According to the World Travel & Tourism Council -WTTC 2012 statistics, the total revenue generated from tourism was about 9.2% of global Gross domestic product GDP with US$6.5 trillion a
Trang 1NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY
nGUYEN THI HUONG
Statistical research Aggregate impact of
tourism to economic growth in vietnam
Research field: economics (economic statistics)
Research field: economics (economic statistics)
code code: 62310101: 62310101
hanoi - 2016
NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY
Scientific Supervisor: PROFESSOR PHd phan cong nghia
Critic 1: :
Critic 2:
Critic 3:
The thesis was defended in front of the board of The National Economics University
At: on Date 2016
Copies of this thesis can be found at::
- National Library
- National Economics University Library
Trang 2INTRODUCTION
Tourism activities are increasingly playing an important role in economic and
social development Tourism is becoming an indispensable demand in human’s
cultural and social life Moreover, along with economic development, the
demand for traveling increases continuously with several tourism forms
Tourism is considered as a smokeless industry for having a great impact and
significant contribution to the economic growth of many territories and countries
in the whole world According to the World Travel & Tourism Council -WTTC
(2012) statistics, the total revenue generated from tourism was about 9.2% of
global Gross domestic product (GDP) with US$6.5 trillion and the employment
in this sector was over 260 million people Forecasting in the next ten years,
with an average of 4% growth rate per year, tourism activities will create value
which accounts for 10% of global GDP, equivalent to USD $ 10 trillion per
year The economy is developing, people living standards are increasingly
improved; therefore tourism becomes a criterion to assess the life quality and
living standards of the people from different social classes Consumer products
in the tourism is to meet not only the essential requirements of daily life (food,
clothing, housing, transportation, ) but also special needs of people (seeks for
knowledge; explore nature, culture, history, ) Therefore, tourism activities are
related to many industries in the economy The impact level and the spreading of
tourism activities in the economy in relation of interdisciplinary and
transnational scope are very significant In order to observe, measure, evaluate
and analyze tourism activities, it is necessary to have international agreed
scientific methodologies available So far there are different ways to assess and
record the impact of tourism activities on the socio-economic development The
impact of tourism activities can be assessed based on the results of direct
measurement of tourism activities (from supply side) such as revenue, capital
and labor… or total spending of tourists (from demand side) The question is
which assessment reflects that in the most comprehensive and synthetic manner
Moreover, it needs to allow detailed classification of different types of visitors
to measure the impact, and at the same time to evaluate and analyze their
contribution to the economy in the country and worldwide
Around the world and in Viet Nam, many organizations and individuals have researched to measure and assess the impact of tourism activities on the economic growth within a region and a country However, international and national studies were unable to specify the using of non-competitive I-O Table, they also failed to explicit the role of the inbound tourism and domestic tourism when assessing the impact of tourism activities on economic growth
This research proposes and builds the calculations to quantify the impact of tourism on economic growth in Vietnam in a comprehensive, adequate and feasible way based on non-competitive I-O Table It also considers the impact of tourism on economic growth through the expenditure of two groups of visitors
(international visitors and domestic visitors)
2.2 Research question
With the targets of evaluating the impact of tourism on economic growth in the most comprehensive and synthesis way, the research content answers the following questions:
and domestic tourism on the economic growth?
The sub-questions:
- How inbound tourism and domestic tourism impact directly on the value added (VA) and GDP?
- How inbound tourism and domestic tourism impact indirectly on VA and GDP?
- How total impact of domestic and inbound tourism effects economic growth and job creation?
- Research Subject: The impact of inbound tourism and domestic tourism
on economic growth The impact of tourism should be considered in detail in two types of visitors to see the effects of each type of tourism on economic growth separately The separation also allows identifying the role and position
of each visitor’s type in general picture This is a fundamental basis so as to research, analyze and propose the measures that enhance the impact and
Trang 3influence of tourism by each type of tourism on economic growth in detail and
in a more appropriate way
- Research scope:
+ Content: In this research scope, the thesis defines the model, sources of
information and methodology to measure the tourism’s total impact in terms of
inbound tourism and domestic tourism on economic growth through visitor’s
expenditure and the non-competitive I-O table
+ In terms of time: The thesis uses secondary data to serve the experiment
calculation with the most updated information published by the General
Statistics Office (GSO) including: IO Table of Vietnam in 2012 and findings of
the survey on visitor’s expenditure in 2013
+ In terms of space: Methodology and experiment calculations in this thesis
are built for all economies which have tourism activities; in particular, focus
research on national tourism, including arriving international tourism and
domestic tourism
After reviewing some international and domestic research’s results
relating to the topic research, the author selected the following research
methods:
- Methods of synthesis and analysis on the basis of the methodology of:
System of National Accounts (SNA) of the United Nations Statistics; Tourism
Satellite Account (TSA) of the UNWTO
- Data utilization method available through: Inbound tourists surveys of
GSO; Survey on domestic visitors of Vietnam National Administration of
Tourism
- Modeling Method: Using the relationship which has been quantified in I-O
Table to calculate the total impact of the inbound tourism and domestic
tourisminbound tourism and domestic tourism on economic growth
- The thesis has clarified the impact of the inbound tourism and domestic
tourism on economic growth by assessing direct impact, indirect impact and
total impact
- The thesis has proposed 02 indicator groups for assessing the total impact of tourism on economic growth
+ Group of input indicator factor reflecting domestic tourism (including indicators reflecting international visitors and domestic visitors);
+ Group of output indicators reflecting total impact of inbound tourism and domestic tourism on economic growth includes 05 indicators: Gross Output
of tourism, value added of tourism, gross domestic product generated from the impact of tourism, workers' income from tourism and tourism labor
- The thesis proposes to use non-competitive IO table as calculation tools and clarify explicit roles of inbound tourism and domestic tourism when assessing the impact of tourism activities on economic growth
The thesis proposed some recommendations to strengthen the impact of tourism on economic growth and enhance the statistical evaluation of tourism impact on economic growth
Besides the introduction and conclusion, the content of thesis including three chapters:
Chapter 1: General theory issues on the total impact of tourism on economic growth
Chapter 2: Methodology evaluating the total impact of tourism on economic growth
Chapter 3: Assessing the total impact of tourism on Vietnam’s economic growth in 2013
Trang 4CHAPTER 1 GENERAL THEORY ISSUES ON THE TOTAL IMPACT OF TOURISM
ON ECONOMIC GROWTH 1.1 Theory about tourism and the method of identifying tourism statistical
indicators
1.1.1 The concept of tourism and tourism statistics
1.1.1.1 Tourism concept
Tourism Satellite Account is a system of indicators, methodology that
calculates the value of tourism activity in a country and internationally In
Section 2.2 of the TSA: RMF 2008 released by the United Nations (2009, p.12),
once again define the meaning of tourism as: "Tourism is defined by the
activities of visitors who take a trip out of his/her usual environment for less
than a year and for the main purpose other than to be employed by a resident
entity in the place visited”
Accordingly, tourism is identified when having all three conditions above:
- In terms of space, visitors must go outside their regular environment,
excludes trips within the accommodation, trips recurring nature between
accommodation and workplace and other frequent trips;
- Time travel activities of visitors last for less than a year;
- In terms of purpose, the trip was not to earn money in visited area
The thesis uses the concept of tourism and other concepts related to
tourism under the TSA in order to consider the impact of tourism in all
economic activities, which help measure the total impact on economic growth in
a comprehensive and completed way
1.1.1.2 The concept of tourism statistics
(1) Visitors; (2) Regular habitats; (3) Second House; (4) Length of trip;
(5) The main purpose of the trip; (6) Tourism expenditures; (7) Tourism
consumption; (8) Tourism products; (9) Tourism sector
1.1.2 The method to identify statistical indicators
1.1.2.1 Distinguish inbound tourism and domestic tourism
Tourism is divided into inbound tourism and domestic tourism according to
resident and non-resident
1.1.2.2 The statistical indicators of inbound tourism and domestic tourism
a Indicators reflecting inbound tourism
b Indicators reflecting domestic tourism
c Indicators reflecting national tourism 1.1.2.3 Method calculating statistical indicators on inbound tourism and domestic tourism
a Method calculating indicators reflecting inbound tourism
b Method calculating the direct indicator of domestic tourism
1.2 Theory about economic growth and the method of identifying indicators reflecting economic growth
1.2.1 The concept of economic growth
According to the SNA, economic growth is the increase in the volume of indicators reflecting the results of production activities of the entire economy in
a given period, usually reflected by the increase in GDP indicators The thesis applies theory about economic growth according to SNA methodology which supports for statistical research to assess the total impact of tourism activities on economic growth in Vietnam
1.2.2 The method to identify indicators reflecting the economic growth
1.2.2.1 The concept and methodology of calculating Gross Output
a Concept
produced by manufacture of all economic activities generated in a given period
of time (quarter or year)
The Gross output is calculated according to the basic price and producer price (referred to as cost production)
b Calculation method
b1 Calculated directly from the output of products b2 Calculated revenues from consumption b3 Method calculating the sales
b5 Method calculating for the production of specific business: Banking and insurance
1.2.2.2 The concept and methodology of value-added indicators
a Concept
by the production process of an economic sector
b Calculation method
Trang 5General formula calculated VA by the method of production:
VA = GO - IC
intermediate consumption used prices
1.2.2.3 The concept and methodology of indicator of domestic products
a Concept
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total economic indicators to reflect
the new value of the goods and services generated by the entire economy in a
given time period (month, quarter, 6 months, 9 months, years)
GDP is always assessed by used price
b Calculation method
GDP is calculated by three methods: Production method, income
approach method and used method
1.2.2.4 The concept and methodology of growth of total domestic product
a Concept
GDP growth rate is a percentage of GDP increased later period compared
with the previous period GDP growth is usually calculated from GDP at
constant prices (base year value) of the reporting year compared with the
previous year reporting year
Currently, when it comes to economic growth generally tied to GDP
growth and some general economic indicators are concerned
b Calculation method
- GDP growth rate in the reporting year compared with the previous year
is calculated at constant prices (base year value) by the following formula:
dGDP = GDPn x 100 - 100
GDPn-1
Where:
dGDP - GDP growth rate in the reporting year compared with the year previous
reporting year (%)
GDPn - Gross domestic product for the year at constant prices;
GDPn-1 - Gross domestic product of the year previous reporting year at constant
price;
- Calculate the growth rate of GDP per time period (years)
1.3 Total impact of tourism to economic growth and expenditure
indicators
1.3.1 The direct impact of tourism on economic growth 1.3.2 The indirect impact of tourism on economic growth 1.3.3 The total impact of tourism on economic growth 1.3.4 The indicators reflecting the impact of tourism on economic growth
The thesis proposed 05 groups of indicators reflecting the direct impact, indirect and total impact of tourism on economic growth, including: (1) Gross output of tourism; (2) Value added of tourism; (3) Gross domestic product generated from the impact of tourism; (4) Labor income from tourism; (5) Employment tourism
Trang 6CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY TO ASSESS THE TOTAL IMPACT OF TOURISM
ON ECONOMIC GROWTH 2.1 Research Model to study total impact of tourism on economic growth
2.1.1 Introduction to the Input-Output Table (I-O table)
2.1.1.1 Formation and development of the I-O table
The I-O table is developed to support integrated analysis and assessment of
economic activities in an economy In which, each sector is described in a linear
relationship between physical products and services in terms of the input cost for
the production process and the amount of products produced The relationship of
all sectors in the entire economy is presented with a system of linear functions
with the coefficients determined by technological processes
2.1.1.2 Contents of the IO table
a Assumptions of the I-O table
An I-O table is developed with some basic assumptions: linear assumption;
assumptions about the price; assumption on imports
b Structure of an I-O table
An I-O table is divided into three main fields: Field I, Field II and Field III
- Field I: presents intermediate expenditure in columns and intermediate
consumption in rows;
- Field II: presents the final consumption, including: Final consumption
(households and the Government), Asset Accumulation (mobile and fixed),
Exports and Imports;
- Field III: presents the added value, including: the employee's income,
depreciation of fixed assets, production tax and surplus value
c Contents and indicators in the I-O table
2.1.1.3 Non-competitive I-O table
In the normal competitive I-O table, the supply-demand relationship is
described through the following equation:
The matrix A describes technical input level to produce a unit of
product This input includes input supplied from the domestic products and
service sources (Ad) and input supplied from foreign sources (Am)
A = Ad + Am (2.2)
2.1.2 Methodologies to assess total impact of tourism on economic growth based on I-O table
In terms of users, tourism is disaggregated into two domains: the inbound tourism and domestic tourism Inbound tourism is reflected through indicators of spending by inbound tourists to Vietnam Domestic tourism is reflected through indicators of spending by domestic tourists Spending by inbound tourists and domestic tourists are reflected through the corresponding indicators of the total demand of the economy The two key indicators reflecting tourists’ spending are
direct exports and individuals’ final expenditure in final consumption
2.1.3 Apply non-competitive I-O table to assess the total impact of tourism on economic growth
Equation ∆X = (I-Ad)-1∆Yd is used to assess the impact on the entire economy, in which ∆Yd is the final change in demand of domestic products and services; as the initial impact vector used to quantify all the impact on economic sectors
- Impact on production: ∆X = (I-Ad)-1
∆Yd (2.6) According to the Handbook of National Accounting Input-Output Table Compilation and Analysis of the United Nations (General Statistics Office, 2003), the formula to estimate the total impact on the demand-supply relationship is as follows:
+ Regarding Value-added (VA)
In which:
V: Changes of VA when there is change in GO X v: coefficient vector by line of VA
+ Regarding labour
In which:
L: Change of labour when there is change in GO X l: coefficient vector on labour
Trang 72.1.4 Implications of direct, indirect and total assessment in I-O table
Changes in final demand affect the entire economic system Changes in final
demand may be resulted in by changes in the structure of domestic consumption of
private sector, households or the Government in that country, or due to exports of
goods and services In impact studies, changes in final demand are considered a
direct impact, direct shock, and direct effects of initial impact because this is an
exogenous shock which stimulates the entire economic system When the shock is
caused by the final consumption demand (tourism consumption), the economy
responds by creating new products (increases GO) through inter-agency
transactions in the economy These are responses of economic sectors in
changes of the final demand in sectors and are called indirect effects The total
of direct impact and indirect impact to GO reflects the total impact which is
made up of the interdependence among economic sectors It is the aggregated
impact on the entire economy
2.2 Identify data sources to assess the total impact of tourism on economic
growth
2.2.1 Identify data sources for tourism
2.2.1.1 Identify data sources regarding inbound tourists
In order to identify expenditure of inbound tourists, it is important to
identify the data sources to collect data for the indicators:
- Total number of inbound tourists, disaggregated by tourists staying
overnights and tourists only visiting during the day;
- Average expense of an inbound tourist, disaggregated by tourists staying
overnights and tourists only visiting during the day
2.2.1.2 Identifying data sources for domestic tourists
In order to identify the total expenses of domestic tourists, it is necessary to
identify data sources to collect information for the following indicators:
- Total domestic tourists, disaggregated by tourists staying overnights and
tourists only visiting during the day;
- Average expense of a domestic tourist, disaggregated by tourists staying
overnights and tourists only visiting during the day
2.2.1.3 Integrate the indicators of tourist expenses in the national account system
Study of impact of tourism is considered from the expenditure of different types of tourism corresponding to the indicators reflecting the needs of using products of the I-O table and the SNA
- Key expenses of domestic tourists is considered as final consumption of households;
- Expenses of inbound tourists, included in goods and service export (direct export);
2.2.2 Identify data sources from the I-O table
In order to measure and assess the total impact of tourism on the economy, it is necessary to have I-O table and identify some information from findings of the I-O survey
- The I-O table of basic competitive price is converted to non-competitive ones
- The product classification in the I-O used for research is identified according to the list of the expense items of inbound tourists and domestic tourists from findings
of the survey on expenses of tourists
- The share of circulation fee (including transport fee and trade fee) and product tax rate in the total product value according to groups of products identified to estimate trade fee, transport fee and tax of products for estimating the total impact of tourism to VA and GDP
2.2.3 Identify other relevant data sources
Beside the data from the I-O table, the author of the thesis identifies some other data sources for comparison, assessment and formulation of coefficients applied for the research year
- Absolute figures of national GDP and VA indicators at current prices of the research year for quantifying the total impact of inbound tourism and domestic tourism to GO, VA, and GDP
- Product tax after deducting the subsidy and the rate of product tax of the research year are combined in groups of consumption products This indicator is identified for the whole economy, to support estimation of total impact of tourism to GDP of the whole economy
- Labour information is disaggregated according to the classification of the research year to estimate the vector of labour coefficient in tourism sector
Trang 8All of the above information is estimated and disseminated by the General
Statistics Office annually or every five years
2.3 Steps to estimate parameters to assess the total impact of tourism on
economic growth
Based on the methodologies presented in item 2.1.3 and the data sources
identified as above, estimate the total impact of inbound tourism and domestic
tourism on economic growth, implemented for each type of expense of tourism
according to the six following steps:
(1) Expenses of inbound tourists and domestic tourists according to the
consumption value estimated from the average expense of a tourist and total
number of tourists, based on the formula 2.10 as follows:
Formula:
Total expense of
inbound
tourists/domestic
tourists
=
Average expense of an inbound tourist/domestic tourist
X
Total number of inbound tourists/
domestic tourists
(2.10) (2) Based on the list of the tourists’ expenses, identify the list of tourism
products consistent with the list of the I-O Table selected in the research model
After that, the value of the tourists’ expense is imputed for the corresponding
product categories
(3) Convert expense of inbound tourists and domestic tourists from
purchase price to basic price
(1) Integrate industries of the I-O Table and other information according
to products categories of tourists’ expense
(2) Identify the VA coefficient vectors, income of tworkers and
employment compared with I-O Table according to the industry groups selected
Identify the product tax rate compared with VA at current price of the
research year as follows:
The product tax rate
compared with the
VA of the research
year
=
Total product tax at current price of the research year
: VA at current price
of the research year (2.11)
(3) Calculate the matrix of the direct cost coefficient excluding imported
products (Ad), matrix (I-Ad) and then the inverse matrix (I-Ad)-1 from the total I-O Table
Matrix of the indirect impact coefficient
= Matrix of the total impact coefficient -
Unit matrix (2.12)
The direct, indirect and total gross output of tourism is estimated as follows: (1) Direct gross output of inbound tourism and domestic tourism is equal to expense of inbound tourism and domestic tourism according to basic price: Direct GO of inbound
tourists/domestic tourists =
Expense of inbound tourists/domestic tourists (2) The indirect gross output of inbound tourism and domestic tourism is generated due to indirect impact of the total expense of tourists according to basic price and matrix coefficient of indirect impact:
Indirect GO
of tourism =
Expense of tourists according to basic price
X
Matrix of indirect impact coefficient (2.13) (3) The total gross output of inbound tourism and domestic tourism is equal to total of direct GO and indirect GO:
Total GO of tourism = Direct GO of
tourism +
Indirect GO of tourism (2.14)
(1) Direct, indirect and total VA of inbound tourism and domestic tourism
is estimated according to the direct, indirect and total GO of tourism and VA coefficient vector compared with GO as follows:
VA of tourism = GO of
tourism X
Vector of the
VA coefficient compared against
GO
(2.15)
Trang 9(2) Calculate the product tax generated from the direct, indirect and total
impact of inbound tourism and domestic tourism for the economy:
Product tax
from tourism = VA
of tourism
X The rate of product tax compared with VA of the research year
(2.16) (3) The GDP generated from the direct, indirect and total impact of
inbound tourism and domestic tourism for the economy is calculated as follows:
GDP generated from
tourism activities = VA
of tourism +
Product tax from tourism (2.17)
Income of direct, indirect and total labour from inbound tourism and
domestic tourism identified based on direct, indirect and total GO of tourism and
the income coefficient vector of labour compared against GO:
Income of workers
from tourism =
GO of tourism X
Income coefficient vector
of workers compared against GO
(2.18) After calculating income of direct, indirect and total labour, according to
the following formula:
Income of the total
labour = Income of direct
labour +
Income of indirect labour (2.19)
Total tourism employment created by direct, indirect and total impact
of inbound tourism and domestic tourism is estimated according to the
following formula:
Tourism
employment =
Tourism employment coefficient vector X
GO
of tourism (2.20) Based on the estimated GDP created by direct, indirect and total impact of
inbound tourism and domestic tourism in absolute data, it is possible to identify
the rate between GDP created by tourism and GDP of the whole economy
CHAPTER 3 ASSESS TOTAL IMPACT OF TOURISM ON ECONOMIC GROWTH
OF VIET NAM IN 2013 3.1 Collect, compile and process information to assess the total impact of tourism on economic growth on Viet Nam in 2013
3.1.1 Collect, compile and process information on tourism
3.1.1.1 Overview of tourism in Viet Nam
a Potential of Viet Nam tourism
Viet Nam is a country with diversified and rich tourism potential which is reflected in strengths related to vestiges, tourist attraction, UNESCO heritage, culture and festivals
b Tourism activities in Viet Nam
With the diversified and rich potential as mentioned above, tourism has been considered as a leading industry in Viet Nam In the past 15 years, Viet Nam tourism has significant changes reflected through the fact that the number
of inbound tourists to Viet Nam increased from 2 million to 8 million visitors
3.1.1.2 Data sources on tourism of Viet Nam
a Information on the total number of tourists
- Total number of inbound tourists
Information on the number of inbound tourists can be withdrawn from yearly statistical yearbook of the GSO This data has been compiled from information on immigration to Viet Nam through Immigration Department under Ministry of Public Security, the Border Gate Department, and the Border Guard Department of the Ministry of National Defense However, there is only information on the number of inbound tourists as the whole rather than broken down by visitors staying over nights and ones only travelling during the day In order to estimate the number of inbound tourists and domestic tourists broken down by tourists staying overnight and tourists only travelling during the day, the Tourism Information Centre the Viet Nam National Administration of Tourism conducted surveys in 2013 and 2014
- Total number of domestic tourists
Information on the total number of domestic tourists is extracted from surveys of the Viet Nam National Administration of Tourism In order to disaggregate the total number of domestic tourists into those staying overnight
Trang 10and those only travelling during the day, it is necessary to extract information
from the sampling surveys on tourism of both the GSO and Viet Nam National
Administration of Tourism
3.1.1.3 Collecting, compiling and processing information on tourism of Viet
Nam
a Collecting, compiling and processing information on number of tourists
and average expense per tourist
After considering and assessing information from different sources, the
research is based on the principles of selecting data for calculation as follows:
- Regarding tourism statistics from different sources, select data which has
been officially published by the GSO and the Viet Nam National Administration
of Tourism;
- Regarding data that the GSO does not have, such as; number of domestic
tourists, tourists staying overnight, tourists travelling during the day…, author of the
thesis just used information from surveys of the Viet Nam National Administration
for Tourism
b Collecting, compiling and processing information on expense of tourists
(1) Calculate total expense of inbound tourists and domestic tourists
according to purchase price
According to data on average expense of an inbound tourist or domestic
tourist; number of inbound tourists and domestic tourists disaggregated into those
staying overnight and those travelling during the day only according to each item by
purchase price
(2) Identify the list of product categories
The list of expense items according to tourism products in surveys on
tourists’ expense is used as a basis to identify the product categories which is
systematically applied in the research model After that, arrange them
appropriately with the VSIC 2007 and the I-O Table 2012
(3) Recalculate expense of inbound tourists and domestic tourists according to
basic price
Actual expense of tourists in surveys is published in purchase price, and
expense in the I-O Table is in basic price, excluding product tax, trade and
transport fee Thus, it is necessary to convert expense of inbound tourists from
purchase to basic price
3.1.2 Collecting, compiling and processing information from the I-O table
According to step 2 in item 2.3 of Chapter 2, data in the I-O Table in 2012, basic price of GSO including 164 categories of products combined into 8 categories of tourism products, equal to expense of tourists in surveys conducted
by the GSO
Based on that, estimate the matrix of direct expense coefficient at non-competitive mode (excluding imported products) Ad; the total expense coefficient is equal to (I-Ad)-1 and the matrix of indirect expense coefficient
3.1.3 Other data collecting, compiling and processing on income and employment
- Information on number of labour in 2012 and GO in 2012 published by the GSO in 2015 in the Statistical Yearbook is compiled according to the eight selected groups of tourism products
Estimate the vector of employment coefficient by industry is according to the following formula:
The vector of employment coefficient
in 2012
= Employment in 2012 : Gross Output in
2012
- The I-O Table 2012 provides information on VA coefficient vector, income of the workers compared with the GO by industry categories
3.2 Estimate indicators reflecting tourism impact on economic growth of Viet Nam in 2013
Applying methods presented from step 3 to step 6 in item 2.3 of Chapter 2
in order to calculate indicators reflecting impact of tourism on economic growth
of Viet Nam in 2013 The results include the following indicators: VA, GDP, income of workers and employment of inbound tourism and domestic tourism according to direct, indirect and total assessment
3.2.1 Gross Output of tourism in 2013
According to the estimate of the thesis, the total direct, indirect and total
GO of the inbound tourism is respectively 1.43 times; 1.48 times and 1.45 times larger than domestic tourism This shows that in 2013, the inbound tourism has greater impact on domestic tourism The total GO is 1.784 times larger than direct GO of inbound tourism; while this rate of domestic tourism is 1.756 times These rates show that in 2013, inbound tourism has better impact on the