Fundamentals of corporate finance 10e ROSS JORDAN chap007

• Inflation and Interest Rates• Determinants of Bond Yields • Bond Ratings • Bond Markets... • Inflation and Interest Rates• Determinants of Bond Yields • Bond Ratings • Bond Markets...

• Inflation and Interest Rates

• Determinants of Bond Yields

• Bond Ratings

• Bond Markets

• Inflation and Interest Rates

• Determinants of Bond Yields

• Bond Ratings

• Bond Markets

What is a

bond?

A bond is a

contract

between two parties: one is

bond)

• Inflation and Interest Rates

• Determinants of Bond Yields

• Bond Ratings

• Bond Markets

You are the investor

The company (or

government)

is borrowing the money

You lend money to the borrower and you will get back your original

investment plus interest.

The interest is determined

by the coupon interest rate

For example:

A 6% coupon interest rate yields:

(the coupon interest rate) x ( the par value)

(6%) x ($1,000) = $60 per year for each year of the bond.

So the investor receives the principle ( $1,000 ) and earned interest ( $60 per year ) as payment for loaning the

company money.

• Inflation and Interest Rates

• Determinants of Bond Yields

• Bond Ratings

• Bond Markets

Our task:

To Value a

Bond

And how will we accomplish this

task?

B A E F E I P V T

Bring All

Expected Future

Earnings Into

Present Value

Terms

BAEFEIPVT

Just remember:

From the previous chapters on the time value of money you

know how to bring back a

single payment (lump sum) and

an annuity

To value a bond, just put both pieces together!

Let’s look at this visually using the time line:

1.The annuity 2.The single payment (lump

Now bring each back into present value terms:

First the annuity…

Secondly, the lump sum…

This discount rate has a name in bonds:

The Yield to Maturity (YTM)

t

t

r) (1

FV r

r) (1

1 -

1 C Value

Your finance calculator can compute both parts (the annuity and the lump

sum) simultaneously

5 years = N 14% = Discount rate (YTM)

TI BA II Plus

7-26

Your finance calculator can compute both parts (the annuity and the lump sum)

simultaneously

• There is a specific formula for finding

bond prices on a spreadsheet

– PRICE(Settlement,Maturity,Rate,Yld,Redemptio

n, Frequency,Basis) – YIELD(Settlement,Maturity,Rate,Pr,Redemption

, Frequency,Basis) – Settlement and maturity need to be actual

dates – The redemption and Pr need to be input as %

Student alert!

Notice that we have two

“interest numbers” in our bond problem:

1 The coupon interest rate (6% in

our example) and

2 The discount rate (14% in our

example) to bring future values back into the present value.

• Inflation and Interest Rates

• Determinants of Bond Yields

• Bond Ratings

• Bond Markets

Bond Relationships

Key concept:

If the coupon interest rate exactly equals the discount rate, then the bond value today will ALWAYS = the par value ($1,000)

Bond Relationships

$1,000.00!

Bond Relationships

Key concept:

If the YTM is greater (>)than the coupon interest rate, then the value of the bond will be less than <

$1,000 Conversely, if the YTM is < the coupon interest rate, then the value of the bond will be > $1,000

Coupon Interest Rate

Present Value of the Bond

Bond Relationships

Graphical Relationship Between Price and Yield-to-

Bond Relationships

Key concept:

Are there any relationships regarding time (the length of a bond’s life) and the value of a bond?

Bond Valuation

7-42

• Inflation and Interest Rates

• Determinants of Bond Yields

• Bond Ratings

• Bond Markets

The Fisher Effect

 The Fisher Effect defines the relationship between real rates, nominal rates, and inflation

Fisher Effect Example

If we require a 10% real return and we expect inflation to be 8%, what is the nominal rate?

R = (1.1)(1.08) – 1 = 188 = 18.8%

An Approximation: R = 10% + 8% = 18%

Because the real return and expected inflation are relatively high, there is significant difference between the actual Fisher Effect and the

approximation.

• Inflation and Interest Rates

• Determinants of Bond Yields

• Bond Ratings

• Bond Markets

(It is important to recognize that

we have pulled out the effect of default risk, different coupons, etc.)

Upward-Sloping Yield Curve

Downward-Sloping Yield

Curve

• Inflation and Interest Rates

• Determinants of Bond Yields

• Bond Ratings

• Bond Markets

– Moody’s Baa and S&P BBB – capacity to pay is adequate, adverse conditions will have more impact on the firm’s ability to pay

• Very Low Grade

– Moody’s C (and below) and S&P C (and below)

• income bonds with no interest being paid, or

• in default with principal and interest in arrears

• Inflation and Interest Rates

• Determinants of Bond Yields

• Bond Ratings

• Bond Markets

Work the Web Example

 Bond quotes are available online

 One good site is http://www.bondsonline.com/

 Click on the web surfer to go to the site

 Follow the bond search, corporate links

 Choose a company, enter it under Express Search Issue and see what you can find!

Formulas

Fisher Effect: (1 + R) = (1 + r)(1 + h) Fisher Effect (approximation): R = r + h

t

t

r) (1

FV r

r) (1

1 -

1 C Value

Key Concepts and Skills

• Bond definition

• Computation of bond’s value

• Inverse relationship between YTM

and bond value

• Impact of inflation on bonds

• Term structure of interest rates

1 A bond’s value is the present value of

all expected future earnings.

2 As the risk of a bond goes up , the

3 The closer the bond is to maturity ,

the more likely the value will approach the par value.

What are the most important topics of this chapter?

Questions?