Xác định mức năng lượng trao đổi, protein thô, lysine và methionine trong khẩu phần của gà Sao (Numida meleagris) nuôi lấy thịt ở Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long (3)_unprotected

1.2 Objectives Evaluating apparent nutrient and animo acid digestibilities in the diets using four feed ingredients soybean, soybean extraction meal, fish meal and catfish by – product

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

CAN THO UNIVERSITY

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SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS

Major: Animal science Code: 62 62 01 05

NGUYEN DONG HAI

DETERMINING METABOLIZABLE ENERGY, CRUDE PROTEIN, LYSINE AND METHIONINE IN DIETS FOR

GROWING GUINEA FOWLS (Numida

Can Tho, 2016

The thesis was completed at College of Agriculture and

Applied biology, Can Tho University

Scientific supervisors: Ass Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Kim Dong

Reviewer 1:

Reviewer 2:

Reviewer 3:

The thesis is defended in front of the University Examination Council in Can Tho University Time:………… ………

Date:……….………

Further information of the thesis could be found at:

1 Learning Resource Center of Can Tho University

2 National library of Vietnam

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Necessity

Growing Guinea fowl production is developing in the Mekong delta (MD), and giving high economic efficiency for producers However, studies on the digestibiliy of feed ingredients, especially feeds supply protein are very limited to determine feed source supporting protein effectively for growing Guinea fowls, as a basis for selecting feed to formulate diets

On the other hand, researches in the world and in Vietnam for optimum metabolized energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) in the diets to feed growing Guinea fowls gave different results Specially, the problem with the reduction in dietary protein and the supplement of crystal lysine (Lys) and methionine (Met) into the diets to decrease feed cost, influence of bird waste to environment is an important issue today Moreover, there is insufficient information in research and evaluation about digestibility identifying methods on Guinea fowls to choose the appropriate study method For these reasons, the study “Determining metabolizable energy, crude protein, lysine and methionine in diets for growing Guinea fowls

(Numida meleagris) in the Mekong delta” was carried out

1.2 Objectives

Evaluating apparent nutrient and animo acid digestibilities in the diets using four feed ingredients (soybean, soybean extraction meal, fish meal and catfish by – product meal) to find out the feed ingredients to supply protein effectively for growing Guinea fowls in the Mekong Delta; Determining optimum levels of metabolizable energy, crude protein in the diets for growing Guinea fowls;

Determining optimum levels of lysine and methionine in low CP diets for feeding growing Guinea fowls

Evaluating and comparing the total excreta digestibility (TD), caecectomised bird digestibility (CD) and ileal digestibility (ID) of nutrients and amino acids efficiently for growing Guinea fowls

1.3 Subjects and scope

Experiment (Expt) 1: Evaluation of apparent nutrient and amino acid

digestibilities of diets with soybean meal and soybean extraction meal for growing Guinea fowls

Expt 2: Evaluation of apparent nutrient and amino acid digestibility of

diets with fish meal and catfish by-product meal for growing Guinea fowls

Expt 3: Effects of dietary metabolizable energy levels on growth rate,

feed utilization, nutrient intake, carcass quality, nutrient digestibilities in growing Guinea fowls

Expt 4: Effects of dietary lysine and methionine levels on growth rate,

carcass quality, nutrient and amino acid digestibilities of growing Guinea Fowls

Expt 5: Evaluation of methods to determine nutrients and amino acid

digestibilities for growing Guinea fowls

1.4 Location and time

These researches were carried out from 2012 to 2015 These experiments were conducted at the experimental animal farm, 474c/18 Nguyen Van Linh street, Binh An area, Long Hoa ward, Binh Thuy district, Cantho city; Kiengiang community college; Department of Animal Products and Animal Feed Analysis, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS)

Evaluation and comparison of total excreta digestibility, caecectomised bird digestibility and ileal digestibility of nutrients and animo acids efficiently for growing Guinea fowls

1.6 Lay-out

The thesis has 244 pages including the introduction, the three-page content (literature review, material and methods, results and discussion),

the conclusion and suggestion, and the appendix It contains 91 data tables, 11figures and 277 references

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Guinea fowls were brought to Vietnam from the 19th century by French

as scene birds because of their beauty with small number and scattered distribution Then, in April 2002, Thuy Phuong Poultry Research Center (NIAS) imported three lines of Guinea fowls from Godollo Little Animal Research Institute (Hungary) The results showed that Guinea fowls were adaptable well and to give the good productivity in Vietnam In 2009, from the cooperation program between Cantho University (CTU) and Godollo Little Animal Research Institute, CTU received 500 Guinea fowls for researching and transferring to peoplle from other provinces in

MD

Due to Guinea fowls have been a new object in recent years, so researches on chicken in our country were quite new, rare, unsystematic Most of studies focused on the adaptation of the chicken in climate condition in Vietnam and based on growth and reproductive characteristics

Meanwhile researches and suggestions about requirements of metabolizable energy, crude protein, lysine and methionine for growing Guinea fowls were more fluctuating, such as the period of 5-8 weeks of age with 2.800-3.100 kcal ME/kg, 18-24% CP, 0.95-1.50% lysine and 0.40-0.48% methionine; 9-12 weeks of age with 2.600-3.200 kcal ME/kg, 16-20% CP, 0.79-1.30% lysine and 0.33-0.48% methionine

Moreover, there has been no research on the supplement of synthetical lysine and methionine to the diets with low crude protein on Guinea fowls This is the tendency that poultry researchers are doing to reduce expenditure and increase the efficient feed utilisation, while reducing environmental pollution by reducing excretion of nitrogen in the waste The study of the methods of determining nutrient and amino acid digestibilities on Guinea fowls was very limited, especially amino acid digestibility Therefore, the study of methods to determine apparent nutrient and amino acid digestibility of protein feeds is very necessary That helps evaluate appropriate methods to study the digestibility of

nutrients and aminio acid of feed ingredients or diets on growing Guinea fowls This will select feed ingredients and formulate diets accurately

Chapter 3: MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1 Experimental design

Experiment 1: Evaluation of apparent nutrient and amino acid digestibility of diets with soybean meal and soybean extraction meal for growing Guinea fowls

The Expt was a completely randomized design on 96 birds at 6 weeks

of age (WOA) with 2 factors and 3 replications The first factor was the protein sources of soybean and soybean extraction meal, and the second one was dietary crude protein (CP) levels of 16, 18, 20 and 22% There were 4 birds for each experimental unit The experiment was carried out

on 2 periods for Guinea fowls at 8 and 10 WOA

In 8 WOA period, the birds were fed experimental diets for adaptetation and determined feed intake from 6 to 7 WOA The feed and excreta samples were collected in 5 days at 8 WOA In 10 WOA period, the birds were adapted and determined feed intake at 9 WOA The feed and excreta samples were collected in 5 days at 10 WOA

The feed ingredients in the Expt were broken rice, soybean (SB) and soybean extraction meal (SM) Besides, Permasol-500 was added to drinking water with 2 g/drinking water litre to supply vitamine and minerals for the chicken

Table 3.1: Feed ingredient composition of diets in Expt 1 (% as-fed basis)

Ingredient Soybean (SB) Soybean extraction meal (SM)

SB16 SB18 SB20 SB22 SM16 SM18 SM20 SM22 Broken rice 76.8 71.3 65.7 60.2 77.1 71.7 66.5 60.9 Soybean 23.2 28.7 34.3 39.8 - - - - SBM - - - - 22.9 28.3 33.5 39.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

SBM: soybean extraction meal; SB16; SB18; SB20; SB22; SB16; SM18; SM20; SM22: treatments using soybean or soybean extraction meal at levels of 16; 18; 20; 22% CP

Table 3.2: Chemical composition and ME values of diets in Expt 1 (%DM)

Item Treatment

SB16 SB18 SB20 SB22 SM16 SM18 SM20 SM22

CF 2.90 3.43 3.98 4.50 2.45 2.89 3.31 3.76 NDF 12.0 13.4 14.9 16.4 8.64 9.35 10.0 10.8 Arginine 0.91 1.01 1.10 1.20 0.95 1.06 1.17 1.28 Lysine 0.73 0.81 0.90 0.98 0.77 0.87 0.96 1.06 Methionine 0.51 0.55 0.60 0.63 0.53 0.58 0.62 0.66 Threonine 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.50 0.57 0.63 0.69 ME* 3,487 3,484 3,481 3,478 3,236 3,175 3,116 3,052

DM: dry matter; CP: crude protein; EE: Extract Ether; CF: crude fiber; NDF: neutral detergent fiber; ADF: acid detergent fiber; Arg: arginine; Thr: threonine; *: metabolizable energy (kcal/kg DM)

Experiment 2: Evaluation of apparent nutrient and amino acid digestibility of diets with fish meal and catfish by-product meal for growing Guinea fowls

This Expt was a completely randomized design on 96 birds at 6 WOA with 2 factors and 3 replications The first factor was the protein sources

of fish meal and catfish by-product meal, and the second one was dietary crude protein (CP) levels of 16, 18, 20 and 22% There were 4 birds per experimental unit The experiment was carried out on 2 periods for Guinea fowls at 8 and 10 WOA In 8 WOA period, the birds were adapted and determined feed intake from 6 to 7 WOA, and collected feed and excreta samples in 5 days at 8 WOA In 10 WOA period, the birds were adapted and determined feed intake at 9 WOA, and collected feed and excreta samples in 5 days at 10 WOA The feed ingredients in the Expt were broken rice, fish meal (FM) and catfish by - product meal (CM) Besides, Permasol-500 was added to drinking water with 2 g/drinking water litre

to supply vitamine and minerals to the chicken

Table 3.3: Feed ingredient composition of diets in Expt 2 (% as-fed basis)

Ingredients Fish meal (FM) Catfish by product meal (CM)

FM16 FM18 FM20 FM22 CM16 CM18 CM20 CM22 Broken rice 76.8 71.3 65.7 60.2 77.1 71.7 66.5 60.9

FM 23.2 28.7 34.3 39.8 - - - -

CM - - - - 22.9 28.3 33.5 39.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

FM16; FM18; FM20; FM22; CFM16; CFM18; CFM20; CFM22: treaments using fish meal or catfish by-product meal with CP levels in diet of 16; 18; 20; 22%

Table 3.4: Chemical composition and ME values of diets in Expt 2 (% DM)

Experiment 3: Effects of dietary metabolism energy levels on growth rate, feed utilization, nutrient intake, carcass quality, and nutrient digestibilities in growing Guinea fowl

This Expt included feeding experiment and digestibility experiment

Feeding experiment

From 5 to 8 weeks of age (WOA)

This Expt was a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and

3 replications on 150 birds at 5 WOA The treatments had the dietary ME levels of 2.800; 2.900; 3.000; 3.100; 3.200 kcal/kg DM with 20% CP level There are 10 birds in each experimental unit Chemical composition (CC) and ME value in diets of Expt 3 were showed in Table 3.5

Table 3.5: Chemical composition (% DM) of diets of Expt 3 from 5 to 8 weeks old Guinea fowls

ME 2,800 2,900 3,000 3,100 3,200

ME2800; ME2900; ME3000; ME3100; ME3200: treatments had ME levels of 2.800; 2.900; 3.000; 3.100 và 3.200 kcal/kg DM

From 9 to 14 weeks of age

The Expt was a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and

3 replications on 150 birds at 9 WOA The treatments had the dietary ME levels of 2.900; 3.000; 3.100; 3.200 and 3.300 kcal/kg DM with 18% CP level There are 10 birds in each experimental unit Chemical composition and ME value in diets of Expt 3 from 9 to 14 WOA were showed in Table 3.6

Table 3.6: Chemical composition and ME in diets from 9 to 14 WOA

ME (kcal/bird/day) 2,900 3,000 3,100 3,200 3,300

ME2900; ME3000; ME3100; ME3200; ME3300: treatments had ME level with 2,800; 2,900; 3,000; 3,100 và 3,200 kcal/kg DM

Digestibility experiment

This Expt added to the conclusion of the feeding Expt from the Expt

3 It was carried out at 8 and 10 WOA Guinea fowls It was designed to similar to the feeding growing Expt, but having 4 birds in each pen Time and procedure resemble to the Expt 1

Experiment 4: Effects of dietary lysine and methionine levels on growth rate, carcass quality, nutrient and amino acid digestibilities of growing Guinea Fowls

This Expt included feeding Expt and digestibility Expt

The feeding experiment

From 5 to 8 weeks of age (WOA)

This trial was designed in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 3 replications Each experimental unit had ten Guinea fowls at 5 WOA The treatments consisted of

1.04L0.46M: the diet had 20%CP without supply crystal Lys and Met

to the diet, and had 1.04% Lys and 0.46% Met

0.91L0.40M: the diet had 18%CP without supply crystal Lys and Met

to the diet, and had 0.91% Lys and 0.40% Met

1.10L0.45M: the diet had 18%CP with supplying crystal Lys and Met

to the diet, and had 1.10% Lys and 0.45%Met

1.10L0.45M: the diet had 18%CP with supplying crystal Lys and Met

to the diet, and had 1.10% Lys and 0.55% Met

1.40L0.45M: the diet had 18%CP with supplying crystal Lys and Met

to the diet, and had 1.40% Lys and 0.45% Met

1.40L0.55M: the diet had 18%CP with supplying crystal Lys and Met

to the diet, and had 1.40% Lys and 0.45% Met

The feed ingredients consisted of broken rice, corn, rice bran, fish meal, soybean, DCP, crystal lysine and methionine The chemical composition of diets from 5 to 8 WOA were showed in Table 3.7

Table 3.7: Chemical composition (%DM) of experimental diets of Guinea fowls from 5 to 8 WOA

1.04L 0.46M

0.91L 0.40M

1.10L 0.45M

1.10L 0.55M

1.40L 0.45M

1.40L 0.55M

ME (kcal/kg DM) 3,098 3,101 3,099 3,099 3,101 3,100

From 9-14 weeks of age

This trial was a randomly complete design with six treatments with six diets and three replications Each experimental unit had ten Guinea fowls

at 9 WOA The treatments consisted of

0.98L0.43M: the diet had 18%CP without supply crystal Lys and Met

to the diet, and had 0.98% Lys and 0.43% Met

0.80L0.37M: the diet had 15%CP without supply crystal Lys and Met

to the diet, and had 0.80% Lys and 0.37% Met

0.90L0.40M: the diet had 15%CP with supplying crystal Lys and Met

to the diet, and had 0.90% Lys and 0.40% Met

0.90L0.50M: the diet had 15%CP with supplying crystal Lys and Met

to the diet, and had 0.90% Lys and 0.40% Met

1.20L0.40M: the diet had 15%CP with supplying crystal Lys and Met

to the diet, and had 1.20% Lys and 0.40% Met

1.20L0.40M: the diet had 15%CP with supplying crystal Lys and Met

to the diet, and had 1.20% Lys and 0.50% Met

Table 3.8: Chemical composition (%DM) of experimental diets of Guinea fowls from 9 to 14 WOA

0.98L 0.43M

0.80L 0.37M

0.90L 0.40M

0.90L 0.50M

1.20L 0.40M

1.20L 0.50M

ME (kcal/kg DM) 3,199 3,200 3,200 3,201 3,199 3,199

Digestibility experiment

This trial was conducted at two periods at 8 and 10 weeks old birds The trial was silimilar to the feeding trial of the Expt 4, but had four birds for each experimental unit Feed and excreta samples were collected in 5 days at eight and ten week for each experimental period

Experiment 5: Evaluation of methods to determine nutrients and amino acid digestibilities for growing Guinea fowls

The Expt was a randomly complete design with three treatments and five replications on 60 Guinea fowls at 10 WOA The treatments were total tract, caecetomised, and ileal digestibilities There are 4 birds in each experimental unit The Expt was conducted in three weeks and similar to the Expt 1

Table 3.9: Chemical composition (% DM) of experimental diet

Item Value (%) Item Value (%)

Measurements in the digestibility Expt 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, such as dry

matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), amino acid (AA) of residual feed and excreta samples, comsumed feed, digestibility

of nutrients and amino acids, nitrogen retention

Measurements in the feeding Expt 3, 4 consisted of feed intakes,

comsumed nutrients, body weight (BW), daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversation rate (FCR), carcass weight, meat nutrients of Guinea fowls

in the Expts, and economic return

3.2 Data analysis

All of data of the thesis organized by Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and then analyzed by Minitab program version 16.1.0.0 (Minitab, 2010) The analysis of variance by General Leaner Model of Minitab 16.1.0.0 When the F-test was signigicantly (P<0.05), the Tukey test was used to find significant differentces between the treatment averages Paired T-test was used to compare average values at two old periods

Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Experiment 1: Evaluation of apparent nutrient and amino acid digestibility of diets with soybean meal and soybean extraction meal for growing Guinea fowls

At the 8-week old period

Table 4.1: Apparent nutrient and amino acid digestibilities (%)

Items CP source CP level P

CP levels

DM 81.1 80.5 79.3 c 80.4 bc 81.9 a 81.6 ab 0.132 0.001

OM 82.3 81.9 80.7 c 81.8 bc 83.5 a 82.4 ab 0.321 0.001