Writers choice (vocabulary and spelling strategies and practice) grade 11

Vocabulary and Spelling Strategies and Practice Grade 11 Vocabulary for Writing in the Real World Eyewitness to a Hurricane 1 Where Her Characters Come From. 2 Discovery in the Digs . . . . 3 More Than a Baseball Story. . . . . . . 4 When the World Wants to Know. . . 5 A Plea for the Rights of Native Ancestors . . . . 6 Literature Vocabulary Black Ice . . . . . . 7 An American Childhood . . 8 “The Signature” 9 “The Case of Harry Houdini” . . . . 10 The Soul of a New Machine . . . . . . 11 “Of Accidental Judgments and Casual Slaughters”. . 12 Learning from Context Learning from Context: Example . 13 Learning from Context: Comparison . . . . . . 14 Word Roots and Compounds Word Roots and Base Words . . . . . 15 Latin Roots I . 16 Latin Roots II . 17 Latin Roots III 18 Latin Roots IV . . . . . . .. 19 Greek Roots . . 20 Compound Words . . . . . 21 Prefixes Prefixes Meaning “Not” . 22 Prefixes That Tell When. 23 Prefixes That Tell Where or How. . 24 Prefixes That Tell How Much or How Well. . 25 Suffixes Changing Meaning with Suffixes. . 26 Suffix Patterns I ment, er . . . . . 27 Suffix Patterns II ify, ification, ifier . . . . 28 Suffix Patterns III ate, ation, ator. . . . . . 29 Suffix Patterns IV ion, ive wwo spelling changes. . 30 Suffix Patterns V ation, er . . . . 31 Suffix Patterns VI ant, ent; ance, ence . 32 Suffix Patterns VII ant, ent; ancy, ency. 33 Suffix Patterns VIII ate, acy . . . 34 Using the Dictionary and Thesaurus Using the Dictionary: Multiple Meanings. . . 35 Using the Thesaurus: Synonyms . . 36 Using the Dictionary:Word Origins . . . . . . . 37 Using Spelling Rules Spelling ie and ei . . . . . . 38 Spelling cede, ceed, and sede . . . 39 Spelling Unstressed Vowels . . . . . . 40 Adding Prefixes . . . . . . . 41 Suffixes and the Silent e . 42 Suffixes and the Final y . 43 Doubling the Final Consonant . . . 44 Adding ly . . . 45 Adding ness . . 46 Forming Compound Words . . . . . 47 Forming Plurals: General Rules. . . 48 Forming Plurals: Special Rules . . . 49 Mastering Troublesome Words Words Easily Confused . 50 Frequently Misspelled Words I . . . 51 Frequently Misspelled Words II. . . 52 Answers . 53

Strategies and Practice

Grade 11

Eyewitness to a Hurricane 1

Where Her Characters Come From 2

Discovery in the Digs 3

More Than a Baseball Story 4

When the World Wants to Know 5

A Plea for the Rights of Native Ancestors 6

Literature Vocabulary Black Ice 7

An American Childhood 8

“The Signature” 9

“The Case of Harry Houdini” 10

The Soul of a New Machine 11

“Of Accidental Judgments and Casual Slaughters” 12

Learning from Context Learning from Context: Example 13

Learning from Context: Comparison 14

Word Roots and Compounds Word Roots and Base Words 15

Latin Roots I 16

Latin Roots II 17

Latin Roots III 18

Latin Roots IV 19

Greek Roots 20

Compound Words 21

Prefixes Prefixes Meaning “Not” 22

Prefixes That Tell When 23

Prefixes That Tell Where or How 24

Prefixes That Tell How Much or How Well 25

Changing Meaning with Suffixes 26

Suffix Patterns I [-ment, -er] 27

Suffix Patterns II [-ify, -ification, -ifier] 28

Suffix Patterns III [-ate, -ation, -ator] 29

Suffix Patterns IV [-ion, -ive w/wo spelling changes] 30

Suffix Patterns V [-ation, -er] 31

Suffix Patterns VI [-ant, -ent; -ance, -ence] 32

Suffix Patterns VII [-ant, -ent; -ancy, -ency] 33

Suffix Patterns VIII [-ate, -acy] 34

Using the Dictionary and Thesaurus Using the Dictionary: Multiple Meanings 35

Using the Thesaurus: Synonyms 36

Using the Dictionary: Word Origins 37

Using Spelling Rules Spelling ie and ei 38

Spelling -cede, -ceed, and -sede 39

Spelling Unstressed Vowels 40

Adding Prefixes 41

Suffixes and the Silent e 42

Suffixes and the Final y 43

Doubling the Final Consonant 44

Adding -ly 45

Adding -ness 46

Forming Compound Words 47

Forming Plurals: General Rules 48

Forming Plurals: Special Rules 49

Mastering Troublesome Words Words Easily Confused 50

Frequently Misspelled Words I 51

Frequently Misspelled Words II 52

Answers 53

Use with Writing in the Real World, pp 4–7.

Complete each sentence so that the meaning of the underlined word is clear Use a dictionary

if needed

Listed below are some of the words that are important for understanding Writing in the Real Worldand words relating to boating Say each word on the list to yourself

Key Information

Use with Writing in the Real World, pp 48–51

Listed below are some of the words that are important for understanding Writing in the Real World

and words related to creating cartoons Say each word on the list to yourself

Key Information

Use with Writing in the Real World, pp 124–127.

Complete each sentence below by selecting the appropriate word or words from the above list

on many forests

Answer the following questions using words from the list Each answer should be a complete sentence

Listed below are some of the words that are important for understanding Writing in the Real Worldand words related to archaeology Say each word on the list to yourself

Key Information

Use with Writing in the Real World, pp 168–171.

Complete each word cluster by writing a word from the list that is closely associated with the

other two words or phrases

Complete each sentence so that the meaning of the underlined word or phrase is clear

Use a dictionary to check meanings as needed

the century

Listed below are some of the words that are important for understanding Writing in the Real World

and many words related to baseball Say each word on the list to yourself

Key Information

Use with Writing in the Real World, pp 210–213.

Ranges are groups of related words such as morning, afternoon, evening; animal, vegetable, mineral; and cool, warm, hot Add a word from the list that forms a range with the other

two words Then write the word on the line to the right of the range

heart is

7. That candidate is not likely to win the election because he has developed an image as _

Listed below are some of the words that are important for understanding Writing in the Real Worldand words related to writing Say each word on the list to yourself

Key Information

Use with Writing in the Real World, pp 266–269

Complete each sentence with a synonym for the word in parentheses

(believability)

(political power)

(secluded)

■ B Word Pairs

Choose a word from the list that fits each definition Then write a sentence for that word

Be sure to underline the word in the sentence

1. Persuading legislators to act in favor of a proposal _

3. Return to one’s own country _

4. Man who expresses or speaks in favor of the ideas of a group

Listed below are some of the words that are important for understanding Writing in the Real World

and words related to the law Say each word on the list to yourself

sequestered determined advocate dispassionate

Key Information

Use with Unit 1, pp 40–44.

Complete each sentence with a word from the list You may need to change the form ofthe word

responsibilities to the people

of students

auditorium to quiet down

light as his arm swung back and forth

For each description write two words from the list Then choose one of the words and write

a sentence on the second line

Listed below are some of the words that are important for understanding the Literature selection Sayeach word on the list to yourself

Key Information

Use with Unit 2, pp 104–109.

Write one word from the list that fits each of the following descriptions

■ B Clarifying Meaning

Complete each sentence so that the meaning of the underlined word is clear

Listed below are some of the words that are important for understanding the Literature selection Say

each word on the list to yourself

enterprise visionaries improvise dumbstruck ostracismportulaca scathing andirons connoisseur

Key Information

Use with Unit 3, pp 156–164.

basically good (strong belief)

of the field (edge)

the kitchen table (remains)

Listed below are some of the words that are important for understanding the Literature selection Sayeach word on the list to yourself

Key Information

Use with Unit 4, pp 198–206.

Complete each sentence so that the meaning of the underlined word is clear

Listed below are some of the words that are important for understanding the Literature selection Say

each word on the list to yourself

Key Information

Use with Unit 5, pp 256–262.

Rewrite each sentence substituting a synonym from the list for the underlined word or phrase

personality

Listed below are some of the words that are important for understanding the Literature selection Sayeach word on the list to yourself

attainments commensurate geophysics constitute protoplasm salutarymystique conglomerate quantify silicon abetted insidiousbenign prosaic meteorology vulnerable diagnose banal

Key Information

Use with Unit 6, pp 310–320.

Find a more formal synonym from the list for each underlined word below Write the word on

the blank line

ones they have ever owned

for millions of people _

Listed below are some of the words that are important for understanding the Literature selection Say

each word on the list to yourself Then answer the questions that follow

parable nonlethal detonation fission lament momentumconsensus resolute specter pivotal unanimity reflectinertia muse consumed testify inadequate virtually

Key Information

■ A Practice

Use the clue words indicating example to figure out the meaning of each underlined word

Write the word and its meaning in your own words on the blank Then consult a dictionary

to verify the word’s meaning

touched a thing

sympathetically; these benevolent acts are the reason why everyone loves her

_, will always demean the reputation of a sports team

When you come across an unfamiliar word in your reading, you can often find a clue to its meaning inthe surrounding words, or context In this sentence, clue words can help you determine the meaning

Below are some other clue words that signal examples:

such as these for exampleincluding other especially

Key Information

■ A Naming Synonyms

Use the clue words indicating comparison to figure out the meaning of each underlined word

Then write a synonym for the word on the blank line

his raincoat; also he surmised that it was I who had borrowed it

women were crying out, one right after the other

actress Greta Garbo had an enigmatic air

■ B Identifying Connotations

By studying the comparison, figure out the meaning of each underlined word Then decide

whether the word has a positive or negative connotation Write positive or negative on the

blank line

around

and Clyde are now infamous characters in American crime

sayings “Better safe than sorry” and “Waste not, want not.”

hostess

up on the wrong side of the bed

When you come across an unfamiliar word in your reading, there may be clue words that signal

a comparison to something you already know Study this example

The dead fish looked as bloated as if it had been pumped full of air.

The clue word as tells you that bloated means something similar to being pumped up with air Thus

you can conclude that bloated means “puffed out.” Below are other words that signal comparison.

Key Information

■ A Recognizing Word Families

On the line, write a word that contains the same root as the other two words listed Do not useany words that appear on this page

Unlike word roots, base words can stand alone as words But they can also take prefixes or

suffixes to form other words For example, by adding the prefix dis-, you can change the base word trust into the word distrust Some other common prefixes are un-, pre-, re-, de-, and in-.

Some common suffixes are -en, -ful, -fy, -ize, and -ment Add a prefix or suffix to each base

word to spell another word You may need to change a letter of the base word

The main part of a word is its root The root gives the word its central meaning When the root iscombined with a prefix or suffix (or both) the meaning of the word changes

Key Information

■ A Inferring Meaning

Following each number are two words based on one Latin root The root appears in

parentheses Study the words and try to guess the meaning of the Latin root Write your

answer on the blank line Then consult a dictionary to verify your answers

Rewrite each sentence, replacing the underlined word with a word or phrase that has the same

meaning Use the chart at the top of the page to figure out the underlined word’s meaning

Then use a dictionary to check your answer

as a star

Many word roots are based on Latin words For instance, the root am comes from the Latin word

meaning “love.” The English words amorous and amiable are built on the root am Here are some

other examples of Latin roots

Key Information

■ A Using Word Roots

Complete each sentence with a word formed on the root given in parentheses

In each sentence, the underlined word is formed on one of the Latin roots in the above list

Study the sentence to make sure you understand the meaning of the word On the blank line,write a short definition for the word

Here are more Latin word roots that appear in many English words

Key Information

■ A Inferring Meaning

Study each sentence and refer to the above list to help you figure out the meaning of the

underlined word If you need help, refer to a dictionary Then complete the sentence so

that the meaning of the word is clear

Write a synonym for each word that uses the Latin root shown in parentheses

With the addition of various prefixes and suffixes, a word root can become several different words

Key Information

■ A Using Word Roots

In each sentence below, a word is missing That word is based on the Latin root that appears inparentheses at the end of the sentence Read the sentence carefully; then write the missingword in the blank

at the scene of the crime (culp)

emotions (fus)

Each pair of words below is based on one Latin root, which appears in parentheses Study thewords and try to guess the meaning of the Latin root Write your answer on the line Thenconsult a dictionary to check your answers

Here are more Latin roots frequently occurring in English words

blood vessel

Key Information

■ A Using Words in Sentences

Complete each sentence using a word from the following list

epidemic neologism genealogy philosophical hydroplane

Each sentence contains one incomplete word Study the sentence so that you understand its

meaning Then complete the word by filling in the correct Greek root from the list below

You may use a dictionary to check your answers

shades of gray

Many English words are based on Greek roots For example, the root tel comes from the Greek word

meaning “far.” The English words telephone and telepathy are built on the root tel Below are other

common Greek roots

or “human being”

or “race”

Key Information

■ A Word Association

Complete each word cluster by adding a word from the list that is closely associated with theother two words

■ B Clarifying Meaning

Complete each sentence so that the meaning of the underlined word is clear You may refer to adictionary if needed

Compounds are words made up of two or more base words The base words may be different parts

of speech, but usually at least one is a noun Both (or all) of the base words contribute to the meaning

of the compound

Compounds can be formed in three different ways One is by combining the base words into a single

word, as in firefighter A second way is by hyphenating the base words, as in old-fashioned Finally,

a compound may simply combine the base words in a phrase, such as ice cream To be sure that you

form a compound correctly, check in a dictionary

Key Information

■ A Adding Prefixes

Add the correct prefix from the above list to reverse the meaning of the word in parentheses

If you are not sure of the correct answer, refer to a dictionary Write the new word on the

she had won (modest)

_ (similar)

_ (logical)

For each sentence, add a base word to the prefix in parentheses that will make sense in

the sentence

refund (dis-)

taken for a ride in a spacecraft (in-)

to the point you are trying to make (ir-)

Prefixes are attached to the beginnings of words to change their meanings The following prefixes

mean “not,” or reverse the meaning of the word to which they are attached

■ A Completing Sentences

Complete each sentence with a word from the above list

its ascent into space

than their income was during their years of employment

voted as they did

school students

From the list of words above, choose a prefixed word that can replace the underlined phrase in

each sentence Then rewrite the sentence, placing the prefixed word before the noun.

when you actually see it

care after that time

than do elementary school students

prior to beginning their jobs

Several prefixes add a time meaning to a word The most common of these prefixes are pre-, which means “before,” and post-, which means “after.” For example, a pregame picnic means “a picnic

before a game”; a postwar conference means “a conference taking place after a war.” Below are

other examples of words using the prefixes pre- and post-.

postprimary preconceived postretirementpreemployment postadolescent prelaunchpostemergency

Key Information

■ A Choosing the Correct Prefix

Each sentence contains an incomplete word that is missing a prefix Study the sentence

Then choose the correct prefix to complete the word

frozen solid

Office of Economic Development

Reject Tax Increase.”

the north and south campuses

■ B Using Prefix Clues

Complete each sentence below so that the meaning of the underlined word is clear

Several prefixes indicate place or location

or “among”

Key Information

■ A Substituting Prefixed Words

Rewrite each sentence, replacing the underlined phrase with a word that uses one of the above prefixes Attach the prefix to the base word in parentheses You may need to change the sentence in other ways as well

give some of them away (abundance) _

(zealous) _

party (dresses) _

than Brown (ranked) _

■ B Using Prefixes

Complete each sentence by adding a base word to the prefix

birth-day presents

built in that period

return the money to a customer who had over

Certain prefixes describe how much or how well Notice that the prefix out- is used when comparing two things or two people The prefix over-, on the other hand, means “exceeding a standard of what

is considered appropriate.”

or “excessively”

or “better than”

Key Information

■ A Adding the Correct Suffix

Add one of the above suffixes to the word in parentheses If you are not sure of the correct

answer or the correct spelling, refer to a dictionary Write the new word on the line

face (express)

(transform)

By adding suffixes from the above list, you can change each word below to different parts of

speech Refer to a dictionary if needed Write the new words on the lines

A suffix is a word part attached to the end of a base word The addition of a suffix creates a new

word with a new meaning It may also change the base word into a different part of speech

Sometimes part of the base word must be dropped or changed

inform + ation = information help + ful = helpful bicycle + ist = bicyclist protect + ive = protective

Forming Verbs

orchestra + ate = orchestrate short + en = shorten false + ify = falsify satire + ize = satirize

Key Information

■ B Choose the Correct Form

For each blank in the following sentences, substitute the word in parentheses or a form of the

word with a suffix New words must end in -ment or -er.

her teacher is an excellent (encourage)

Jackson and has already hired the who will plan it (develop)

that the program had been canceled (announce)

healthier and often gives just as much (enhance)

The suffixes -ment and -er can change many verbs into nouns The suffix -ment is used for an action

or its result; -er is used for an agent or instrument of an action.

develop development, developerappoint appointment, appointeradjourn adjournment, adjourner

Key Information

■ A Completing Sentences

For each blank in the following sentences, substitute the word in parentheses or a form of the

word with a suffix Words may end in -ify, -ifier, or -ification.

remember that too much _ can distort the sound (amplify)

is not great (modify)

a _ for the office lobby (beautify)

To change a verb ending in -ify into a noun, change the -ify to -ification or -ifier Study the

following example

The verb ratify means “to confirm by expressing consent or approval.”

The noun ratification means “the act or process of ratifying.”

The noun ratifier is “the person or group that does the ratifying.”

Key Information