Research manamgement capabilyty of the different colleges of thai nguyen university an enhanced research manual of operation

members of the oral examination committee, for their comments and suggestions to further improve this manuscript; The faculty and research staff of the colleges of Thai Nguyen Universit

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RESEARCH MANUAL OF OPERATION

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A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School Southern Luzon State University, Lucban, Quezon, Philippines

in Collaboration with Thai Nguyen University, Socialist Republic of Vietnam

RESEARCH MANUAL OF OPERATION

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT

A program offered by Southern Luzon State University,

Republic of the Philippines in collaboration with

Thai Nguyen University, Socialist Republic of Vietnam

has been approved by Oral Examination Committee

SUSANA A SALVACION, PhD APOLONIA A ESPINOSA, PhD

RICARYL CATHERINE P CRUZ, EdD BELLA R MUELLO, EdD

CECILIA N GASCON, PhD

Chairman

TERESITA V DE LA CRUZ, EdD SUSANA A SALVACION, Ph.D

Accepted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree

Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Management

Date Vice President for Academic Affairs

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The researcher wishes to convey her gratitude to the following persons who wholeheartedly devoted and helped make this piece of work a reality:

DR TERESITA V DE LA CRUZ, her adviser for the guidance,supervision,

suggestions and precious time in enthusiastically reading and checking the manuscript, providing the researcher useful materials;

DR CECILIA N GASCON, President of the Southern Luzon State University in the

Republic of the Philippines, for her incomparable contribution and support to the development of Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Management program in Thai Nguyen University;

DR NGUYEN VAN BINH, director of the International Training Center, Thai Nguyen

University of Socialist Republic of Vietnam, for his enormous pursuit to provide Vietnamese people an opportunity to grow through education;

DR WALBERTO A MACARAAN, DR APOLONIA A ESPINOSA and DR BELLA

R MUELLO, and DR RICARYL CATHERINE P CRUZ members of the oral

examination committee, for their comments and suggestions to further improve this manuscript;

The faculty and research staff of the colleges of Thai Nguyen University, the

respondents of the study, for their active involvement and cooperation, which

made the conduct of the study possible;

His family and friends, for the love and support in one way or another; and to all

who have contributed to make this study a success

NHK

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This research is whole-heartedly dedicated to my family and to all my relatives, colleagues and friends, and classmates, faculty and research staff of colleges of Thai Nguyen Universityfor giving the researcher the non-stop guidance and sources of everything

NHK

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PAGE

TITLE PAGE ……… i

APPROVAL SHEET ……… ii

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY ……… iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……… iv

DEDICATION ……… v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……… vi

LIST OF TABLES ……… viii

LIST OF FIGURE ……… ix

LIST OF APPENDICES ……… x

ABSTRACT ……… xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Introduction ……… 1

Background of the Study ……… 2

Objectives of the Study ……… 3

Hypothesis ……… ……… 4

Significance of the Study ……… 4

Scope and Limitation of the Study ……… 5

Definition of Terms ……… 5

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Review of Literature ……… 8

Conceptual Framework ……….…….…… 33

Research Paradigm ……… ….……… 34

III METHODOLOGY Locale of the Study ……….……… 35

Research Design ……….……… 35

Population and Sampling ……….……… 36

Research Instrumention ……… …….…….… 36

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IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ……….… 38

V SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary……….……… 82

Findings ……… 83

Conclusions ……… 84

Recommendations ……… 84

REFERENCES ……… 87

APPENDICES ……… 89

CURRICULUM VITAE ……… 99

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1 Status of Research Management in terms of Personnel at

University Institutions Level at Colleges of Thai Nguyen

2 Status of Research Management in terms of Policies at

University Institutions Level at Colleges of Thai Nguyen

3 Status of Research Management in terms of Funding at

University Institutions Level at Colleges of Thai Nguyen

University

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4 Status of Research Management in terms of Facilities at

University Institutions Level at Colleges of Thai Nguyen

5 Status of Research Management in terms of Priorities and

Relevance at University Institutions Level at Colleges of Thai

6 Frequency and Weighted Mean Distribution on the

Acceptability of the Developed Research Manual of

Operation as to Accuracy ……… 50

7 Frequency and Weighted Mean Distribution on the

Acceptability of the Developed Research Manual of

Operation as to Clarity ……… 51

8 Frequency and Weighted Mean Distribution on the

Acceptability of Developed Research Manual of Operation

9 Frequency and Weighted Mean Distribution on the

Acceptability of the Developed Research Manual of

Operation in terms of Adaptability and Usability ……… 53

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1 Schematic Diagram on the Research Management at

University Institutional Level in the Colleges of Thai Nguyen

University as Basis for the Proposed Research Manual of

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Title of Research : RESEARCH MANAGEMENT AT UNIVERSITY

INSTUTIONS LEVEL AT COLLEGES OF THAINGUYEN UNIVERSITY: A PROPOSED RESEARCH MANUAL OF OPERATION

Researcher : NGUYEN HONG KONG (TIGER)

Degree Conferred : DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN EDUCATIONAL

MANAGEMENT Name and Address

of Institution

: Southern Luzon State University, Lucban, Quezon, Philippines and Thai Nguyen University, Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Adviser : Dr Teresita V de la Cruz

Year Written : 2013 - 2014

This study aimed to find out the research management at institutional level in colleges of Thai Nguyen University with an end view of proposing a research manual of operation for the academic year 2012-2013 Specifically, it sought to reveal the status of existing research management as to personnel, policies, funding, facilities, and priorities and relevance, determine if there is a significant difference between the teachers and the research staff’s perception

to the status of existing research management, propose a research manual of operation, and ascertain its level of acceptability The descriptive method was used in this study subjecting 200 purposively chosen faculty and research staff from 11 colleges of the said university Using the weighted mean and chi-

square as statistical treatment, it was shown that respondents disagree with

the status of existing research management as topersonnel (teachers = 2.30; research staff=2.07), policies (2.23; 2.16), funding (2.42; 1.99), facilities (2.33; 2.06), and priorities and relevance (2.26; 2.17) which connotes a need for

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guidelines regarding research conducting, providing financial support to the researchers, establishing facilities solely for the purpose of research, and in aligning the priorities and relevance of agenda with the community, regional and national thrusts Only the provision relating to research personnel being exposed to trainings/ seminars to strengthen the research operations (chi= 24.407; p= 0.001) and having research ICT area (chi= 17.110; p= 0.001) have

significant difference in the responses of two groups which means that both

teachers and research staff perceive the inadequacy in research management except on giving ample trainings and seminars to research staff and having research ICT area since they have differing ratings As a result, a research

manual of operation has been proposed and was acceptable as to accuracy

(2.74), clarity (2.72), authenticity (2.73), and adaptability and usability (2.78) making it ready for adoption and implementation However, qualified research personnel may be hired or given subsequent relevant trainings and seminars; research policies may be brought for the administrators, faculty, and students’ approval to encourage them to participate in researching; sources of funds may be identified and tie-up with government and non-government agencies

be strengthened to give sufficient financial support to promising researches; research facilities may be differentiated from other facilities intended only for instruction; and research priorities and relevance may be set in conformity with that of the national agenda to produce more beneficial outputs that would

be useful to the community and the country as a whole.Follow-up study may

be conducted after producing research manual of operations to find out if it guides the research management of the university

Chapter I INTRODUCTION

Scientific research, as well as training, is a key task in universities to improve the quality of education Thai Nguyen University (TNU) is basically a conglomeration of the colleges reflecting long tradition of existence as higher learning institutions For nearly 17 years of development, the TNU has been experiencing growth in qualitative and quantitative aspects in the instruction, research and technology transfer, production and management among others

As it continues its journey towards the future, it displays with dynamism its commitment toward the pursuit of excellence in noble undertaking Indeed, Thai Nguyen University System has been recognized as one of the leading national universities in Vietnam

The university is mandated to pursue training of high quality human resource, conducting researches on scientific technologies and management, verifying and proposing solutions and sustainable development policies, and contributing to the socio-economic development towards industrialization and modernization The aim of the institution is to become world class university within Vietnam and the Southeast Asia in providing higher education in the fields of agriculture and forestry, teacher education, technology, economics, medicine and pharmacy, information and communication technology, foreign languages, and business administration, among others

To give some suggested strategies to attain an effective research management at national level at colleges of Thai Nguyen University, it is one

of the necessities to meet the requirement of technology transfer to better

serve the economy, society and business development This is also the main thrust for the conduct of this study

Background of the Study

Education and training, together with science and technology, is the nation’s first priority It is the basis as well as the motivation for the country’s industrialization and modernization Education and science management has significant relations Those are two basic tasks of university’s strategies, in which, scientific research is one way to improve the quality of education Aside from the task of giving knowledge through theories, universities also play significant roles as centers of science research to hand over and apply new technology into producing and in real life

The Thai Nguyen University System is composed of eight (8) colleges, one (1) associate college, and two (2) faculties Moreover, it has one (1) center for national defense education, three (3) research institutes, one (1) practical hospital, one (1) publishing house, one center for international cooperation, one (1) center for scientific research and technology transfer to the northeast region, and the University Head Office of the President

Moreover, Thai Nguyen University is one of three regional universities

in the country which is responsible for providing source of employees for domestics, schools, socio-economic development, and national security for provinces in northern Vietnam Thai Nguyen University comprises nine (9) colleges, so there are various scientific activities, and many of them have succeeded However, quality and quantity of the published researches and

scientific applications are still limited The processes of researches are slow not to mention the fact that their quality has not reached the standards and are not applied to domestic needs Hence, research management in effective and efficient way is a pressing problem That is the reason why the researcher decided to conduct a study to improve research management in institutional level at colleges of Thai Nguyen University and help research management become simpler and more convenient to the managers through a proposed research manual of operation since there is no existing separate manual of guidelines for conducting studies, rather only an inclusion in the general University Manual

Objectives of the Study

The main purpose of this study was to investigate on the research management at institutional level in colleges of Thai Nguyen University with

an end-view of proposing a research manual of operation for the academic year 2012-2013

Specifically, it sought to attain the following research objectives

1 Reveal the status of the existing research management in terms of: 1.1 Personnel

2 Determine if there is a significant difference between the teachers and the research staff’s perception to the status of existing research management

3 Propose a research manual of operation

4 Ascertain the level of acceptability of the developed research manual of operation among college managers, faculty and research staff

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference between the teachers and research staff’s perception to the status of existing research management

Significance of the Study

This study would be of importance to the following:

To the administrators, it is hoped that the study may contribute in giving new dimension in the administration and supervision at institutional level in colleges of Thai Nguyen University The study would provide administrators with clear idea on how effective and successful proposed research manual of operation is in the work as research administrators In the same manner, this proposed research manual of operation could give fresh perspective in terms

of its influence to the overall university standing in research management

To the research staff, through this research, the study would help them invigorate their responsibility for managing research through the proposed research manual of operation as support to their research management

Finally, to future researchers, this study could provide references for future proponents who wish to venture a study of similar nature with ongoing research Thus, this proposed research manual of operation at institutional level on research management could serve as resources for other studies

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The primary intent of the study was to probe the research management

at institutional level in colleges of the Thai Nguyen University involving 200 respondents This included the college managers, faculty and research staff Research manual of operation was proposed based from the outcome of the study where measurement of the proposed research manual of operation was limited to the use of questionnaires including the variables on the status of the existing research management as to personnel, policies, funding, facilities, and priorities and relevance, and criteria to evaluate the acceptability of the proposed research manual of operation Further, the significant difference between the teachers and research staff’s response to the status of existing research management was sought

The time frame of this study was from April to November 2013

Definition of Terms

The terms appearing therein are defined conceptually and operationally for the ease of understanding of the study:

Facilities refer to one of the parameters under research management status

which ensures functionality of built environment by integrating people, place, process and technology

Funding is another parameter under research management status relating to

the act of providing resources, usually in form of money (financing), or other values such as effort or time for a project, a person, a business,

or any other private or public institutions

Management encompasses how things are done, company is organized to

be efficient and effective, lead and motivate employees and put in place controls to make sure plans are followed and goals are met In this study, it relates to how research area is managed in the institution

Personnel pertain to the dimension under the research management status

and are a part of management concerned with people at work and their relations within a firm

Policies refer in like manner to the dimension under research management

status which isa set of ideas and proposals for action culminating in a government decision

Priorities and relevance pertain to the research management status relating

to research programs and activities based on needs and problems and resources of the community, research agenda in consonance with institutional, regional and national priorities, stakeholders’ participation

in the formulation of research agenda identified as institutional thrusts, priorities on advanced studies and trainings to develop faculty research competence, and utilizingresearch results and outputs for institutional and community development

Research is the investigation of a particular topic using a variety of reliable,

scholarly resources The three major goals of research are establishing

facts, analyzing information, and reaching new conclusions while its main acts are searching for, reviewing, and evaluating information

Research management is a core activity being investigated in the present

study which helps build unique knowledge based on the leadership and management practice and the development of effective leaders and managers

Research Manual of Operation is the output of this study based on results

generated It comes in a form of handbook to facilitate better research management within the university concerned in this research

Chapter II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents several theories, concepts and generalizations gathered from various readings Review of literature and studies which are relevant to the actual study were taken for the formulation of the theoretical framework supporting the variables in the research paradigm

Research Management

Research management, according to Whitchurch (2006), refers to the decision-making processes with a double reference to scientific dynamics (knowledge production and certification) and society One outcome is that the boundaries between the administrative and scientific domains of the university are not as clear cut as they used to be

According to Muspratt (2008), research management has four faces: 1) upward to board of directors and shareholders, 2) downward to the workers and subordinates, 3) laterally to other institutional divisions, and 4) outwards

to clients and competitors, both nationally and globally The author also stated that environmental influences on managing research organizations include: a) Research productivity might well be defined as to wider range of indicators than numbers of papers published or patents awarded; b) Industrial policy in America is quite fragmented in comparison with that in Europe or Japan, and the uncertainty this creates contribute to malfunctions in research endeavors; c) Politicization seems intensifying in all of America’s larger organizations, but

injection of political intrigue into research organizations have consequences more disastrous than might be expected

Huffman and Just (2000) stated that in addition to problems similar to the ones identified above, measurement of quantity and quality of research inputs presents two additional problems First, it is very difficult to measure the effort made by researchers Because of the uncertainty that characterizes research, especially the most novel or risky fields, the quality of a researcher cannot be inferred from a failure to obtain results

An additional reason that hampers the estimation of research efficiency

is that large variations in the productivity of research institutions within the same country have been identified, suggesting that idiosyncratic institutional and locational factors are responsible for these differences (Huffman & Just, 2000) A number of studies show that: 1) There is a great disparity between productivity of individual researchers; 2) The quality of researchers depends

on the incentives structure, procedures for hiring and firing personnel, rotation

of researchers, level and variability of salaries and operating budgets, and the history of each research group; 3) Evidence on link between funding levels and the quality of scientific research is scant; and 4) Both the quality and the quantity of results are strongly influenced by researchers’ perceptions of the quality of the institution’s (and the team’s) management The result was a greater awareness by managers of public research institutions of the need to interact with other agents within the NIS (but these interactions were seen mainly as a source of funds and not as true partnerships), greater uncertainty about funding for long term research programs and deterioration of the research infrastructure

Von Krogh, et al (2000) suggested that this search should be based on the principle that knowledge cannot be managed, only enabled through the introduction of appropriate sets of incentives and procedures to: a) create and screen valuable ideas; b) develop those ideas through disciplined project management; c) provide leadership during research process; and d) create a cultural environment conducive to innovation

Given the uncertainty about future trends and the best methods to approach research problems, it is important that networks and institutions maintain and support a plurality of ideas, including a certain amount of duplication of research efforts (Huffman and Just, 2000; Stacey et al., 2000) Exploration of new research areas requires that the personnel, financial and organizational slack is provided Institutional performance is enhanced when uncertainty and instability are seen as the expected condition, and failures as essential to learning and rapid adaptation Seeking perfect efficiency is the enemy of the slack needed to access and create the knowledge that will facilitate trend changes In other words, researchers should have freedom to conduct curiosity-motivated research But since curiosity-motivated research

is more risky and less known, it cannot be evaluated through the traditional management routines based on accomplishment of previously set objectives

Identification of research demands became key component of research management in the last decade In general, the methods used involved limited interactions with technology users Also, after the demands were identified, there were no incentives to involve other agents in the actual research But successful network adaptation requires more than responding to technological demands Successful networks must develop and maintain the ability to adapt

to highly competitive environments in ways that also influence environment In other words, supply of technology also has a major role to play in maintaining competitiveness In general, supply factors will be more important in the early stages of technology development while demand will be more important in more established technological trajectories (Rycroft & Kash, 2000)

For Goldin and Katz (2009), university research itself also made direct contributions to technical advance in industry From the late 19th century up until World War II, research at American public universities was funded by state governments and, as a result, was oriented to solving practical problems

in local industry Joint university-industry research programs were especially important to technological progress in agriculture, mining, and oil exploration

Personnel

In Guidance for Defining Your Research Team (2008), it is stated that

the principal investigator (PI) and the institutions share responsibility for ensuring that PIs, co-investigators, and all other personnel (referred to as

"research team members") involved in the conduct of research fulfill basic education requirements in compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and institutional policies The institutions define “research team members” as persons who have direct contact with subjects, contribute to the research in a substantive way, have contact with subjects’ identifiable data or biological samples, or use subjects’ personal information

Because of the variability in research situations, it is impossible for the institutions to define precisely every category of employee who could be

considered a member of a research team Some interpretation by PIs will be needed A PI is expected to make a good faith effort to meet the spirit of this requirement by assuring that all members of research team receive education appropriate to their role in the project (http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/humansub jects/assurance/engage.htm)

Moreover, inResearch@UIC (2010), key research personnel include all persons who will have a significant role in the design or conduct of the research, and includes at a minimum all principal investigators and co-investigators, and any individuals who are individually named on a grant or contract application, who are named as contact persons in informed consent documents or recruitment materials for research, or who provide supervision

of the persons who are obtaining informed consent to participate in research

Additionally, any individuals (including the student researchers and coordinators) who are involved with the research by handling protected health information or are using the research information/data set as part of their own research should be included as research personnel on a protocol application

If students or other individuals have minor roles in the research that are not mentioned, they are not required to be listed on research protocol However, a principal investigator is responsible to ensure that these individuals receive both adequate training, including human subjects’ protection training and oversight in accordance to the roles these individuals perform in the research (http://tigger.uic.edu/depts/ovcr/research/education/key_personnel.html)

Every person involved in human research plays a critical role in the protection of the rights and welfare of research participants The University of

Michigan Operations Manual (2012) describes the roles and responsibilities of investigators and research staff engaged in university research Thus, the PI and any co-investigators, key personnel and other research staff (together referred to as the "researchers" or the "research team") are expected to be knowledgeable about and comply with the requirements of the common rule and other research laws and regulations, institutional policies and procedures for the protection of human subjects and reporting and managing conflicts of interest, the terms and conditions of research agreements (with government

or private sponsors) and basic ethical principles that guide human subjects research The researchers must complete any educational training required

by the University, the relevant IRB, and other review units prior to initiating research Researchers should not undertake responsibility for human subjects studies unless they understand these requirements and are willing to be held accountable for complying with the relevant standards and protecting the rights and welfare of research participants; nor until they can assure adequate resources (through internal or external funding) to fulfill these commitments

Following are descriptions of some of a researcher's central obligations when conducting studies involving human subjects They are intended only as general guide of researcher's responsibilities The institutional policies and procedures include this Operations Manual as well as policies and procedures maintained by the academic units to which researchers and research staff are appointed, policies and procedures, and the policies and procedures of other research review units with relevant oversight responsibilities (http://vicepro vost.tufts.edu/HSCIRB/files/DefinitionKeyPersonnel031708.pdf): a) minimizing risks to subjects and protecting subject rights and welfare; b) compliance with

review unit requirements; c) obtaining and documenting informed consent; d) conflict of interest disclosure; and e) accountability and the administrative requirements

In general, the principal investigator (PI) has primary responsibility for protecting the rights and welfare of research subjects The safeguarding of the human subjects must take precedence over the goals and requirements of any of the research endeavor (http://viceprovost.tufts.edu/HSCIRB/files/Defini tionKeyPersonnel031708.pdf)

The Research Scope of Practice for Study Personnel (2008) provides

procedures for the approval of the designated roles and responsibilities for research personnel engaged in research involving human subjects It is not protocol specific but is intended to state the overall duties that research personnel are approved to perform under principal investigator or designated departmental research authority Hence, it is designed to ensure that research personnel are qualified to conduct the research

Further, research personnel receive approval for the participation which includes interacting directly with human subjects and research staff who interact with individually identifiable human subject information Approval to participate in human subject research is limited to the roles, activities and responsibilities identified and documented Personnel may work only in the roles and responsibilities, that are appropriate to their individual level of training, specific license, and clinical credentials Licensed research personnel may not be trained to do procedures outside of those allowed under their respective license that would require licensure and/or consent of the patient in standard setting (non-research); non-licensed research personnel may not be

trained to do procedures that require a license; and non-licensed researchers with degrees without licensure, are not allowed to perform duties and that would require licensure and/or consent in a standard setting (non-research)

Research personnel may not participate in a research protocol until all requirements of this policy are met Personnel engaged in human subject research who are expected to comply with this policy include: research assistants, research coordinators, project coordinators and other non-licensed personnel, research fellows working as coordinators, project coordinators, or research assistants, and students engaged in human subject research that is not part of their curriculum requirements

To overcome this inconsistency, and in this case policy makers, should

be involved in identifying the research questions, framing research in design well as in selecting required expertise Also, incentive systems for research

as well as evaluation criteria should address performance issues that may affect efficient policy interaction Research has to be carefully designed to reflect policy maker’s needs, including the selection of relevant spatial and temporal dimensions associated with the policy question at hand This “ideal” approach is hindered by numerous restrictions, such as different priorities, sensitive issues that may underlie the policy process, reward systems, time frames, communication styles and institutional structures and cultures In order to overcome such obstacles, means of facilitating transdisciplinary research that support research designers in adopting perspectives of policy makers in the elaboration and execution of research projects are warranted Consequently, methods for information gathering within the end- user arena may be considered in research design as early as possible

Faulkner (2001) showed that the primary role of universities is in the education of qualified scientists and engineers This is reflected in the public sector research contribution to “formal” knowledge base of industrial R&D staff Second, academic research results, disseminated through the literature and personal interaction, sometimes contribute ideas, knowledge or expert assistance to company R&D leading to innovation These contributions tend

to be rather small but their cumulative effect is significant-as is reflected in the main impact and benefits of industry- public sector research linkage in our study Finally, only exceptionally, academic research results in technological invention which can be transferred or spun-out for exploitation in the private

sector That this area of contribution is negligible is reflected in the very small level of material inputs to either new product ideas or product development reported by interviewees, in contrast to the emphasis placed on the less tangible but more immediate flows of knowledge and assistance

From this perspective, huge amount of resource and effort expended

on the commercialization of university inventions in the last few years seems perverse Many have stressed low incidence of university research yielding commercializable artifacts, yet it seems the message has still not got across Heroic language of technology transfer, in which spectacular breakthroughs are almost instantly transformed into the profitable innovations, is still widely prevalent in discourse of policy makers, be they local economic development agents or central government advisers They suggest the emphasis on such activities is misplaced and, moreover, such language grossly oversimplifies the processes involved in commercializing “raw’” inventions from

Their findings indicate that major factor influencing level of industrial interest in interacting with academic and government laboratories is the extent

to which important new knowledge and opportunities are emerging from within these institutions Findings provide further, strong evidence that governments are misguided in sacrificing basic research in public sector by emphasizing

“relevant” and “near market’* research

Faulkner (2001) further provided explanation for diversity in public sector research linkage, in revealing often hidden aspects of what happens at public-private research interface, represents powerful vindication

industry-of the research design and methodology adopted They believe that indicators

of industry- public sector research linkage and the taxonomy presented above might be incorporated into corporate and public policy practice, on two levels First, at the level of the individual company or institution, our indicators could

in principle be used to evaluate industry- public sector research linkage-to evaluate effectiveness either of specific initiatives or mechanisms of linkage,

or linkage in general between specific companies and public sector research institutions Alongside the taxonomy, they might also help to identify the most appropriate focus and mechanisms for linkage

Second, they envisage macro-level variant of the approach to combine strategic evaluations of an industry’s knowledge requirements in a new field with audits of the strength and weaknesses of academic and government research, in order to establish whether these requirements could be met from public sector research Such evaluations could help companies to establish where they need to build up in-house capability in specific areas and the scope for meeting some of these requirements by linking up with public sector research and other sources In conjunction with the taxonomy of factors, this exercise could also help determine appropriate targets and levels of funding for research and training as well as linkage This could be invaluable for intermediaries and industrial development agencies seeking to promote industry-public sector research linkage, and in development of government policy for strategically important technologies

Davies et al (2005) mentioned about the growing demands that policy choices, organizational management and professional practice should be underpinned by rigorous social science research The research funders are

concerned to ensure that the research they fund is taken up and used in these areas The key issue is whether if desired research impacts are achieved

Effective use of research has the potential to improve public policy, enhance public services and contribute to quality of public debate Further, knowledge of when and how funded research makes a difference should enable research funders to make better decisions about how and where they allocate research funds The social science research – producers, funders or (potential) users – are increasingly aware of the limitations of simple models (descriptive or prescriptive) of research use and research impact Further, the diversity of social science research, and the complexity of the means by which research findings may come into use, make understanding and assessing non-academic research impacts the challenging task Moreover, stakeholders (government; funding bodies; research agencies; provider organizations; user communities etc.) may want information on impacts for different purposes

Francesco, et al (2011) revealed that engaging in consulting activities has an overall negative impact on the average number of ISI-publications in the subsequent period However, the effect of consulting on the scientific productivity of academic scientists varies across different scientific fields and for different levels of intensity in consulting activities Academic consulting is found to have a negative impact in the fields of Natural and Exact Sciences and Engineering, but not in case of Social Sciences and Humanities When the intensity of consulting activity is taken into account (within each of these disciplines), engaging in consulting activities has an overall negative impact

on scientific productivity only for high levels of involvement in consulting activities, but not for moderate ones

As for the consultancy activities, it would be desirable to account for the nature or type of consulting and its actual content to analyze the extent to which consulting activities are in line with scientists’ interests and the extent to which they offer insights for new research contributions Moreover, on top of the number of consultancy activities, it would be appropriate also to account for the magnitude, such as: length, economic revenues, number of individuals involved, and the number of other external institutions, among other features With regard to scientists, a major limitation of the approach pursued in this paper is that it requires relying on the conditional independence assumption Although it is attempted to convince the reader for all of the important covariates driving the decision to engage in consulting activity, we are not able to check whether an endogeneity problem still persists Indeed, the selection into treatment (the decision to engage in consulting) is the outcome

of a deliberate choice by the scientists For instance, low productive individuals may be discouraged from further pursuing scientific activity and find consulting appealing in terms of personal income increase; in contrary, more productive scientists may actually find it more rewarding to conduct research (at least from intellectual point of view) rather than engaging in consulting In this case, consulting would occur along with decrease in publication activity, but would not explain the latter

Funding

Research funding, as defined by Gonzales (2009) is a term generally covering any funding for scientific research, in areas of both "hard" science and technology and social science It often connotes funding obtained through

a competitive process, in which potential research projects are evaluated and only the most promising receive funding Such processes, which are run by government, corporations or foundations, allocate scarce funds

Most of research funding, according to Killoren (2005) comes from the two major sources, corporations (research and development departments), and government (primarily carried out through universities and specialized government agencies) Some small amounts of scientific research are carried out (or funded) by charitable foundations

In OECD (2005), around two-thirds of research and development in scientific and technical fields is carried out by industries, and 20% and 10% respectively by universities and government Comparatively, in countries with less GDP, such as Portugal and Mexico, industry contribution is significantly lower The US government spends more than other countries on military R&D, although the proportion has fallen from around 30% in the 1980s to under 20 Government funding for medical research amounts to approximately 36% in the U.S The government funding proportion in certain industries is higher, and it dominates research in social science and humanities Similarly, with some exceptions (e.g biotechnology) government provides the bulk of funds for basic scientific research In commercial research and development, all but the most of research-oriented corporations focus more heavily on near-term commercialization possibilities rather than "blue-sky" ideas or the technologies (such as nuclear fusion; Taylor, 2012)

In recent decades, university sector research funding has changed in many countries (e.g OECD, 2004) The share of direct government funding has gradually decreased, while the share of external and industrial funding

has increased At the same time, public funding has faced transformations Government core funds have been increasingly allocated on the basis of performance, and funding agencies adopted mission-oriented and contract-based strategic allocation procedures

Nonetheless, public funding is still the predominant source of funding for university research For instance, mean for industry funding of university research in OECD countries in 2003 was only 6% (OECD, 2005; Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff, 2000; Jacob & Hellström, 2000; Nowotny et al., 2001) Others have argued that the whole way of science-society interaction is changing in the global knowledge economy, leading the science system to produce more socially relevant and applicable knowledge

Some other studies (Albert, 2003; Behrens and Gray, 2001; Van Looy

et al., 2004) have claimed, in contrast, that while researchers utilize new funding opportunities, they succeed in balancing scientific and extra-scientific interests Therefore, funding shifts do not strongly affect the actual practices

of research, for example, publication behavior Previous research on research and development management (Goel, 2009) mostly based on developed economies, has generally presumed the same institutional environment, attitude to work, and choices of motivation incentives by profit maximizing firms, therefore, any R&D decisions actually made would be efficient

Alessandro, et al (2013) found that complementarities between public and private funding with an estimated private/public funding elasticity (both

EU funding and domestic funding) of about 0.04 They have formulated some concluding remarks and related policy implications to contribute to the on-

going debate on public/private funding of universities This debate emerges from several recent statements in Europe and in the US, which underline the need for greater efforts by universities to increase private funding also through larger commercialization of research activity In the Italian case this is in line with more pragmatic aim of a cut in government funding to universities, thus indirectly implying public and private funding to universities are substitutes

Public funding and funding from research contracts and consultancies are generally positively linked, meaning that these two forms of funding are strategically complementary In other words, public funding can play important role in stimulating those university–industry interactions As a consequence, current initiatives aimed at cutting public funding to universities negatively affect university–industry collaboration and their external fundraising capacity Moreover, their analysis shows a high degree of persistence of private funding over time, implying that reduction in public funding to universities probably result in further widening of currently existing gap between the departments that are capable of attracting private funding and those that are not

Finally, results are likely to underestimate extent of complementarity between public and private sources as data do not capture the actual volume

of consulting activity (and therefore the impact of public funding on their sheer volume) as direct engagements are not disclosed to university administrators They suggested that to foster university–industry interactions, the modalities through which public funds are granted and/or the projects to be funded are selected could play a crucial role

Often scientists apply for research funding which a granting agency may approve to financially support research These grants require a lengthy

process as granting agency can inquire about the researcher(s)'s background, the facilities used, the equipment needed, the time involved, and the overall potential of the scientific outcome The process of grant writing and grant proposing is somewhat delicate process for both the grantor and the grantee: the grantors want to choose research that best fits their scientific principles, and the individual grantees want to apply for research in which they have the best chances but also in which they can build body of work towards future scientific endeavors (Corbyn, 2009)

There are basically two types of researches categorized in terms of the funds used These are the government-funded research and the privately funded research

Government-funded research, as stated in the Sponsorship, authorship and accountability (2001), can either be carried out by the government itself,

or through grants to academic and other researchers outside the government Critics of basic research are concerned that research funding for knowledge itself does not contribute to a great return However, scientific innovations often foreshadow or inspire further ideas unintentionally Additional advantage

to government sponsored research is that the results are publicly shared, whereas with privately funded research, ideas are controlled by a single group Consequently, government sponsored research can result in mass collaborative projects that are beyond isolated private researchers

On the other hand, The Cochrane Collaboration (2005) testified that privately funded research is mainly motivated by profit, and is much less likely than governments to fund research projects solely for the sake of knowledge The profit incentive causes researchers to concentrate their energies on

projects which are perceived as likely to generate profits However, the rise of corporate responsibility as an important communication issue for the larger corporation led to experiments in funding basic research by companies

Facilities

Ohio State University Research Facilities Study (2004) stated that the research facilities established a process for the university to assess future research space requirements and to guide decisions regarding the strategic planning of research programs and facilities requirements The process framework has been applied to the three departments included in this initial study, and is capable of expanding to include the evaluation of additional departments by the same criteria

According to Ellis (2004), the framework is structured to identify the specific research requirements of each department, establish programmatic components for research facility program models, and evaluate the impact of these models on each department A long-range benefit of research facilities

is the flexibility of the process to respond to future changes in research, university structure, economic conditions and other factors that may impact the overall strategy of the university

The following conclusions have been drawn in regards to the scope of this study and can serve as the basis for a fully integrated strategic facilities plan: a) Academic plan places great emphasis on a development of research, especially multi-disciplinary research; b) the primary goals of research vision include the ability of the university to attract and retain excellent faculty and

researchers, attract significant research opportunities, and promote a national leader in research; c) it is evident that the research vision and goals are supported at university, college and departmental levels Reservations exist at the college and department levels regarding capital investment for dedicated multidisciplinary research facility if it comes at expense of individual facility improvements; d) substandard laboratory quality, infrastructure and design is the primary inhibitor of the department's physical environment to effectively support its research goals and objectives It hinders the department’s ability to recruit top-level researchers and to conduct high-quality organic chemistry research at a consistent level In spite of the below-average quality of the majority of its research space, the department compares favorably to its peers

in terms of its research productivity per square foot of research space; e) the poor physical quality and infrastructure of its primary facility also impacted research adversely – an outdated facility that no longer effectively supports the research modalities of the department or its aggressive research growth strategy The department has demonstrated its ability to conduct research at a very productive level, a point that is validated by its strong showing in relation

to its peers; f) an insufficient quantity of research space is the primary inhibitor

in achieving its aggressive research growth plan The space shortage is verified by the benchmark data and is visually evident as well Many of the research areas are congested with people, furniture and equipment The research productivity of its space compares favorably with its peers, therefore validating the case for increasing the quantity of its research space; g) clear consensus on the type of dedicated facility that is most appropriate was not reached The planning concept that proposes the conversion of laboratory into

a dedicated multidisciplinary research facility and utilize the building as swing space for potential renovation of existing facilities, and to develop a long-term strategy that converts the building into a shared resources facility model

As a result, an alternative measure of replacing the facility with a new facility on the site surfaced during the course of the study This alternative would offer greater flexibility into the programming of the facility A potential conversion of the building into a multidisciplinary research facility is intriguing

to many members of the research community due to the size of the facility and the site, as well as its availability in the near future The remote location

of the site from the central campus is a concern The site does, however, provide a very visible location that is easily accessible from all areas of the campus as well as for visitors from off-campus

Meanwhile, the term research facility encompasses a wide variety of capabilities, ranging from single items of equipment to a fully staffed cross-faculty service In addition, research facilities can be managed by any of the

single principal investigators, research group, department or faculty Research

Facilities at Imperial College (2013) maintained extensive range of research

facilities and equipment spread across research disciplines and departments The following information explains how the research facilities are organized and is designed to encourage greater access and sharing:

Chargeout facility These are open access (subject to the terms and

conditions of access/ usage of particular facility) The costs of these facilities can be included within full economic cost of a research proposal and, subject

to award, are recoverable from most funders

Multi-user facility Thesefacilities are generally open access (subject to

the terms and conditions of access/ usage of the particular facility).The costs

of these facilities cannot be included within the full economic cost of a funding proposal, but could potentially be included within the price to funders which do

not fund on the basis of charities, commercial funders

PI-led It is managed and run by a single principal investigator often

shared in the spirit of collaboration rather than charged access (note ‘shared

in collaboration’ may imply some ownership of research outcomes)

In the University of Tehran Educational and Facilities (2013), research

facilities fundamentally include library with 11,671 book volumes, computer laboratory with 200 computer stations, and 135 journal titles Additionally, The Scientific Journal of the Faculty called Harakat, published since 2000, is Iran’s first scientific research quarterly in physical education and sports sciences

Priorities and Relevance

It is stated in Tracing Research Capacities in Vietnam (2009) that the

overall objectives of research in Vietnam are: to strengthen research capacity

by creating conducive research environments; to provide research education; and to assist with methods for planning, setting priorities and allocating funds for research A further objective is to provide financial and scientific resources

to produce new knowledge on topics of importance to Vietnam Research priorities can assist a country in building up a knowledge foundation, including analytical capacity, which is one of the enabling conditions for the alleviation

of poverty Research should not be done for and about people in low-income