Hướng dẫn tự học môn ngữ pháp tiếng anh 1 đại học kinh tế quốc dân

LOGO Introduction main areas of English grammar morphemes, words, phrases, clauses and sentences.. LOGO English is…  Native language: Approximately 400m 374m native speakers in Bri

GRAMMAR OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

LOGO

LECTURERS

LOGO

Warm up

your thought about grammar

weakness in grammar

LOGO

Introduction

main areas of English grammar (morphemes, words,

phrases, clauses and sentences)

 To provide students exercises so that they can apply

the theories into practice

 To get the students practice skills in analyzing and

explaining grammar- related phenomena

 To develop for students critical thinking in judging one

grammatical usage in reality

Introduction

syntax

 Use terminology necessary for the description of word

formation, parts of speech, and sentence elements

and structures

to syntax

 Reflect understanding of the main areas of English

grammar on the implications for language learning

and teaching, translation and interpretation

 1 research project carried out

 1 2000-3000-word written reports on the research projects (discourse analysis)

 1 15-minute group presentations on the research project (excluding time for questions)

LOGO

Organization

 Class time: Inputs provided by teacher

 Facebook: kellypham

 Email address: thuyflc@gmail.com

 Individual work: Group-projects (8

groups)

 Deadlines (see more the syllabus)-might

be adjusted

 By Friday: submit the outline

 By Monday: submit raw materials (collected word files)

 Friday: Presentation

* Cross-check groups: Check the submitted materials (online)

and provide detail comments NO LATER than 1 day after

many people use English?

making English different?

LOGO English is…

 Native language: Approximately 400m

(374m) native speakers in Britain, Ireland,

the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand,

the Caribbean, India, and Africa

 Second language: Millions of speakers in

Africa, and India

 Foreign language: 1 or 2 billion speakers

 Official and national language in Britain,

Ireland, Canada, USA, Australia, New

Zealand, India, Kenya, Singapore

LOGO English is…

stored in English

cable traffic is in English

scientific publications are printed in

English

languages (500,000 English words;

only 185,000 German, 100,000

French)

1 Varieties of English

 Regional variation:

 Geographical difference is the classic basis for

linguistic variation

 “Dialects” is resulted from

• Regional separation of English-speaking communities

• Socioeconomic

• Ethnic

• Gender

 Regional variation is predominantly in phonology,

lexical, grammar (less extensive, less obtrusive)

England, Midland, and Southern

  + British Isles, Irish, Scots, Northern, Midland,

Welsh, South-western, London- similar varieties

LOGO Education and Social Differences

people:

learned professions, the political parties, the

press, the law court and the institutions:

formal; impersonal (one, it, this);

standard English

LOGO Varieties according to Subject Matter

 Different discourse  “registers”

 Register: National standard vs regional

dialect

 Same speaker: Different lexical items

habitually: law, engineering, football

absence of the addresser  frank/

explicit; careful; precise sentence;

acceptable odd words, supported by

gesture; long explanation; + effect of

stress, rhythm, intonation, tempo

Varieties according to Attitude

reader  different styles

uncomfortable factors…  It’s stuffy to tell all

disgusting stuffs

LOGO

Varieties according to interference

someone‟s native language upon the

foreign language he/she has

acquired  Singlish;

VietnameseEnglish;

comed here yesterday

LOGO

2 Concepts of Language

meaning

system

vs writing is only a few thousand years old

meanings

distinctively human

The range of meaningful system is

great: gestures; spatial relations;

animal communication, film,

advertising logos, traffic signals,

clothing

Studies in animal communication prove

no rivals to human communication

(even chimpanzee can only use some

simple signals, not human language)

LOGO

Concept of Language: A language consists

of rules

language (pronunciation, sentence

structure…)

forever invisible

linguistic perspective (know rules) 

get higher level

LOGO

Concept of Language: A language is a

system

in a stereophonic system (not all

come out at the same time)

• phonology (sound),

• morphology (structure of words),

• syntax (principles of sentence structure),

• semantics (literal meanings of words and

sentences) and

• pragmatics (meanings that arise when sentences

are used in context)

LOGO

3 Ways of thinking about grammar

3.1 Prescriptive grammar

Grammar: the rules governing how a

language is supposed to be used/

normative rules

E.g – Do not split an infinitive, as in “to

reluctantly leave”

as in “Who did she go with?”

singular antecedent, as in “If anyone

comes in late, they should go quitely to

3 Ways of thinking about grammar

3.2 Descriptive grammar

The aim: to describe the grammatical

system of a language, that is, what

speakers of the language unconsciously

know, which enables them to speak and

understand the language

modern science of linguistics

(rule: an article precedes its noun)

LOGO

 E.g

A1.The Celtics are likely to win

A2 The Celtics are probable to win

B1 This is the pen that I had lost

B2 This is the pen that I didn’t know where

I had put

C1 America is between the Atlantic and the

Pacific

C2 The Atlantic is what America is between

the Pacific and

LOGO

4 Grammar development

4.1 Traditional gram: adaptation of Greek

participles, pronoun, preposition, adverb,

interjection, and conjunction

4.2 Immediate constituent gram (IC)

e.g He likes pleasing women

LOGO

4 Grammar development

4.3 Phrase structures(PS)

for verb phrase, A for sentence, Ap for

adjective phrase, PP for preposition

phrase,

LOGO

LOGO

4.5 Transformational grammar (TG)

TG is a rule which maps one

syntactic-analysis tree into another

LOGO

4.6 Functional grammar (FG)

natural grammar”, in the sense that

everything in it can be explained,

untimately, by reference to how language

us used

ideational(content function) &

interpersonal function Both of them rely

LOGO

5 Grammatical units

part of a word {}

independent word (carry full semantic weight)

(e.g Look, care, )

meaning or grammatical function of a free

morpheme (e.g {re-} or {-ed}

 Inflectional Morphemes: create new form of

old word Verbs s; -ed; -en; -ing); Nouns

(-s;); Adjectives (-er; -est)

LOGO

Word

 Word = resist interruption (cannot insert

pieces into words)

 Word = is spelled with spaces on either end

 Word = cannot be reordered roots and

inflections

  Nouns = words that can be inflected for

plural, possessive, and possessive plural

  Verbs = words which can be inflected for

third person singular present tenses, past

tense, past participle, and progressive

  Adjectives = words which can be inflected

for comparative and superlative

Phrase

not contain a verb and its subject and

is used as a single part of speech

behaves as if it were one word

E.g The cow ate cabbage

AdjP; AdvP; Prep P;

LOGO

Clause

with basic grammatical structure of

language

the most fundamental structure of

meaning

NP and VP, that are grammatically

and semantically related to each

other  Elements of a clause: subject

(the topic of the sentence) and

predicate (the action of the sentence)

LOGO

Information about syllabus

course?

LOGO

Samples of nouns:

?

“the teacher „s day”.(I.O)

(prep.O)

 This is an old brick house (attribute)

London, Hoa, Marry,

Abstract

Name concepts, qualities,emotion

s

Eg: Happiness, sadness,…

Concrete

Physical entities

Eg: chair, girl,…

Count

•Common nouns

• Modified by numeral

• Occur in both plural and single nouns

•Eg: chair, book, girls,…

Non- count

*Refer to some entity

•Cannot be counted

• Eg:

furniture, water, hair, etc

*Denote “one”

•Include common

non-count nouns and proper nouns, and some count nouns

• Eg: gold, homework, Tim,

meanings in their singular and plural

forms:

e.g Air – airs (she is always on airs)

Pain – pains (No pains no gain)

Security – securities/ custom - customs

Good- goods/ spectacle - spectacles

Damage- damages/ minute - minutes

People – peoples/ bond – bonds

Force – forces/ physic - physics

Feminine Female Mother Dual Neither

male or female

Teacher

Common Both male

and female

Baby

Collective Both male

and female Family

LOGO

Note:

+The difference btw male and female can be made:

- By 2 different words: boy-girl; man-woman;

- By morphemes combination: actor – actress

- Add 1 word before or after the noun:

he-bear/she-bear; manservant/maidservant;

+ Nouns denoting strength or terrible concepts are

male (day, war, the sun, dealth, river name,

mountain name, name of country

+ Nouns showing beautiful, attractive concepts are

female (night, the moon, freedom, peace, spring , )

Relative Universal

Nominative (subjective)

Eg: I, you, she, he,…

Objective

Eg: me, you, her, him,…

Weather, time, temperature, environment, distance,

Eg: my, your, her, his, …

The nominals

Eg: mine, yours, hers, his, …

- John likes Mary

- Mary likes John

 John and Mary

like each other/

one another

The students borrowed each other‟s notes

now/then

Eg: I like these (pictures, which are near me) better than those (pictures, over there on the far

Non-Assertive:

anyone, anything, anywhere, …

Negative: no one, nothing, nowhere, …

Replacive one Eg: I‟d like a drink, but just a small one

Indefinite one Eg: One can‟t

be too careful,

EX1: Identify nouns and decide they are common or proper, abstract or

concrete, count or non-count nouns

1 Paris is the capital of France

2 The universities of Oxford and Cambridge offer degree

courses at the highest level

3 David will travel to France to do a degree course on the

LOGO

Exercise

EX2 Answer the questions:

1 The plural of “ shelf ”?

2 Put the noun into the possessive case:

The law of Moses

3 Put the nouns into right boxes: hostess, reporter, man, prince,

nephew, policeman, singer, actress, engineer, lawyer, host,

n, host

hostess, actress, wife, lady

reporter, singer, engineer

Exercise:

1 When she came, he had left

2 He put all the books beside one another

3 They have changed their minds again!

4 John has hurt himself

5 The girl who is standing over there is my friend

6 Which books do you like best?

7 Did he go anywhere?

8 Everywhere looks beautiful in the spring

9 He admires those who danced well

10.I prefer John‟s car to his employer‟s one

11 It is good to know that story

EX 3: What kind of pronouns do these underlined words belong to?

WINTER

Templat

e

Noun phrase is a word group with

a noun or pronoun as its head Each

noun phrase has four major

components, occurring in a fixed

The very tall education consultant with the

rowing eyes

Exercise: Match the terminologies with

the appropriate definition

2.PREMODIFIER b comprises all the modifying constituents placed

after the head

3.HEAD c determines the reference of the noun phrase in

its linguistic or situational context

4.POSTMODIFIER

d comprises all the modifying or describing constituents before the head, other than determiner

Multiplier (double, twice) Fraction (one-third, one-fifth) )

Central Determiner

Article (a, an, the) Pronoun

Negative (no)

Postdeterminer

Number

Cardinal (one, two)

Ordinal (first,second )

Quantifier (few, several, much)

Participle

-ing (winning)

-ed (tired)

II, Elements:

Pronoun (I, she, they)

LOGO

07

POSTMODIFIER

Prepositional phrase (in the afternoon)

Relative clause (who was reading that book)

Nonfinite clause

-ing clause (writing a letter)

-ed clause (shocked by the news)

Infinitive clause (to see)

Complementation (than I, than that)

LOGO WINTER Templat

e

Example

The girl who has a beautiful voice

in each of the following sentences:

week

year

we get

[half, a]

[her, two, twice, a]

[your, all, the]

[both, these, last]

[other, double,

the]

LOGO

Instruction

Abbreviations in a tree diagram for a

noun phrase: Word/Phrase abbreviation

3 a tall, bald man with a bushy

moustache

LOGO

Exercise: Draw a tree diagram

for each of the following noun

phrases

3 The clever boy next to you

LOGO

09 III, Function

1, Subject:

Eg:

guided how to cook well

Obama their president

III, Function

LOGO

13

5, Indirect object:

Eg:

The child drew his mother a picture

The salesman sold the company new

missed our flight

14 III, Function

informative

III, Function

the noun phrases below

homework

2 The new yellow bag in the desk is a gift

for my younger sister

price

number of smokers had a quick decrease

Appossitive

Subject Indirect object

Prepositional complement

LOGO

19 Conclusion

Subject, Predicate nominative, Direct

object, Object complement, Indirect object,

Prepositional complement, Noun phrase

modifier, Possessive modifier, Appositives,

Adverb

Contents In business documents Complex Noun-Phrase

restrictive

Non-Temporary

Modification

Non-Temporary

• helps identify the head & indicate a limitation on the possible reference

of the head

• tends to come after the head

E.g.: She admires the chairman in

identified

• tends to come before the head

E.g.: She is a well-prepared candidate

E.g.: a successful businessman

the easy-going lady

A man who is timid = A timid man

A man who is afraid # An afraid

Pre-modification

Pre-modification

„s-genitive -ing/-ed participles sentence adverbials

adjectives noun

multiple premodification

adjective noun

multiple premodification

E.g.: the childlike secretary‟s face

LOGO

modification

Pre-Pre-modification

„s-genitive -ing/-ed participles sentence adverbial

adjective noun

multiple modification

pre-E.g.: He has rented a crumbling

Pre-Pre-modification

„s-genitive

-ing/-ed participles

sentence adverbial

adjective noun

multiple

E.g.: I got angry with his I-don't-care attitude

She waved the boy away with a you-stink kind of look on her face

adjective noun

multiple premodification

E.g.: I visited his far-away subsidiary

LOGO

modification

adjective noun

multiple prmodification

E.g.: Industry officials say that there are a

string of new airports in smaller cities

adjective noun

multiple premodification

E.g So skillful worker

1 Tens of thousands of decisions are taken daily by the

lowest paid people on which success or failure

depends Multiple pre

2 A fine example from military history is the Battle of

Trafalgar in 1805, says Gardiner

3 Excellence comes when you get ordinary, normal

people to give of their best

4 The easiest and fastest way to be positioned as an

expert in your field is to publish a book

5 Part of the problem is simply rhetorical the highly

influential "leadership" movement has led us to put all

the exciting and progressive parts of our job under the

banner of leadership

DO EXERCISES