component failure.

Service and repairs can also be required because of

accident damage, lack of maintenance, operating

conditions or driver abuse.

Lifting and jacking

Vehicles have specified jacking points at which they

can be lifted and supported The locations vary with

different models of vehicles but, in general, are those

parts of the body and suspension which are strong

enough to support the weight of the vehicle without

damage.

Jacking and lifting includes using the jack supplied

with the vehicle, using workshop floor jacks, using

stands to support the vehicle, and raising the vehicle on

a hoist.

Examples of the use of jacks and hoists are

included in the following paragraphs, and these can

be used as a general guide However, for particular vehicles, the maker’s recommendations should always

be followed.

■ Jacking or lifting at locations other than those recommended by the manufacturer could bend body panels or distort parts of the suspension or subframe.

Using the vehicle jack

Figure 33.1 shows a pantograph jack being used under the door sill panel of a passenger car This type of jack

is often supplied with the vehicle The jack is being used at the nominated jacking point at the rear of the sill to raise a rear wheel A similar location at the front

of the sill is used to raise a front wheel.

The jacking points are identified on some vehicles

by beads on the sill flange This part of the sill is reinforced to accept the load, but other parts of the sill will bend if the jack is used there.

Screw-type jacks are supplied with some light commercial vehicles Where the vehicle has a rigid rear axle, the jack can be used under the rear-axle housing close to the wheel being raised (Figure 33.2) The front can be raised by placing the jack under the front crossmember.

When using a vehicle jack, the vehicle should be on

as level a surface as possible, the parking brake should

be applied and the transmission should be in low gear,

or in park for an automatic transmission The wheel diagonally opposite the one being raised should be chocked.

Workshop floor jacks

A workshop jack can be used under sill panels at the same locations as a vehicle jack, providing a suitable

figure 33.1 Pantograph-type vehicle jack located at the

jacking point under the sill panel MITSUBISHI